单纯肥胖者与代谢综合征患者血管内皮功能的比较

目的:比较单纯肥胖者与代谢综合征患者的血管内皮功能。方法:观察对象来自石家庄市2000-09/2001-06参加社区健康体检者。①体质量指数≥25kg/m2的超重/肥胖者中,单纯肥胖组295例,代谢综合征组219例,另选172例体质量指数<25kg/m2的健康人作为对照。②将肥胖者按体质量指数分为轻度肥胖(25～29.9kg/m2)和重度肥胖(≥30kg/m2),按腰围分为腹部脂肪轻度堆积(男<104cm,女<88cm)和重度堆积(男≥104cm,女≥88cm)。③血管内皮舒张功能测定:所有受试者采用NAS-1000HF彩超诊断系统测定反应性充血时及含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化。结果:686例受试者全部进入结果分析。①单纯肥胖组和代谢综合征组体质量指数、腰围、臀围和腰臀比均高于对照组(P<0.01～0.001),其中体质量指数和臀围在男女间比较差异不显著,腰围和腰臀比男性高于女性(P<0.05),而男性代谢综合征组又高于男性单纯肥胖组(P<0.05)。②血管内皮舒张功能检测显示,反应性充血时,单纯肥胖组和代谢综合征组相对于基础血管内径变化的百分率均低于对照组[(7.79±3.93)%,(5.54±4.46)%,(11.25±3.98)%,P<0.05～0.01];代谢综合征组男性低于单纯肥胖组男性(P<0.05);男性代谢综合征组重度肥胖者低于轻度肥胖者(P<0.05);单纯肥胖组男性重度脂肪堆积低于男性轻度脂肪堆积者(P<0.05),代谢综合征组无论男女,重度脂肪堆积均低于轻度脂肪堆积者(P<0.05)。结论:①单纯肥胖者已存在血管内皮功能异常,而代谢综合征患者中内皮功能损伤程度更显著,并且与腹部脂肪堆积密切相关。②代谢综合征患者中男性血管内皮功能损伤较女性更明显。     

肿瘤坏死因子-α水平与2型糖尿病及肥胖的相关性分析

目的评估肿瘤坏死因子-α水平与2型糖尿病及肥胖的相关性。方法糖尿病组60例,正常血糖对照组42例,测量身高、体重,检测空腹血糖(FPG),胰岛素(FINS),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IR),测定血清TNF-α水平,比较两组血清TNF-α水平和其与BMI及IR的关系。结果 2型糖尿病组TNF-α水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),糖尿病组及对照组中肥胖者的TNF-α水平显著高于非肥胖者(P<0.05),相关分析显示2型糖尿病和血糖正常的肥胖者血清TNF-α水平均与BMI、FINS、FPG、IR呈显著正相关性。结论肿瘤坏死因子-α水平与2型糖尿病及肥胖和胰岛素抵抗均有显著相关性。     

肥胖者尿α1-微球蛋白、β2-微球蛋白、微量白蛋白测定的临床意义

目的 探讨肥胖者血糖、血脂、尿酸、血压的变化，并通过检测尿仅α1-微球蛋白（仅α1-MG）、β2-微球蛋白（β2-MG）、微量白蛋白的含量来判断肥胖有代谢综合征倾向者早期肾功能是否存在受损。方法 比较分析了我院健康体检中15例肥胖者与25例正常体重者的空腹血糖、血脂、尿酸以及血压，并采用放射免疫分析法测定了两组尿中仅α1-MG蛋、β2-MG、微量白蛋白的含量。结果 肥胖者存在血糖、血脂及尿酸等多代谢紊乱、血压高于体重正常者，且尿中仅α1-MG、β2-MG、微量白蛋白的含量明显高于正常体重者。结论 肥胖者存在多代谢紊乱，并存在早期肾功能损害。     

女性静息能量消耗与肥胖相关因素

目的:分析女性静息能量消耗与肥胖相关指标的关系,比较肥胖女性与正常体质量女性静息能量消耗、公斤体质量静息能量消耗的差异.方法:选择2004/2008在北京妇产医院内分泌科就诊或体检的健康女性565例,对其进行身高、体质量测量,使用人体代谢仪测定静息能量消耗,计算体表面积、体质量指数、公斤体质量静息能量消耗,按体质量指数肥胖诊断标准,分为两组:肥胖组女性179例,正常体质量女性240例,对其测量结果进行正态性检验、相关性分析和两独立样本秩和检验或t检验.结果:565例健康女性静息能景消耗为正态性资料,测量值为(5.793±0.940)kJ/d,静息能量消耗与体质量、身高、体质量指数、体表面积呈正相关关系(P<0.05),与年龄无明显相关性(P>0.05),肥胖组与正常体质量组年龄、身高之间的差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),静息能量消耗、公斤体质量静息能量消耗差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05).结论:女性静息能量消耗与其身高、体质量、体质量指数、体表面积存在正相关关系,以体质量指数诊断的肥胖女性静息能量消耗高于正常体质量女性,公斤体质量静息能量消耗肥胖组小于正常体质量组.     

代谢综合征患者瘦素水平与肥胖及血压的关系

目的:观察代谢综合征(metablic syndrome,MS)患者血清瘦素(Leptin)水平的变化,探讨MS患者血清瘦素水平与肥胖和高血压的关系.方法:选择50例符合下列条件的MS患者(MS组)进入研究,(1)腰围及体质指数异常;(2)血脂异常;(3)糖耐量异常;(4)高血压.另选择与MS组年龄相匹配的正常对照者(对照组)40例, 采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定受试者空腹血清瘦素水平,同时测定身高、体重、腰围、血压、血糖、血脂. 结果: MS 组患者血清瘦素水平明显高于对照组(P ＜ 0.01). 结论:血清瘦素水平在MS患者中明显升高, 血清瘦素升高水平与肥胖及血压程度明显相关.     

肥胖与血压、血糖、血脂关系分析

目的探讨肥胖与血压、血糖、血脂关系。方法测定2 020名呼和浩特市退休人员的身高、体重、血压、血糖、血脂,对超重肥胖者与正常体重者血压、血糖、血脂的结果进行比较。结果超重肥胖者的血压、血糖、甘油三酯均高于正常体重者,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论超重或肥胖可增加高血压、高血糖、高甘油三酯血症患病的危险性。     

代谢综合征患者血清抵抗素与血脂、肥胖和胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的:探讨代谢综合征患者血清抵抗素水平与血脂、肥胖和胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法: 60 例代谢综合征患者和28 例年龄相匹配的正常对照者,按体重指数将代谢综合征患者分为肥胖组和非肥胖组。采用ELISA方法测定受试者空腹血清抵抗素和瘦素水平,同时检测其身高、体重、腰围、臀围、血压、血糖、血脂及胰岛素水平,并计算体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)和胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA)。结果:代谢综合征患者肥胖组和正常对照组相比其血清抵抗素水平明显升高(28.28±11.7μg/L与19.44±5.79μg/L,P<0.01);非肥胖组和正常对照组相比其血清抵抗素水平明显升高(26.14±11.9μg/L与19.44±5.79μg/L,P<0.05)。肥胖组和正常对照组相比其血清瘦素水平明显升高(1.47±0.57μg/L与0.31±0.13μg/L,P<0.01);非肥胖组和正常对照组相比其血清瘦素水平明显升高(1.35±0.57μg/L与0.31±0.13μg/L,P<0.01)。肥胖组和非肥胖组相比其血清抵抗素、瘦素水平无显著差异。相关分析显示空腹抵抗素水平与腰臀比、空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数呈显著正相关(分别为r=0.22,0.22,0.19;P<0.05);与体重指数、腰围、臀围、瘦素呈显著正相关(分别为r=0.31,0.32,0.36,0.28;P<0.01);而与收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL C)、血     

408例军队退休老干部代谢紊乱特征的调查

[目的]调查408例军队退休老干部代谢紊乱的特征.[方法]对2006年11～12月间在163医院门诊体检408名军队退休男性老干部测定腰围(WC)、体重、身高、血压、空腹血糖(FPG)、血脂水平,并计算体重指数(BMI),分析其代谢紊乱的特征.[结果]①408名军队退休男性老干部中超重或肥胖者237例(58.1%),中心性肥胖者243例(51.6%),高血压病者287例(70.3%),高血糖患者135例(33.1%),血脂紊乱者95例(23.3%),代谢综合征(MS)患者135例(33.1%).②可见2种代谢紊乱组中以高血压 超重或肥胖组合(58.9%)最多,3种代谢紊乱组中以高血压 超重或肥胖 血脂紊乱组合(57.5%)最多;③有3种以上MS相关疾病者占该人群总数的近30%.[结论]408例军队退休老干部MS相关疾病患者所占比例较高.     

血浆C-反应蛋白与肥胖者胰岛素抵抗关系的研究

目的　研究肥胖者中的胰岛素抵抗与C反应蛋白 (CRP)浓度的关系。方法　选择肥胖者及正常对照各10 4例 ,测定血中CRP、胰岛素、血糖、血脂水平 ,肥胖者分为胰岛素抵抗 (IR)组及胰岛素敏感 (IS)组 ,测定两组减轻体重后的上述指标。结果　肥胖组的CRP、胰岛素、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、胰岛素、低密度脂蛋白水平高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。肥胖者中 ,IR组CRP、胰岛素水平高于IS组 (P <0 .0 1)。减轻体重后CRP、胰岛素下降 (P <0 .0 1)仅见于IR组。肥胖组 ,仅胰岛素水平与CRP浓度的相关系数有统计学意义 (r =0 .5 6 ,P <0 .0 1)。结论　胰岛素抵抗与CRP浓度有关 ,CRP升高仅见于IR的肥胖者 ,且与随体重下降胰岛素抵抗的改善相平行。     

原发性高血压患者微量蛋白尿与超重、肥胖的关系

目的:探讨原发性高血压微量蛋白尿与超重、肥胖的关系。方法:不伴有糖尿病、原发性肾脏疾病的原发性高血压患者53例,按体重指数(BMI)分为正常体重、超重、肥胖3组,检测其尿微量白蛋白(MA)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、血液生化指标及一般情况,并进行比较分析。结果:正常体重者尿MA明显低于超重、肥胖者,差别有显著性意义(均P<0.01);超重与肥胖者间尿MA差别无显著性意义;正常体重、超重、肥胖者间血肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)等生化指标及尿β2-MG差别无显著性意义。结论:高血压患者超重、肥胖可能与原发性高血压早期肾损害有关。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.