妇幼保健院母婴同住室细菌污染与消毒效果的调查

经过采样检测,对妇幼保健院母婴同住室细菌污染与消毒效果进行了调查。结果,探视前空气与物体表面细菌总数超标率分别为２５．０％与３３．３％,探视后分别升至８３．３％与８９．６％,经消毒后又分别降为８．３％与１２．５％。人员洗手前手细菌总数超标率为６８．３％～１００％,洗手后降至８．０％以下。说明加强消毒与探视管理的重要性。     

多因子组合空气消毒器消毒性能的研究

目的研究以过滤、紫外线和光催化等因子组合的空气消毒器消毒相关性能。方法采用空气微生物采样器采样和检测方法进行了实验室试验和现场消毒试验。结果在20 m3气雾室内开机运行60 m in,对人工污染在空气中的白色葡萄球菌的杀灭率各次均达到99.94%以上。在48 m3的房间现场试验条件下,开机运行60 m in对室内空气中自然菌的消除率均达到95.49%以上;在有3人活动的20 m3气雾室内,开机运行60 m in后对空气中细菌的杀灭率均达到95.55%以上。结论该多因子组合空气消毒器在实验室和现场消毒试验条件下都具有良好的除菌效果,并具有人在条件下持续性消毒功能。     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸烧伤的救护与治疗

矿井瓦斯泛指沼气、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、硫化氢、二氧化硫和二氧化氮等有害气体。就煤矿的习惯,瓦斯即指沼气而言。瓦斯爆炸烧伤是煤矿医院时常遇到的,我们对基层医院如何抢救瓦斯爆炸烧伤病人问题谈     

循环风消毒机与紫外线灯对空气消毒效果的比较

为比较循环风消毒机与紫外线灯对空气的消毒效果,用ＦＡ—１型多级撞击式采样器进行了采样检测。结果, ＭＥ—１型空气消毒器开机 ４０ ｍｉｎ,可使空气中细菌总数消亡率＞９４．８６％。进入后 ６０ ｍｉｎ内,因继续消毒,空气中细菌总数可维持在 ２８～ １８０ ｃｆｕ／ｍ３。紫外线灯照射 ６０ ｍｉｎ．可使空气细菌总数减少≥９０．５４％,但进入后空气细菌总数很快上升。     

不同消毒方法对空气消毒净化效果评价

为比较不同空气消毒方法对手术室空气的消毒、净化效果,使用层流过滤法、空气净化机净化法、紫外线消毒法进行了试验观察。用平板沉降法和GLJ-BG型尘埃粒子计数仪分别测定了空气中的细菌总数、尘埃粒子数。结果,在无人情况下,消毒120 min后,层流过滤法对空气中自然菌消亡率及尘埃粒子数下降率分别为100％、 99.92％,可达到100级净化标准;空气净化机净化法为94.47％、92.51％;紫外线消毒法仅为82.82％、26.16％。在有人活动情况下,层流过滤法可使手术室空气维持在1 000级水平,空气净化机净化法污染回升较缓慢平稳,紫外线消毒法则污染回升最严重。层流过滤法的空气除菌净化效果明显优于其它两组,空气净化机的除菌净化效果优于普通紫外线。     

一种光触媒空气净化消毒器对室内空气净化消毒效果的研究

目的研究光触媒空气净化消毒器对医院室内空气净化与消毒效果,为实际应用提供依据。方法通过模拟现场和现场消毒试验方法,对某光触媒空气净化消毒器对模拟实验室和医院室内空气中化学污染物和微生物净化和消除效果进行评价。结果采用该光触媒空气净化消毒器运行30 min,对气雾室空气中白色葡萄球菌的消除率为99.97%。在医院病房用该光触媒空气净化消毒器运行1 h,病房空气中自然菌平均消除率为96.10%,空气中菌数为50 cfu/m3;运行3 h,对医院病理科空气中甲醛去除率达97.66%,使空气中甲醛含量由净化前的2.39 mg/m3下降至0.054 mg/m3,达到低于标准0.1 mg/m3的安全范围。结论该光触媒空气净化消毒器对医疗环境空气中微生物和化学污染物都有明显消毒和净化效果。     

我国医院室内空气消毒方法研究进展

医院室内空气消毒是预防医院内感染的措施之一。现将我国医院室内空气消毒方法研究进展综述如下。 １室内空气消毒的标准 我国医院消毒卫生标准规定：手术室、产房、重症监护病房消毒后应达到空气细菌总数≤２００ ｃｆｕ／ｍ３，各类普通病房、治疗室、换药室（处置室）者≤５００ｃｆｕ／ｍ３［１］． ２室内空气消毒方法 ２．１物理清毒法 常用方法有紫外线照射与过滤除菌。王浣沙等报道，病区治疗室、抢救室、换药室在室温１９～２０℃，相对湿度４８％～５９％的条件下，用紫外线照射 ３０ ｍｉｎ，可使空气细菌总数＜５００≤ｃｆｕ／…     

静电吸附式空气消毒机在产房中的应用

为了解静电吸附式空气消毒机对综合性医院产房Ⅱ类区域空气消毒净化效果能否达到卫生部要求消毒后的卫生学标准,在产房、隔离产房、候产室、医护办公室和配药室分别放置静电吸附式空气消毒机,采样时间均为开机消毒前和开机消毒后1 h.监测数据显示静电吸附式空气消毒机均能有效净化消毒产房内各房间的空气,达到卫生部规定的要求.     

高原医院三氧消毒杀菌机空气消毒效果观察

为了解三氧消毒机在高原对空气消毒的效果,在手术后使用三氧消毒杀菌机作用不同时间,进行空气采样检测。结果,开机作用0.5、1.0、1.5h后,空气中菌数合格率分别为70％。80％、85％;作用1.5h对空气自然菌杀灭率为87.5％。作用前后空气细菌平均含量经统计分析,差异有非常显著性(P<0.001)。在高原环境下,使用三氧消毒杀菌机对手术室空气作用1.5h可达到较好的消毒效果。     

医院注射室细菌污染的检测与分析报告

应用回顾调查方法对医院注射室１９９５年至１９９６年的空气、护理人员手及使用中的消毒剂细菌污染状况进行检测统计。结果显示：全年空气合格率为６９．３％；手合格率为６０％，消毒剂检测合格率为１００％。对出现的问题进行了分析，并提出了改进措施。     

Perspective on Air Pollution: The Canadian Scene

Despite the large ratio of land mass to population, Canada has significant air pollution problems, some being due to our cold climate, the long arctic nights, and a mineral-based economy. Routes of intoxication include the respiration of polluted air and the secondary contamination of food and water. Although pollution is often measured in terms of industrial emissions, the physician must be concerned rather with the dose of pollutants to which the individual is exposed. The principal air pollutants, in terms of emitted tonnage, are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, particulates, and oxides of nitrogen. Sources of these various materials are discussed.     

The relationship of air pollution to ED visits for asthma differ between children and adults

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between air pollution and asthma exacerbation in children and adults. Pearson analysis was used to establish correlations between air pollutants-sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microm or less (PM(10))--and ED visits for asthma in 2004. Among children, there were significant positive correlations between nitrogen dioxide (r = 0.72), carbon monoxide (r = 0.65), and PM(10) (r = 0.63) and ED visits for asthma. Among adults, only weakly positive, non significant correlations between all air pollution measures and ED visits for asthma were found. This study suggests that air pollution plays a role in acute exacerbation of asthma in children but not in adults.     

Environmental exposure to combustion-derived air pollution is associated with reduced functional capacity in apparently healthy individuals

Prior toxicological exposure reports demonstrated the decremental effect of several air pollutants on the metabolic equivalents achieved during exercise testing (METs). There are no prior large scale epidemiological reports about the effect of environmental air pollution exposure on those parameters. We analyzed a cohort of apparently healthy individuals attending a screening survey program held between 2003 and 2009. Participants were included if residing within an 11 km radius from the nearest air pollution monitoring station. Linear regression models were fitted for the metabolic equivalents and adjusted to short- and long-term air pollutant exposure (particulate matter under 10 micron, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide and ozone). The models were adjusted for possible confounders that affect air pollution and stress testing measurements. The study population comprised 6,612 individuals (4,201 males and 2,411 females). We found a statistically significant short- and long-term negative correlation between air pollutants, mainly CO and NO₂ and between the metabolic equivalents achieved. A similar short-term effect was found for SO₂. We conclude that exposure to combustion-derived air pollutants has a short- and long-term decremental effect on cardiorespiratory fitness as measured by exercise stress testing. Our epidemiological data support previous toxicological reports.     

Part VII. Air pollution: overview of sources and health effects

In this era of increasing interest about environmental contributors to illness, primary care providers may be asked by patients for guidance about air pollution. Some components of outdoor air pollution have improved in the past 30 years, but locally hazardous conditions continue to occur, especially for vulnerable subpopulations. Such groups include people with chronic cardiac and respiratory conditions, the elderly, pregnant women, and newborns. This overview discusses the sources and health effects of the primary pollutant groups--ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide (CO), particulates, and other air toxics. A number of Web links are provided to help clinicians and patients get up-to-date information about pollution in the areas where they live. This section concludes with a discussion of treatment and of behavioral and societal approaches to air pollution.     

Short-term effects of air pollution on cardiovascular diseases: outcomes and mechanisms

The effects of air pollution on health have been intensively studied in recent years. Acute exposure to environmental pollutants such as particulate and gaseous matters (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide and ozone) was associated with an increased rate of events and mortality because of cardiovascular diseases. These effects were investigated in short-term studies, which related day-to-day variations in air pollution to disease, and in long-term studies, which have followed cohorts of exposed individuals over time. The evidence from the literature on the short-term cardiovascular effects of air pollutants is discussed from clinical and mechanistic points of view.     

Relationship between air pollution levels in Madrid and the natural history of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: severity and mortality

ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the relationship between major air pollutants and the natural history and mortality of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2013 to 2019 among 52 patients with IPF from the pneumology department of a tertiary hospital. According to their geocoded residential address, each patient was assigned a mean concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter 2.5 and 10, ozone, and sulfur dioxide, as measured at a single surveillance station in central Madrid, Spain. We analyzed forced vital capacity (FVC), CO diffusing capacity, 6-minute walking test, degree of dyspnea, radiologic pattern, and signs of pulmonary hypertension in all patients.ResultsPatients’ mean age was 66 ± 10 years, and 79% were men. The mean predicted FVC was 78.9 ± 0.5%. Forty-two patients met the criteria for severe disease, and 18 patients died. Mortality was significantly associated with increased CO exposure (for each 0.1 mg/m² increase: odds ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval 1.39–4.56). We observed no association between any of the other investigated contaminants and IPF mortality or severity.ConclusionsAir pollution, specifically that caused by carbon monoxide, can increase mortality in patients with IPF.     

Prognostic value of S100B protein in carbon monoxide-poisoned rats

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possible role of S100B, a structural protein of astroglial cells, as a biochemical marker in acute carbon monoxide-poisoned rats and to compare its prognostic value with consciousness level, which is one of the major parameters for treatment decision in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, controlled interventional trial. SETTING: University laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male Wistar rats weighing 263 +/- 18 g. INTERVENTIONS: The rats were exposed to a mixture of 3000 ppm carbon monoxide in air for 60 mins (group 1) and a mixture of 5000 ppm carbon monoxide in air for 30 mins (group 2). Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein just before and immediately after the carbon monoxide poisoning. The level of consciousness was evaluated at the end of the exposure, and the survival rate was monitored for 7 days. The S100B concentrations were measured with a commercial immunoluminometric assay. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the first group, the unconscious rats after carbon monoxide exposure had significantly higher S100B levels compared with the rats without loss of consciousness. In the second group, the unconscious rats that later died had significantly higher S100B levels compared with the unconscious rats that survived. The S100B levels of all conscious and unconscious surviving rats were not significantly different. The serum level of S100B below 0.44 microg/L predicted survival of carbon monoxide-poisoned rats, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning is associated with elevated S100B levels. S100B is a better predictor of final outcome than the consciousness level, so it could be used as a prognostic parameter for acute carbon monoxide poisoning in rats.     

The relationship of short-term air pollution and weather to ED visits for asthma in Japan

Introduction

The incidence of asthma exacerbation has been increasing in many countries. Environmental factors may play an important role in this trend. We aimed to investigate the relationship of weather conditions and air pollution to significant exacerbation of asthma.

Methods

The daily number of emergency department (ED) visits by ambulance for asthma was collected through records of the Tokyo Fire Department from January 1 to December 31, 2005. We also collected daily air pollution levels and meteorological data for Tokyo during the same period. Meteorological data included minimum temperature, maximum barometric pressure, maximum relative humidity, and precipitation. Measured air pollutants included sulfur dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen oxides, suspended particulate matter, and carbon monoxide. We performed a time series analysis using multivariable-adjusted autoregressive integrated moving average model. The analysis was conducted separately among adults and among children (<15 years old).

Results

Of a total of 643 849 patients who were transported to the ED by ambulance, there were 6447 patients with exacerbation of asthma. Among adults, lower minimum temperature was significantly associated with increased transport. Among children, there were no significant associations between exacerbation of asthmas requiring emergency transport and air pollutants or meteorological factors. The highest number of transports was found on October 11, the day after the National Sports Day in Japan.

Conclusions

Cold temperature is related to an increased risk of significant exacerbation of asthma in adults. Air pollution does not seem to play a major role in significant exacerbation of asthma requiring ambulance transports to ED.     

浙江省慈溪市大气、水环境中肿瘤患病危险因子分析研究

目的　通过2002-2004年对浙江省慈溪市大气、水的监测,评估大气、水环境中与肿瘤患病相关的危险因子。方法 大气环境:连续3年对空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮及酸雨进行监测,以相应的国家标准进行评价。水环境:对慈溪市10个主要湖泊、水库及河网水系进行监测,按GB 3838-2002进行评价。结果　通过监测,发现二氧化硫和二氧化氮3年中总体没有超过国家标准,但酸雨概率达到90%以上。主要湖泊、河流水质指标符合国家标准,但慈溪市河网水环境中的氨氮和石油类污染物超标。结论　特殊的地理、水文条件和工农业污染是造成慈溪市各种癌症高发的原因。