康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和日常生活能力的影响

目的：探讨系统康复治疗对早期及恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和ADL的影响。方法：60例发病2-12周的脑卒中偏瘫患者分为A组31例和B组29例,均在常规内科治疗的基础上,A组给予系统的康复训练,包括运动疗法、肌电生物反馈及动静态平衡仪训练;B组以被动训练为主,辅以器具的应用。2组分别于入组时、治疗4、8周末采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）、功能独立性评定表（FIM）进行评定。结果：治疗4周后BBS及FIM评分与治疗前比较2组均有提高（P〈0.05和0.01）;治疗8周后A组与治疗4周时比较继续上升（P〈0.01）,而B组上升不明显,2组间比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0.01）。结论：系统康复治疗能更明显地改善早期及恢复期脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和ADL能力。     

个体化桥式运动强化训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者的影响

目的：探讨个体化的桥式运动强化训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能、平衡能力和ADL能力的影响。方法：对80例发病2-12周内的脑卒中偏瘫患者，随机分成常规运动治疗组（Ａ组）和个体化桥式运动强化训练组（Ｂ组），两组的常规内科治疗相同，分别于入组时、治疗８周末，采用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分和改良Barthel指数进行评定。结果：治疗８周后B组的各项评分明显高于A组（Ｐ＜0.05）。结论：个体化桥式运动强化训练较常规运动治疗能更显著地改善脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能、平衡能力和日常生活活动能力。     

自我强化主动活动对偏瘫患者生活独立性的影响

目的：探讨自我强化主动活动对脑卒中患者日常生活独立性的影响。方法：脑卒中偏瘫患者49例随机分为传统时间康复组（A组）24例和自我强化康复组（B组）25例,2组均进行8周的个体化主动康复治疗,B组增加除传统治疗时间之外的剩余时间主动活动,2组均采用综合功能评定（FCA）和生存质量（WHOQOL-BREF）测定。结果：治疗8周后,2组FCA运动功能、认知功能、总分及WHOQOL-BREF评分均明显高于治疗前（P＜0．05,0．01）,且B组更高于A组（P＜0．01）,结论：自我强化主动康复治疗能更明显改善脑卒中恢复后期患者的 FCA总分,生存质量也有明显提高。     

康复护理干预对脑卒中患者运动功能的影响

目的：探讨早期康复护理干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能的影响。方法：脑卒中患者82例随机分为干预组和对照组各41例,2组均给予常规治疗,干预组加用康复护理干预。结果：干预6周后,2组Fugl-Meye运动功能（FMA）及改良Barthal指数（Bl）评分均较干预前明显提高（P＜0．05）,且干预组更高于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：早期康复护理干预可促进脑卒中偏瘫患者的肢体运动功能和日常生活活动能力的恢复,提高患者生活质量。     

主动康复与传统康复对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能与日常生活活动能力恢复的比较

目的探讨主动康复训练与传统康复训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能与日常生活能力恢复的比较。方法对60例发病2～12周的脑卒中偏瘫患者，随机分组成主动康复训练组（A组）和传统康复训练组（B组），两组的常规内科治疗相同，分别于人组时、治疗4周末，采用简化Fusl—Meyer运动功能量表、功能独立性评定表（FunctionalIndependenceMeasure，FIM）进行评定，并作临床疗效评定与总结。结果治疗4周后A组的各项评分明显高于B组（P〈0．0001）。结论主动康复训练较传统康复训练能更明显地改善脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能与日常生活活动能力。     

运动意象护理方法在40例脑卒中偏瘫患者中的应用研究简

目的：探讨运动意象护理方法对脑卒中偏瘫患者早期肢体功能康复的影响。方法将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者按入科顺序随机分为观察组和对照组,各20例。观察组采用运动意象疗法协同常规康复护理;对照组采用常规康复护理。采用改良Barthel指数（MBI）中转移、行走及上下楼梯评分评定肢体日常生活活动能力。治疗前及治疗后2周进行积分评定。结果两组治疗后MBI评分比较有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论运动意象协同常规康复护理可显著恢复脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能。     

具有主动与被动运动训练功能自动化运动治疗仪的研制

背景:研制自动化运动治疗设备是肢体功能障碍患者和家属的迫切要求,而国外同类产品价格相对昂贵.目前国内外尚无主动运动和被动运动结构合成一体,体现出两者作用相辅的运动治疗仪.目的:应用自行研制的电脑多功能运动治疗仪对脑卒中肢体偏瘫患者进行主动运动和被动运动训练,观察其训练效果.方法:将60例脑卒中肢体偏瘫患者按随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组,每组30例.两组患者均采用偏瘫肢体综合训练手法,如Bobath握手、桥式运动、翻身、PNF技术训练、坐位平衡和站立平衡功能训练等.试验组在偏瘫肢体综合训练基础上,采用自行研制的电脑多功能运动治疗仪训练偏瘫侧上下肢体.治疗30 d后采用Brufinsfrom方法评定2组患者运动功能的改善情况,以BartheI指数评定日常生活活动能力的改善情况.结果与结论:与治疗前相比,治疗30 d后2组患者肢体运动功能和日常生活活动能力均有较明显改善,试验组总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.05).提示采用自行研制的电脑多功能运动治疗仪对脑卒中后偏瘫患者进行运动训练有利于其偏瘫肢体运动功能的恢复,从而提高其生活质量;应根据患者具体病情制定个体化康复治疗方案,尽早应用于脑卒中偏瘫患者的康复治疗中.     

综合康复护理对急性期脑卒中患者ADL的影响

目的：探讨早期综合康复护理对急性期脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能和日常生活能力的影响。方法：选择急性脑卒中偏瘫患者140例，随机分为康复护理组和对照组（每组70例）。用前瞻性研究方法对两组进行比较分析。综合康复护理组在给予药物治疗的同时，还进行正规的康复护理：对照组仅给予药物治疗和常规护理。分别于入选治疗前24h和治疗后12周进行测评。采用脑卒中临床神经功能缺损评分评定运动功能．采用Barthel指数评定日常生活活动能力fADL）。结果：经12周治疗后，两组在Barthel指数和脑卒中临床神经功能缺损评分上均有一定程度的改善，综合康复护理组的改善幅度明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：急性脑卒中偏瘫患者接受早期综合康复护理，能明显改善肢体运动功能．提高日常生活活动能力。     

功能性电刺激恢复性治疗踏车对脑卒中早期患者下肢主动运动的影响

目的:探讨功能性电刺激恢复性治疗踏车对脑卒中早期患者下肢主动运动功能的影响。方法:将52例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为3组。所有患者均给予常规康复治疗,A组(18例)加用功能性电刺激恢复性治疗踏车治疗;B组(17例)加用智能循环运动治疗;C组(17例)常规康复治疗。共8周。在治疗前、治疗8周后对所有患者进行肌张力、下肢运动、平衡功能及步行功能的评定,分别采用综合痉挛量表(CSS)、下肢Fugl-Meyer量表(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、10m最大步行速度测试(10m MWS)对所有患者进行评定。结果:治疗前3组CSS、FMA、BBS和10m MWS各项评定结果均无显著性差异(P0.05)。治疗8周后,3组患者痉挛、下肢主动运动功能、平衡功能及步行速度均有明显改善(P0.05),A组改善情况优于B组和C组(P0.05)。结论:功能性电刺激恢复性治疗踏车可显著改善下肢痉挛状态,提高脑卒中早期下肢主动运动功能、平衡功能及步行速度,可成为脑卒中早期患者康复治疗的新方法。     

早期康复护理干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者功能恢复的效果观察

目的：探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者进行早期康复护理干预的效果。方法：对186例脑卒中偏瘫患者早期进行体位护理，同时进行关节被动运动和主动运动，日常生活训练，康复护理，1个月后进行患肢肌力比较。结果：患者经过1个月的康复护理干预后，患侧上下肢肌力明显提高。结论：脑卒中偏瘫患者早期进行康复护理干预，可促进患者肢体功能的恢复，降低致残率，提高自身生存质量。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.