大黄对危重症患者应激性胃肠粘膜病变的治疗作用及其机制的研究

研究大黄对脓毒症并发应激性胃肠粘膜病变的治疗作用及其机制。43例ICU患者中脓毒症并发应激性胃肠粘膜病变22例（治疗组），非脓毒症恢复期患者21例（对照组）。检测胃和直肠粘膜内pH值（pHi）和血流动力学参数。结果：大黄止血有效率为81．8％，治疗前患者胃和直肠pHi分别为7．0180±0．1170和7．0710±0．1860，大黄治疗后胃和直肠pHi分别为7．3050±0．0950和7．2680±0．0785，均有非常显著性差异（P均＜0．01）；对照组胃pHi为7．3350±0．1800。血流动力学参数显示，治疗前尽管全身氧输送和心排指数远远高于正常，但胃和直肠pHi很低，即胃肠道仍处于严重灌注不足和缺氧状态。作者认为：大黄对应激性胃肠粘膜病变有明显治疗作用，其作用机制可能通过增加胃肠粘膜灌注、清除氧自由基和促进胃肠粘膜新陈代谢实现的。     

VT和非VT病人QT_d比较及临床意义

本文回顾研究了５９例室性心动过速（ＶＴ）病人体表（１２）导联心电图上最大ＱＴ间期弥散度（ＱＴｄ）的变化，并与７２例没有ＶＴ的病人和４３例正常人ＱＴｄ比较。结果显示（１）ＶＴ病人ＱＴｄ７８±１７ｍｓ（ｐ＜０．０１），非ＶＴ病人３８±１０ｎｓ（ｐ＜０．０５），正常人对照组ＱＴｄ３５±７ｍｓ；（２）ＶＴ病人，ＥＦ值＞０．５时，ＱＴｄ为６４±１８ｍｓ，ＥＦ值＜０．５时，ＱＴｄ为９０±２２ｍｓ（ｐ＜０．００１）；（３）ＶＴ病人ＥＦ值与ＱＴｄ有相关性，ｒ＝－０．６１（ｐ＜０．０１）。因此我们认为ＱＴｄ增大，是心室复极不均、室性心律失常易感性的体表标志，心功能不全时ＱＴ增大。     

大黄对大鼠肠粘膜及肠血管通透性的影响

目的：研究大黄对肠粘膜及肠血管通透性的影响。方法：选用低血容量性休克和内毒素性休克大鼠动物模型，以荧光标记白蛋白和小肠湿／干重比值检测内毒素性休克肠血管通透性，以血浆内毒素含量来衡量肠粘膜通透性。结果：内毒素能引起小肠组织明显水肿，其湿／干重比值显著增高，同时明显提高肠血管壁对荧光标记白蛋白的通透性；而大黄能减轻肠壁水肿和湿／干重比值（内毒素组为３．７５±０．６８，大黄组为１．６６±０．３３，Ｐ＜０．０１），降低肠血管通透性〔小肠组织荧光标记白蛋白含量：内毒素组为（１．２５４±０．１１７）μｍｏｌ／ｇ，大黄组为（０．９００±０．０７１）μｍｏｌ／ｇ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕。低血容量性休克能破坏肠粘膜屏障，提高肠粘膜对内毒素的通透性，而大黄可明显降低低血容量性休克大鼠肠粘膜通透性，抑制肠道内毒素的吸收〔血浆内毒素含量：休克组为（０．５５７±０．０６９）ＥＵ／ｍｌ，大黄组为（０．３４５±０．０５５）ＥＵ／ｍｌ，Ｐ＜０．０１〕。结论：大黄能保护肠粘膜屏障，抑制肠道内毒素吸收，降低肠粘膜及肠毛细血管通透性。     

大黄抗内毒素性休克大鼠炎性介质作用的实验研究

目的：研究大黄对内毒素性休克大鼠炎性介质作用的机制。方法：选用大鼠内毒素性休克模型。随机分为６组：单纯手术组、内毒素组、大黄预防用药组（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组和７５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组）和大黄治疗组（１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组和７５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组）。检测磷脂酶Ａ２（ＰＬＡ２）和血小板活化因子（ＰＡＦ）的活性。结果：内毒素注射前６组大鼠平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）无显著性差异；注射内毒素后４小时ＭＡＰ明显降低；大黄预防用药组和大黄治疗组ＭＡＰ则与注射内毒素前及单纯手术组比较均无明显变化，并均显著高于内毒素组注射内毒素４小时后。注射内毒素后４小时，血清和小肠组织中ＰＬＡ２活性及ＰＡＦ含量均明显增高；与内毒素组注射内毒素后４小时比较，大黄预防组和治疗组则血清和小肠组织中ＰＬＡ２活性和ＰＡＦ含量显著降低。结论：大黄对内毒素性休克所致炎症反应有明显的预防和治疗作用     

大黄对有农药中毒并发胃肠功能衰竭的研究

目的：研究大黄对有机磷农药中毒（ＡＯＰＰ）合并胃肠功能衰竭的治疗作用。方法：采用昆明种小白鼠进行动物实验,分为２ 个治疗组及中毒组,观察小鼠中毒出现的时间和死亡时间。临床观察２６４例ＡＯＰＰ患者,其中２０４ 例作为治疗研究,６０例作为对照研究,观察大黄对出血胃粘膜止血和恢复胃肠蠕动的疗效。结果：动物实验２ 个治疗组与中毒组间中毒出现时间均有显著性差异〔（５．４±０．７）ｍ ｉｎ、（４．９±０．３）ｍ ｉｎ 比（１．２±０．３）ｍ ｉｎ,Ｐ 均＜ ０．０１〕;３ 组间死亡时间比较差异也极显著〔（４８．６±７．５）ｍ ｉｎ、（４２．７±０．６）ｍ ｉｎ 比（７．５±１．２）ｍ ｉｎ,Ｐ均＜ ０．０１〕。临床观察治疗组与对照组间缓解腹胀、恢复胃肠蠕动有显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,止血及预防再出血有显著性差异（Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。结论：ＡＯＰＰ时在内科综合治疗情况下采用口服大黄,能有效地防治ＡＯＰＰ并发胃肠功能衰竭,恢复胃肠蠕动,并可以改变中毒的自然演变过程。     

生长抑素治疗消化性溃疡急性大出血15例分析

１９９３年至１９９５年间，我院对消化溃疡病急性大出血１５例病人、经常规Ｈ２受体阻滞剂和质子泵拮抗剂治疗，以及胃镜下止血治疗后３￣５天仍出血不止者，应用生长抑素施他宁治疗。止和因成功率为８６．６７％（１３／１５），２例出现再出血，经反复应用生长抑素后止血成功，本人认为对年老体弱，有重要脏器疾患者，出血量大，手术高危以及常规治疗无效者，应积极应用生长抑素治疗。     

“清胃止血汤”治疗上消化道出血的疗效观察

目的：观察自拟“清胃止血汤”治疗上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法：上消化道出血患者６３例，随机分成中医组４２例和西医组２１例。中医组口服“清胃止血汤”加减；西医组用西咪替丁和止血芳酸静滴。结果：中医组治愈３７例，显效２例，好转１例，无效２例，总有效率９５．２％；对照组治愈１４例，显效２例，好转２例，无效３例，总有效率８５．７％。大便潜血试验转阴时间，中医组为４．３１±１．７３天，西医组４．９６±２．１８天，中医组疗效优于西医组，但无统计学意义。结论：“清胃止血汤”治疗上消化道出血有很好疗效。     

洛赛克治疗难治性溃疡病24例疗效观察

洛赛克治疗难治性溃疡病２４例疗效观察广东省汕头市第二人民医院（５１５０１１）李统积，李纯义难治性消化性溃疡（Ｒｅｆａｃｔｏｒｙｕｌｃｅｒ）是有特定含义的，指在使用某种常用药物（Ｈ２受体阻滞剂）和一定疗程下的不愈合情况（１）。由于Ｈ２受体阻滞剂等抗消化...     

彩色多普勒在阳萎诊断中的应用

用彩色多普勒血流显像配合罂粟碱试验观察２６例阳萎阴茎深动脉峰值流速（Ｖｐ）、舒张末期最小流速（Ｖｍｉｎ）。结果表明：对罂粟碱反应良好１２例，反应低下１４例，Ｖｐ分别为３７．８±７．６ｃｍ／ｓ及２７．６±５．９ｃｍ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１），取９５％可信限，Ｖｐ大于３ｋｍ／ｓ可认为动脉功能正常。反应低下中６例有海绵体静脉疹，８例为动脉供血不足，二者Ｖｐ分别为３４．２±６．１ｃｍ／ｓ及２１．２±５．８ｃｍ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｖｍｉｎ分别为７．６±２．４ｃｍ／ｓ及２．２±１．１ｃｍ／ｓ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。动脉供血不足者Ｖｐ均小于３０ｃｍ／ｓ。多普勒超声不仅能区别血管性与非血管性阳萎，而且对血管性阳萎中的动脉供血抑或静脉机能不全有所提示。影响流速测值的因素有：仪器类型、探头频率，是否采用角度校正以及注药后流速测定的时间。     

高效液相色谱法测定香草扁桃酸、高香草酸、肌酐含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法同时测定尿中的香草扁桃酸（ＶＭＡ）、高香草酸（ＨＶＡ）和肌酐（Ｃｒ）含量的方法。方法以０．０２ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ４缓冲液（ｐＨ５．７）为流动相；色谱柱采用ＹＷＧ－Ｃ１８柱；电化学和紫外检测器联合检测。尿样经适当稀释后直接进样测定，最后以ＶＭＡ和ＨＶＡ与Ｃｒ的比值表示含量。对１５例正常成人和１０例嗜铬细胞瘤患者进行了测定。结果方法的平均批内变异系数（ＣＶ）值ＶＭＡ／Ｃｒ为２．４％，ＨＶＡ／Ｃｒ为６．１％。正常成人的ＶＭＡ／Ｃｒ和ＨＶＡ／Ｃｒ分别为３．８４×１０－３±０．９１×１０－３（ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ）和３．３１×１０－３±１．１３×１０－３（ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ）；嗜铬细胞瘤患者的ＶＭＡ／Ｃｒ和ＨＶＡ／Ｃｒ分别为２８．７０×１０－３±２５．４６×１０－３和４．３８×１０－３±２．０８×１０－３（ｍｍｏｌ／ｍｍｏｌ）。结论方法能满足临床诊断嗜铬细胞瘤和神经母细胞瘤的需要     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.     

Imaging choices in occult hip fracture

Background: Hip fracture is a common injury, with an incidence rate of > 250,000 per year in the United States. Diagnosis is particularly important due to the high dependence on the integrity of the hip in the daily life of most people. Objectives: In this article we review the literature focused on hip fracture detection and discuss advantages and limitations of each major imaging modality. Discussion: Plain radiographs are usually sufficient for diagnosis as they are at least 90% sensitive for hip fracture. However, in the 3–4% of Emergency Department (ED) patients having hip X-ray studies who harbor an occult hip fracture, the Emergency Physician must choose among several methods, each with intrinsic limitations, for further evaluation. These methods include computed tomography, scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusion: We present an evidence-based algorithm for the evaluation of a patient suspected to have an occult hip fracture in the ED. Also outlined are future directions for research to distinguish more effective techniques for identifying occult hip fractures.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the April 2012 Issue of the Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD but monthly online. The April 2012 issue (second DVD for 2012) contains 5045 complete reviews, 2182 protocols for reviews in production, and 17,084 short summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 674,000 randomized controlled trials, and 15,400 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains just over 11,000 citations. One hundred and seventeen new reviews have been published in the last 3 months of which 12 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine. The impact factor of the Cochrane Library stands at 6.186. Readers are encouraged to access the full report for any articles of interest as only a brief commentary is provided.     

Platelets,thrombosis, coagulation,and atherosclerosis

When I first got the invitation to join a medical delegation going to Moldova, I thought for a moment that our destination was the fictional country in the old Marx Brothers movie Duck Soup. On further checking, it turns out that entertaining place was called Freedonia. I now know that Moldova is indeed a real country, bordered on the west by Romania and on the other three sides by the Ukraine. It is a proud country, rich with traditions, and its people are warm, giving, eager to learn ways to improve their healthcare system, and deeply appreciative of our attempts to help them in the task.     

Spiritual Dimensions of Nursing Practice. edited by V. B. Carson

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviewsis published quarterly. Issue one for 2004 of the library was published in February 2004. This issue contains 3,329 reviews and protocols of which 1,921 are fully published reviews. The trials database now stands at over 400,000 records with an additional 4,427 one-page summaries of non-Cochrane reviews in the NHS database of reviews of effectiveness (DARE). This version of the library contains the results of an extensive search for RCTs on EMBASE. The latest library contains 84 new reviews, seven are considered relevant to practitioners in pain and palliative care. References are published in the same format as the citation for Cochrane reviews.     

Advance Care Planning

Predictors of patient wishes and influence of family and clinicians are discussed. Research findings on patient decision-making relating to preferences in end-of-life care are described. Advance directives and durable powers of attorney are defined and differentiated. Most patients have not participated in advance care planning and the need for more effective planning is documented. Appropriate times for discussions of such planning are described. Scenarios discussed include terminal cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, AIDS, stroke, and dementia. Patient satisfaction is discussed, as is a structured process for discussions about patient preferences. Results of patient responses to hypothetical scenarios are described. Invasiveness of interventions, prognosis and other factors that favor or discourage patient preferences for treatment are discussed. Findings resulting from research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) are discussed. This research can help providers offer end-of-life care based on preferences held by the majority of patients under similar circumstances.     

Évaluation,par l’imagerie ultrasonore,du recrutement musculaire,de la force motrice et de la détente verticale du quadriceps après électromyostimulation (cas de 15 étudiants de l’INJS)

The increase of strength seems to be an element of performance in some sports.