Spezifische Immuntherapie (SIT) bei atopischer Dermatitis und Nahrungsmittelallergie

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most frequent chronic inflammatory skin diseases with an increasing prevalence. About 80% of adult AD patients are sensitized against seasonal or perennial aeroallergens and/or food allergens which may play a pivotal role in triggering or maintaining eczema. In addition to local and systemic therapy adjusted to the stage of the disease, the search for relevant trigger factors and then their avoidance plays a crucial role in managing AD. While the effectiveness of SIT is best established in allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma and insect venom allergy, its use in AD is still controversial. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies are now available showing good efficacy of SIT in patients with AD. For food allergies there are clues from case reports and small clinical studies suggesting effectiveness of SIT both for food allergies and associated aeroallergens. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies involving larger numbers of patients are needed to establish the clinical effectiveness and immunologic mechanisms of SIT in food allergies.     

Encoding a superantigen by Staphylococcus aureus does not affect clinical characteristics of infected atopic dermatitis lesions

Background Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus is a known trigger for the worsening of atopic dermatitis (AD). Staphylococcal superantigens have been theorized to make a potential contribution to this worsening of AD seen with infection. Objectives We sought to assess whether encoding a superantigen by S. aureus affects the inflammatory characteristics of impetiginized AD skin lesions. Methods Fifty‐two children with clinically impetiginized lesions of AD which were positive for S. aureus were enrolled in this study. A lesion was graded clinically using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), and then wash fluid was obtained from the lesion for quantitative bacterial culture, and measurement of bacterial products lipoteichoic acid and staphylococcal protein A and cytokines. The staphylococcal isolate was tested for antibiotic susceptibilities and the presence of a superantigen. Results Fifty‐four per cent (28 of 52) of the staphylococcal isolates encoded a superantigen. The presence of a superantigen had no significant effect on EASI score, amounts of bacterial products or inflammatory cytokines in the AD lesion. Conclusions These studies suggest that the expression of a superantigen by S. aureus alone does not play an important role in the increased skin inflammation associated with staphylococcal infection in childhood AD.     

Association between atopic dermatitis and obesity in adulthood

Background Obesity in early childhood is associated with increased risk for and severity of atopic dermatitis (AD). Objective  To determine whether obesity in adulthood is associated with risk of AD. Methods This was a retrospective case–control study of 2090 adults using questionnaire, height and weight, and skin‐prick testing between January 1994 and December 2003. Results  Obesity in adults was associated with increased AD [multinomial logistic regression: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1·43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·08–1·89; P = 0·01], but not nonatopic dermatitis (aOR 0·59, 95% CI 0·21–1·68; P = 0·32). Obesity was also associated with increased atopic asthma (aOR 1·98, 95% CI 1·47–2·66, P < 0·0001), but not associated with nonatopic asthma (P = 0·20), atopic or nonatopic rhinoconjunctivitis (P = 0·08 and 0·31, respectively), food allergies (P = 0·67 and 0·35, respectively) or atopy (P = 0·40). The association between obesity and AD remained significant even when controlling for history of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and food allergies (aOR 1·40, 95% CI 1·05–1·86; P = 0·02) or in subset analyses of subjects with AD alone (aOR 1·96, 95% CI 1·02–3·75; P = 0·04) and with comorbid asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and/or food allergies (aOR 1·40, 95% CI 1·03–1·91; P = 0·03). Conclusion Obesity in adulthood is associated with AD. Further studies are warranted to determine if weight loss may prevent or mitigate AD in adults.     

The role of bacterial skin infections in atopic dermatitis: expert statement and review from the International Eczema Council Skin Infection Group

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an increased risk of bacterial skin infections, which cause significant morbidity and, if untreated, may become systemic. Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the skin of most patients with AD and is the most common organism to cause infections. Overt bacterial infection is easily recognized by the appearance of weeping lesions, honey-coloured crusts and pustules. However, the wide variability in clinical presentation of bacterial infection in AD and the inherent features of AD – cutaneous erythema and warmth, oozing associated with oedema, and regional lymphadenopathy – overlap with those of infection, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Furthermore, some features may be masked because of anatomical site- and skin-type-specific features, and the high frequency of S. aureus colonization in AD makes positive skin swab culture of suspected infection unreliable as a diagnostic tool. The host mechanisms and microbial virulence factors that underlie S. aureus colonization and infection in AD are incompletely understood. The aim of this article is to present the latest evidence from animal and human studies, including recent microbiome research, to define the clinical features of bacterial infections in AD, and to summarize our current understanding of the host and bacterial factors that influence microbial colonization and virulence.     

特应性皮炎皮损金黄色葡萄球菌检出情况的研究

目的 :　探讨特应性皮炎 (AD)皮损微生物定植情况 ,为临床合理选用抗菌药物有效控制该病提供依据。方法 :　无菌生理盐水浸湿的棉拭子于 4 3例AD患者皮损处取标本 ,同时对 39例患者非皮损处及 10例健康人取标本作对照 ,进行细菌培养及菌落计数 ,金葡菌予常规药敏试验。结果 :　AD患者皮损细菌阳性率为 74 .4 2 % ,金葡菌为主要的致病菌 ,占 6 5 .6 3% ;非皮损处也可分离出细菌 ,但金葡菌阳性率及密度均明显低于皮损处 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :　微生物感染因素 ,尤其金葡菌感染或定植 ,在AD的发病中起着重要的作用     

Superficial community-acquired skin infections: prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic susceptibility in France

Objective  Evaluation of the susceptibility to currently used antibiotics of bacteria, particularly S. aureus isolated from superficial community- acquired skin infection and to compare results with those from an earlier study.
Methods  Every dermatologist in community practice participating in the study was asked to include the first two patients consulting them for superficial cutaneous bacterial infection. Swab specimens collected from the skin infection were sent to a central laboratory.
Results  The dermatologist enrolled 390 patients in the study. The rate of positive culture was 49%, 259 bacterial strains were isolated. S. aureus was the major species (56.8% of all isolated strains). S. aureus was resistant to methicillin in 4%. All strains of S. aureus were susceptible to pristinamycin and mupirocin.
Conclusions  The results of the two epidemiological studies of superficial community acquired skin infections with a comparable methodology at a 6-year interval demonstrated that the prevalence of CA-MRSA skin infection remained low in this setting.     

Diagnostic Usefulness of the Serum-Specific IgE, the Skin Prick Test and the Atopy Patch Test Compared with That of the Oral Food Challenge Test

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is frequently associated with food allergies. In addition to the skin prick test (SPT) and serum-specific IgE, the atopy patch test (APT) has been introduced as a diagnostic procedure for food allergies.

Objective

Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic value of the APT, the SPT and the serum-specific IgE levels compared with that of oral food challenge test against milk and egg in AD patients.

Methods

We conducted the SPT and APT, and determined the serum-specific IgE levels against milk and egg antigens for 101 patients. Oral food challenge tests were conducted for 86 out of 101 AD patients. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictable values were calculated for all the tests.

Results

Twenty-five patients were positive to oral food challenges. The sensitivity of the APT for milk was 66.7%, while the figures for the SPT and the serum-specific IgE were 35.5% and 14.2%. The sensitivity of the APT for egg was 50%, while that for the SPT and serum-specific IgE were 21.4% and 6.7%.

Conclusion

We were able to conclude that the APT test seems to be a valuable additional tool for the diagnostic method of food allergies in AD.     

Filaggrin mutations are associated with recurrent skin infection in Singaporean Chinese patients with atopic dermatitis

Background Loss‐of‐function (null) mutations within the filaggrin (FLG) gene are a strong risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). We hypothesized that the absence or reduction of the filaggrin protein could compromise skin barrier and increase patients’ susceptibility to recurrent skin infection. Objectives To investigate the association between FLG‐null mutations and the risk of recurrent skin infection among a series of patients with AD in Singapore. Methods This study included 228 Singaporean Chinese patients with AD with at least 1 year of follow‐up at the time of recruitment between January 2008 and December 2009 at the National Skin Centre in Singapore. Each patient had their medical records reviewed for history of skin infection in the preceding year and was genotyped for 22 FLG‐null mutations. Results Compared with those without the FLG‐null mutations, patients with AD who had FLG mutation(s) had approximately a seven times increased risk of more than four episodes of skin infection requiring antibiotics in the past year (odds ratio 6·74; 95% confidence interval 2·29–19·79). This risk was much greater in those with mild or moderate disease, and was present in both users and nonusers of oral steroids. Conclusion This study highlights a novel association between FLG‐null mutations and an increased susceptibility to recurrent bacterial skin infection among patients with AD.     

The role of superantigens in human diseases: therapeutic implications for the treatment of skin diseases

Although it is well established that immune mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, the actual events that trigger the immunological pathways resulting in these skin diseases are not well understood. Colonization and infection with Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci has been reported to exacerbate AD and psoriasis. Recent studies demonstrating that bacterial toxins can act as superantigens provide mechanism(s) by which S. aureus and streptococci could mediate an inflammatory skin lesion that consists predominantly of activated T-cells and monocytes. This review will explore the diverse mechanisms by which bacterial superantigens can induce skin inflammation following systemic or local infection. These observations provide a new direction for the development of novel approaches for the treatment of skin inflammation.     

Novel filaggrin mutation but no other loss-of-function variants found in Ethiopian patients with atopic dermatitis

Background Filaggrin is a key protein involved in maintaining skin barrier function and hydration. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) cause ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) and are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) in individuals of European and Asian descent. It has been proposed that FLG mutations are population specific and a difference in the spectra of mutations between different ancestral groups has been described. However, it is unknown whether FLG mutations in the African population are a causative genetic factor for IV and predispose to AD, or whether other mechanisms are more prominent. Objectives The present aim was to investigate the role of FLG mutations as predisposing factors for IV or AD among individuals from Ethiopia. Methods A case series of Ethiopian patients with AD (n = 103) and IV (n = 7) together with controls (n = 103; subjects without past or present history of AD, dry skin or atopic manifestations) was collected at the outpatient dermatology clinics at ALERT Dermatology Hospital, Tikur Anbessa Hospital and Gondar University Hospital, Ethiopia. AD was diagnosed by a dermatologist using the U.K. Working Party’s diagnostic criteria. The IV diagnosis was based on clinical examination and genetic testing of the steroid sulphatase gene to exclude X‐linked recessive ichthyosis. Patients were studied with direct sequencing (n = 40) and/or allelic discrimination (n = 110). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for filaggrin expression in the skin of patients (n = 7) and controls (n = 2). Results The Ethiopian patients and controls were genotyped for the four previously described common European FLG null mutations (R501X, 2282del4, S3247X, R2447X) and no carriers were found. In one patient with AD a novel heterozygous 2‐bp deletion, 632del2, leading to a premature stop codon was revealed by direct sequencing. No additional carrier of this deletion or other mutations was found. In addition, no difference in filaggrin expression was detected in AD or IV skin compared with healthy control skin. Conclusions Our results indicate that FLG loss‐of‐function‐variants are less common in patients with IV and AD in the Ethiopian population, suggesting that other factors may be of importance in the pathogenesis in this ethnic group.     

Cutaneous manifestations of immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome

Background  Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX) syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by neonatal autoimmune enteropathy, diabetes and thyroiditis, food allergies and skin rash. IPEX syndrome is caused by mutations in FOXP3 , a master control gene of regulatory T cells (Tregs), resulting in absent or dysfunctional Tregs. Data in the literature are scarce and the cutaneous manifestations are rarely depicted.
Objectives  To evaluate the frequency and characteristics of cutaneous manifestations found in IPEX.
Methods  Retrospective single-centre study of a case series of IPEX. Patients' data were retrieved from medical files and numerous parameters concerning general and cutaneous characteristics of the disease were recorded.
Results  Ten children with IPEX were studied. Cutaneous involvement was present in seven of 10 chidren; age at onset was 0–4 months, median 1·5. All patients presented with atopic dermatitis (AD). Three presented more psoriasiform lesions. Eczema was severe; most affected areas were lower limbs, trunk and face. Pruritus was present in four of seven, and painful fissurary cheilitis in four of seven. Hyper-IgE was found in seven of 10 and hypereosinophilia in five of 10. Skin biopsies showed eczematiform or psoriasiform features. Affected patients were improved by dermocorticoids; no clear improvement was obtained with immunosuppressive regimens. Other features were urticaria secondary to food allergies and staphylococcal sepsis, mostly Staphylococcus aureus and catheter related.
Conclusions  AD seems to be a frequent finding in IPEX syndrome, which is characterized by Treg anomalies. This hints to a possible role of Tregs in AD, which is then discussed in this study.     

Ernährungsstatus bei erwachsenen Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis

Many atopic dermatitis (AD) patients follow elimination diets for long periods of time because of true or--even more often--suspected food allergies or hypersensitivities. In the present study we investigated the nutritional status of adult AD patients by evaluating food intake protocols followed by measuring different serum parameters. Evaluation of the food intake protocols over 3 days (n = 47) showed that the total calorie intake met recommended intake in 12 patients (group A), ranged between 75-100% of the requirements in 23 patients (group B) and was 50-75% in 12 patients (group C). The relative intake of different nutritional factors approached normal limits in group A and B; the intake of several of these factors was significantly decreased in group C. Various serum parameters in group C patients were different from those found in patients suffering from other chronic skin diseases. Taken together, our results show that a subgroup of AD patients have dietary habits which result in significant nutritional deficiency which are important for homeostasis. This indicates the necessity of professional guidance in these patients in order to only eliminate foods which have been proven to elicit adverse reactions by oral provocation tests.     

早婴儿特应性皮炎发病因素探讨

目的观察纯母乳喂养特应性皮炎(atop ic derm atitis,AD)患儿皮损金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)带菌率,与黄疸的相关性及乳母饮食对AD的影响,探讨以上因素在AD发病中的作用。方法AD皮损局部、非皮损局部分离金葡菌、经皮测定黄疸指数、乳母饮食随机分组,并与对照组进行统计学比较。结果与对照组相比,AD患儿皮损局部金葡菌与对照组金葡菌相比明显升高,黄疸与AD的发病无统计学意义,乳母饮食与AD有关。结论AD患儿皮损区带菌率45.00%,黄疸与AD的发病无相关性,乳母饮食情况参与AD发病。     

Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus has a peculiar ability to colonize the skin of patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis (AD), and is consistently found in eczematous skin lesions in these patients. A correlation between the severity of the eczema and colonization with S. aureus has been demonstrated, and it has been determined that bacterial colonization is an important factor aggravating skin lesions. Patients colonized with S. aureus have been treated with antibiotics in several open and double-blind placebo-controlled studies, with conflicting results. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the colonizing features of S. aureus in the lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with eczema and AD in China and to compare the therapeutic effect of mupirocin plus hydrocortisone butyrate with vehicle ointment plus hydrocortisone butyrate. METHODS: A multicentre, double-blind randomized trial was conducted. Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores were evaluated before the start of the trial and on the 7th, 14th and 28th day of treatment. Swabs for bacterial isolation were taken from lesional skin before the start of the trial and on the 7th, 14th and 28th day of treatment, and from nonlesional skin only before the start of the trial. A combination topical therapy with mupirocin plus hydrocortisone butyrate ointment was used in the experimental group, with vehicle ointment plus hydrocortisone butyrate ointment as a control. RESULTS: Of 327 patients enrolled in the study, 208 had eczema and 119 had AD. Bacteria were isolated from 70.2% of lesional and 32.7% of nonlesional skin samples from patients with eczema, of which S. aureus accounted for 47.3% and 27.9%, respectively. Bacteria were isolated from 74.8% of lesional and 34.5% of nonlesional skin samples from patients with AD, of which S. aureus accounted for 79.8% and 80.5%, respectively. The colonization density of S. aureus was markedly higher in lesional than in nonlesional skin, both in patients with eczema and with AD (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and was positively correlated with lesion severity. Considering the EASI scores before and after treatment and the final effective rate, good therapeutic effects were obtained in both the combination experimental groups and the control groups (P < 0.01), and there were no differences in the global therapeutic effect between the two groups in patients with eczema and with AD (P > 0.05). However, in patients with eczema with a clinical score of > 8 or in patients with AD with a clinical score of > 7, the therapeutic effect in the experimental groups was superior to that in the control groups (P < 0.05) on the 7th day of treatment. There were no differences between the two groups on the 14th and 28th days of treatment (P > 0.05). Following the improvement of symptoms and signs of eczema and AD, the positive rates of bacteria and S. aureus were reduced on the 7th day of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that lesional skin of patients with eczema and AD was more frequently colonized with S. aureus than was nonlesional skin. The more severe the eczema, the higher the colonization rate of S. aureus, and S. aureus was also more often present in lesional and nonlesional skin in patients with AD than in those with eczema. Staphylococcus aureus infection is related to the pathogenesis of eczema and AD. An antibiotic-corticosteroid combination and corticosteroid alone both gave good therapeutic effect in eczema and in AD, and both reduced colonization by S. aureus. Early combined topical therapy is beneficial to patients with moderate to severe eczema and AD, and it is unnecessary to use antibiotics at later stages of disease or in mild eczema or AD.     

Bacteriological aspects of Darier’s disease

Background There are no established data on the prevalence of bacterial colonization of lesional skin, nares and perineum in Darier’s disease (DD), or its contribution to the clinical manifestations of the disease. Objective To determine the prevalence of bacterial colonization of lesional skin and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in nares and perineum in 75 patients with DD, the association of these parameters with disease and patient characteristics, and the features of the bacterial skin infection in this group. Methods Medical interviews and physical examinations were performed. Bacteria were isolated from swabs taken from lesional skin, nares and perineum. Results S. aureus was isolated in 68%, 47% and 22% of lesional skin, nares and perineum cultures respectively. Subjects with positive S. aureus culture from lesional skin and/or nares had a statistically significant higher percentage of skin area affected and a more severe disease than patients with negative culture. Thirty of the 75 patients (40%) recalled bacterial skin infection, most often on the chest. Conclusions Patients with DD have high prevalence of S. aureus colonization in lesional skin and nares, with a correlation between disease severity and extent of the colonization. Further studies examining the consequences of S. aureus eradication in those sites may establish the need for S. aureus lesional skin and nares colonization screening and eradication as part of the treatment of DD exacerbations.     

Antibiotic treatment of cutaneous infections with Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis: current antimicrobial resistances and susceptibilities

Background/aims: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease. In many patients, the disease is complicated by enhanced susceptibility to skin infections, especially with Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of skin‐colonizing S. aureus strains in patients with AD and consecutively to recommend the first‐line antibiotic therapy. Methods: We studied S. aureus‐positive skin swabs (n = 102) from lesional skin of children, adolescents and adults with AD presenting to our inpatient and outpatient departments from January 2005 to June 2006. Results: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed resistance against oxacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cephalexin and cefuroxim in 3%, against tetracycline in 17%, against gentamicin in 16%, against erythromycin and clindamycin in 21%, against trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol in 23%, against levofloxacin in 23%, against fusidic acid in 25%, against fosfomycin in 12% and against rifampicin in 16%. All strains isolated were susceptible to vancomycin. Conclusion: Currently, the first generation cephalosporin cephalexin appears to be the preferential first‐line antibiotic for the treatment of bacterial superinfections with S. aureus in children and adults with AD due to its restricted antimicrobial spectrum to Gram‐positive bacteria and a limited number of Gram‐negative strains. Cefuroxim and amoxicillin/clavulanate, which also showed 3% resistances in our patients, cover a broader range of bacterial micro‐organisms. However, a broader coverage is not required in case of AD, as S. aureus is the most frequent bacterial micro‐organism causing skin infections.     

Colonization with community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with atopic dermatitis: a cross-sectional study

Background Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus is a common complication of atopic dermatitis (AD). The incidence of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant S. aureus infection (MRSA) in the AD population is unknown. Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in pediatric patients with AD, to compare disease severity, and to characterize the clonal diversity of the isolates. Methods We carried out a prospective, cross‐sectional study of 200 patients with AD. The severity of AD was defined as mild, moderate, or severe depending on a composite AD severity score. A swab was taken from the nares of each patient and another from affected skin or folds. Genotyping of all S. aureus isolates was conducted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the S. aureus protein A (spa) gene. Results According to the severity score, 66.5% of subjects were ranked as having mild AD, 29.5% as having moderate and 4% as having severe AD. Staphylococcus aureus colonization was seen in 61.5% of all patients, represented by 43.7% of skin swabs and 48% of nares swabs. Only one of the isolations represented MRSA. Older age and higher AD severity scores were associated with S. aureus colonization (P = 0.03 and P < 0.001, respectively). No significant associations were noted for attendance at day care, family members with frequent skin infections, or family members working in healthcare. Isolates from spa CC015 were cultured in 19.2% of patient samples. The single MRSA culture showed a new spa type that belonged to CC127. Conclusions The results of this study confirm a high rate of S. aureus colonization of pediatric patients with AD. The low rate of MRSA requires further proof from larger prospective studies.     

Die Bedeutung der Nahrungsmittelallergie bei Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis

Besides other trigger factors food allergens have been shown to play a major role in the exacerbation and maintenance of eczematous lesions in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), particularly in children. Food allergy may not only present as a flare up up of eczema in these patients, but also immediate type reactions and mixed reactions can be observed under food challenge tests.Whereas cow's milk hen's egg, wheat and soy have been identified as important triggers in infants, pollen related foods like nuts, fruit und vegetable have a greater impact in adolescents and adult Food specific T cells have been identified as effector cells in food responsible eczema and food specific T cell clones could be generated from lesional skin of patients who reacted with a worsening of their AD upon oral challenge tests. Due to the poor reliability of in-vitro (RAST) and skin tests (skin prick test (SPT), atopy patch test (APT)) the double blind placebo controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) is regarded as the gold standard in the diagnostic work-up of food allergy. Once a food allergy has been diagnosed, a specific elimination diet represents the first line therapy, which has to consider the supplementation of essential nutrients.     

The clinical significance of fungi in atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin diseases and is caused by multiple factors including genetic factors, skin barrier defects, host immune responses, allergen sensitivity, environmental effects, and infections. Commonly, bacterial and viral infections are present in the eczematous lesions of AD patients and clearly aggravate the symptoms. However, studies of fungal infections in AD are limited in spite of the fact that there are reports showing that Malassezia, Candida, and some dermatophytes can affect the symptoms of AD. Moreover, certain fungal infections are sometimes overlooked and need to be considered particularly in AD patients with treatment failure as clinical features of those fungal infections could mimic eczematous lesions in AD. Here, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and overlooked features of fungal infections associated with the symptoms of AD including the diagnosis and effectiveness of fungal treatments in AD patients.     

湿疹和特应性皮炎皮损处细菌定植情况及药物联合治疗的分析

目的 探讨湿疹和特应性皮炎(AD)皮损处金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌)及其他细菌的定植情况,评价抗菌药物与糖皮质激素联合用药的疗效。方法 采用多中心、随机、双盲试验,在筛选日及治疗后第7、14和28天对皮损评分,并在皮损和非皮损处分离细菌。试验组外用抗菌药物和糖皮质激素,对照组外用基质和糖皮质激素。结果 共入选患者327例,湿疹208例,AD119例。湿疹皮损处细菌的阳性率为70.19%,金葡菌占47.26%;非皮损部位细菌阳性率为32.69%,金葡菌占27.94%。AD皮损处细菌阳性率为74.79%,金葡菌占79.78%;非皮损部位细菌阳性率为34.45%,金葡菌占80.49%。湿疹和AD皮损部位金葡菌的定植量均高于非皮损部位(P<0.01,P<0.05),细菌的定植量与皮损的严重程度呈正相关。两组患者治疗后总体疗效无明显差异(P>0.05),但湿疹临床症状评分指数>8分者及AD评分指数>7分者,在治疗的第7天,试验组与对照组的症状评分指数改善率存在显著差异(P<0.05),在治疗的第14天和第28天,两组差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 湿疹和AD患者皮损部位细菌的检出率和金葡菌的带菌率均明显增高,说明金葡菌与湿疹皮炎的关系密切,早期联用抗菌药物可提高疗效。