基于fluent离心式血泵内流场仿真与结构优化

提高溶血性能,降低溶血率作为血泵性能优化的一个重要指标,对血泵的结构优化具有重要的指导意义。本文基于一款离心式血泵通过使用计算流体力学（CFD）技术,采用非结构化网格、N-S方程和标准K-ε湍流模型在fluent中模拟分析出不同工况下血泵流场内部的剪切力场、压力场等重要参数并根据叶轮流场数据分析,提出了4种不同的结构优化方案;并基于三维快速溶血预估模型计算出不同流量、不同叶轮结构下血泵的溶血性能。仿真结果显示:当叶片与叶轮径向夹角为45°,流量达到5 L/min、转速为2 100 r/min时,扬程为115 mmHg,溶血率达到0.022 1 g/100 L,优化后模型较原模型溶血率提升40.9%,满足人体泵血生理需求。实验结果显示:选用优化后结构进行实验分析,得到扬程的实验数据与仿真数据相互验证,进一步证实了该仿真结果的准确性。     

基于快速溶血预估模型的离心血泵叶轮特性数值分析

离心血泵叶轮形态是决定其内部流场剪切应力致血液细胞损伤的重要因素之一。对具有不同叶轮形态的离心血泵进行流体动力分析及数值溶血预估有助于提高血泵的综合性能。本文采用低雷诺数修正SSTκ-ω湍流模型,对四种不同叶轮形态的离心血泵内部流场进行计算,包括压力场、速度场以及剪切应力场分布等;并运用快速溶血预估模型计算各血泵的标准溶血参数值(NIH)。分析结果表明,虽然四种血泵的压力场分布均符合要求,但对数螺旋线叶轮血泵流道中的涡流和回流得到了明显改善,高剪切应力区域体积只占总体积的0.004%,NIH为0.0089,对血液细胞破坏最小。     

基于CFD的液悬浮人工心脏泵叶轮入口优化分析

目的应用计算流体动力学方法(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)对离心式双向液力悬浮人工心脏血泵流场进行仿真分析,通过改进叶轮入口结构来改善血液在血泵的流动状态,从而提升其抗溶血性能。方法从影响血泵溶血性能的角度考虑,基于N-S方程和k-ε标准双方程湍流模型,应用软件FLUENT6.3对离心式人工心脏血泵流场进行数值模拟,分析在设计工况下,叶轮入口处的结构变化对泵内流场的影响,以及流场中最大速度与溶血水平之间的关系,并根据流场分析结果对血泵叶轮入口进行优化。结果经过优化,血泵内流场紊乱现象得到改善,影响溶血值的切应力和曝光时间均有所降低,溶血性能得到改善。同时,对于离心式双向液力悬浮血泵,在设计工况下,其流场中最大速度有作为流场优化过程中的直观指标参数的潜力。结论该研究的仿真分析可为离心式双向液力悬浮人工心脏的设计积累一定经验。     

具有分流和悬臂叶片尾导的轴流血泵设计分析

根据中国终末期心衰患者对左心辅助泵辅助人体血液循环的要求,设计以3 L/min流量、100 mm Hg压升为设计点,流量范围为2～7 L/min的微型可植入轴流血泵。该血泵采用纺锤形的转子叶轮结构以及带分流叶片、悬臂叶片的尾导结构,以使血泵在较宽的压力流量范围内具有良好的溶血和抗血栓特性。本文用数值模拟及粒子成像测速(PIV)的方法分析血泵的水力学特性、流场及溶血特性。结果表明:血泵转速为7 000～11 000 r/min时,在2～7 L/min的流量范围内可提供60.0～151.3 mm Hg的压升;分流叶片抑制了尾导的尾缘吸力面处的流动分离;悬臂式叶片结构将转子叶片的叶尖间隙变为尾导叶片的叶根间隙,间隙的切线速度由6.2 m/s降至4.3～1.1 m/s;血泵的最大标量剪切应力值为897.3 Pa,平均剪切应力值为37.7 Pa;采用Heuser溶血模型得到的溶血指数为0.168%;PIV试验所得泵内尾导区域的流场速度分布与数值计算得到的流场特征吻合良好。本研究所设计的轴流血泵的尾导具有分流叶片和悬臂叶片,流道内血流无较大分离流动,降低了剪切力对血液的破坏,溶血性能良好,压力流量性能满足临床需要。     

磁悬浮离心式心室辅助装置的体外溶血测试**

背景：心室辅助装置已广泛应用于心力衰竭患者的治疗。虽然有不同的血泵在国外应用于临床,却很少在国内应用,主要原因是其价格太高。因此在国内研制相对价格较低的能应用于临床的自主血泵迫在眉睫。 目的：测试置入式磁悬浮离心心室辅助装置主体血泵的溶血性能。 方法：通过计算流体力学方法,对磁悬浮离心式心室辅助装置主体血泵内部流场做初步分析。血泵在后负荷100 mm Hg     (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、流量5 L/min 情况下,通过体外模拟血循环系统驱动羊血测试血泵体外溶血性能,计算血泵实际标准溶血指数NIH。 结果与结论：在设计工况下计算流体力学结果显示血泵内部流线平稳,整个流道内部壁面剪切力均在68.5 Pa以下,内部静压力分布均匀,过渡平稳,没有不良区域出现。体外溶血实验测得标准溶血指数NIH值为(0.075±0.017) mg/L。提示血泵驱动叶片及内部流道设计合理,同第3代血泵相比有较好溶血性能。血泵实验期间无不良状况发生,可以进行下一步长期的动物体内实验,进而评估血泵体内血流动力学性能和血泵置入对实验动物脏器的影响。     

基于溶血性能的离心式旋转血泵设计

溶血性能是衡量血泵性能的一个重要指标.基于平均剪切应力模型,通过减少红细胞流经叶轮的时间和降低它在此过程中所受平均剪切应力的方法,对离心血泵进行设计,进而改善溶血性能.采用商用流体仿真软件Fluent,对血泵内的三维不可压湍流流场进行数值模拟,得到红细胞在血泵内的流动迹线和流动参数;应用溶血估算公式,分析不同流量下血泵的溶血性能,计算得到溶血估算值在0.006-0.015之间,有较好的溶血性能,满足血泵对溶血性能的要求.     

叶片倒角对FDA标准血泵流场和溶血预测的影响

目的采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)方法研究FDA标准离心血泵叶片倒角对流场和溶血的影响。方法针对FDA标准离心泵,模拟3个工况下水力学性能、流场形态、溶血指数等血泵关键性能,并进一步比较叶片结构有、无倒角时对前述模拟结果造成的影响。结果血泵叶轮倒角对血泵压头(无倒角特征与有倒角特征压头计算值最大百分比差异为57.38%)、流场等均有影响,从而导致溶血预测值也有显著差别(两者最大误差超过1个数量级)。结论对叶轮进行有倒角处理有助于优化血泵的性能。研究结果对更好使用CFD辅助血泵的血液相容性设计具有重要意义。     

计算流体力学分析评价XZ-Ⅱ型血泵的血液破坏

目的运用计算机流体力学(CFD)分析评价XZ-Ⅱ型血泵的溶血情况.方法将XZ-Ⅱ型血泵的主体血泵CAD二维图采用Solid Work三维造型软件过渡生成几何数据文件,然后采用Fluent 6.1流场分析软件做计算和流场分析,同时进行体外溶血实验.结果CFD显示,在叶轮入口、叶轮的端面和叶轮与导流叶片间,有较大的剪切率产生,且后者引起流动分离,从而影响了出口流速和流动的稳定性;体外溶血实验示,标准溶血指数(NIH)为(0.0473±0.0165)mg/dL.结论采用湍流模型和非牛顿流体粘性系数公式进行CFD对血泵溶血情况的分析,基本反映了血泵内部血流特性,XZ-Ⅱ型血泵在叶轮入口、叶轮端面和导流叶片等处产生高剪切力,应进行相应的改进.     

螺旋血泵的CFD分析

溶血和血栓是目前国内心室辅助装置不能应用于临床的主要原因。血泵的不良血液动力学特性是导致溶血和血栓的主要因数。计算流体力学（CFD）方法目前被广泛应用于血泵设计,它可以准确有效地反映血泵内部流场状态、血泵压力流量曲线以及血泵内部流场剪切力分布状态等。本研究采用CFD方法对自制螺旋血泵的泵腔、出入流口进行流场分析,内部流场采用三维彩图显示。结果显示CFD分析结果很好的与体外实验结果吻合。血泵血液动力学特性,以及内部血流状态采用CFD方法分析,可以有效地分析血泵血液相溶性方面的问题。     

人工心脏圆盘泵的流动特性研究

人工心脏（血泵）一直存在泵体对血细胞剪切力过大和流速过快容易引起溶血的问题。为了研究人体正常血压情况下,血泵内部剪切力和速度场的分布情况,选择圆盘泵叶轮代替传统离心泵叶轮,对两种模型进行数值计算,分析不同叶轮内部剪切力和速度场的分布规律。研究表明传统离心泵内部流速高,叶片表面剪切力大,对血细胞的伤害大。圆盘泵相比传统离心泵,剪切力更小,流场速度分布均匀,流速更小。和传统离心泵相比,不同转速下圆盘泵能降低溶血的发生率。圆盘泵叶片数为6片时,抗溶血性能更好。研究结果为血泵的优化提供理论依据。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.