纳米羟基磷灰石/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸骨组织工程复合支架的特性*

背景：近年来国内外在骨与软骨组织支架复合材料方面进行了广泛的研究,取得了积极的成果,但仍存在许多问题。 目的：观察纳米羟基磷灰石/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸(HAP/CPP/PLLA)骨组织工程支架复合材料的特性。 方法：采用溶媒浇铸、粒子滤取技术与气体发泡相结合的方法制备出纳米HAP/CPP/PLLA骨组织工程支架复合材料,测试该支架复合材料的物理力学性能,并用扫描电子显微镜对其微观结构进行观察。 结果与结论：结果表明,纳米HAP/CPP/PLLA支架复合材料具有三维、连通、微孔网状结构,并具有较高的孔隙率和较好的压缩模量,是理想的骨组织工程支架材料。     

聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维三维多孔支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞修复兔骨缺损**△

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞具有向多种间质细胞谱系分化的能力,且支架材料的性能对骨缺损的修复有重要影响。 目的：观察聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维三维多孔支架复合骨髓间充质干细胞治疗骨缺损。 方法：对骨缺损模型兔分别采用空白植入、髂后上棘自体松质骨移植、聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维多孔支架移植和复合了骨髓间充质干细胞的聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维多孔支架移植修复缺损部位。 结果与结论：至移植12周,移植复合了骨髓间充质干细胞的聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维多孔支架的实验兔的缺损处有骨组织生成,支架材料降解,已完成缺损修复,其修复情况接近松质骨组;髂后上棘自体松质骨移植的实验兔的缺损修复完好,新形成的骨组织较规则;只植入聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维多孔支架的实验兔有少量骨组织形成,材料部分降解;空白植入的实验兔缺损处无新生骨组织生成,主要由纤维结缔组织填充。说明新型的生物支架材料聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维三维多孔支架与来源于新西兰大白兔的骨髓间充质干细胞复合培养后,植入同种异体兔股骨髁缺损处,使骨缺损的修复速度加快,表现为较好的体内诱导成骨的作用。     

聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖电纺丝纳米纤维支架与兔内皮祖细胞的生物相容性

背景：电纺丝技术能够使许多高分子材料制备出与细胞外基质相似的三维纳米纤维支架。聚乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维复合支架材料能够克服材料的不足,提高组织工程支架生物相容性。 目的：评价聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖电纺丝纳米纤维支架与兔内皮祖细胞的生物相容性。 方法：电纺丝技术制备聚左旋乳酸,壳聚糖,聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖的纳米纤维支架,扫描电镜观察其形貌结构。纳米纤维支架与内皮祖细胞进行复合培养后,观察细胞在不同材料上的黏附率、一氧化氮分泌,生长特征和在聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维支架上的细胞表型特征。 结果与结论：聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维支架比聚左旋乳酸、壳聚糖具有更合适的纤维直径,具有与细胞外基质相似的纳米纤维三维多孔结构。聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖纳米纤维支架能够促进内皮祖细胞黏附率和细胞的一氧化氮分泌(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。内皮祖细胞能够在聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖复合材料膜上融合成片,保持了细胞的完整形态和分化功能,显示了内皮细胞特异性的vWF表型。提示聚左旋乳酸/壳聚糖电纺丝纳米纤维支架与兔内皮祖细胞具有良好的生物相容性。     

构建球磨碳酸钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸组织工程支架复合材料

背景:近年来国内外在骨与软骨组织支架材料方面取得了积极的成果,但仍存在炎症反应高、生物相容性低等许多问题,因此复合材料技术是解决目前存在问题的重要途径之一。目的:制备球磨碳酸钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸组织工程支架复合材料。方法:采用溶媒浇铸、粒子滤取技术与气体发泡相结合的方法制备出球磨碳酸钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸组织工程支架复合材料。测试该支架复合材料的物理、力学及降解性能,并用扫描电子显微镜对其微观结构进行观察。结果与结论:制备出孔隙率在60%～80%之间的球磨碳酸钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸组织工程支架复合材料,具有三维、连通、微孔网状结构,其密度的实验值和计算值基本相吻和;压缩模量值均在3MPa以上,能够满足软骨组织工程支架复合材料对压缩模量的要求。随着降解时间的延长,支架复合材料的降解速率在增大;球磨碳酸钙/聚磷酸钙纤维/聚乳酸组织工程支架复合材料的降解液的pH值基本保持在6～7.5之间,球磨碳酸钙粉末的加入稳定了降解液的pH值。该支架复合材料降解一定时期后仍为三维、连通、微孔网状结构。     

静电纺丝聚己内酯纳米纤维支架支持小鼠诱导多能干细胞表达心肌细胞标志物

目的利用多能干细胞与仿生材料支架构建人工心肌,探讨仿生材料支架本身对多能干细胞心肌特异性分化的直接作用,为构建组织工程心肌提供理论支持。方法采用静电纺丝聚己内酯纳米纤维仿生支架,接种小鼠i PSCs(mi PSCs)细胞培养分化15 d,免疫荧光染色与Western blot法检测多能干细胞与心肌细胞特异性标志物。结果mi PSCs特异性表达多能干性标志物Oct4和Nanog,而且能够在聚己内酯纳米纤维支架上集落样增殖、分化;培养15 d后,mi PSCs在支架上分化出心肌特异性标志物c Tn T和MLC2a双重免疫荧光染色阳性的细胞;心肌细胞特异性结构蛋白c Tn T、α-MHC和MLC2的表达水平,支架组全面高于对照组。结论聚己内酯纳米纤维仿生支架支持mi PSCs生长与心肌细胞特异性分化。     

PCL/ZrO_2骨组织工程支架3D打印制备方法及其性能研究

目的为制备出满足骨缺损修复需要的具有一定力学强度和生物活性的骨组织工程支架,本文选取聚己内酯(polycaprolactone, PCL)和纳米氧化锆(ZrO_2)粉末制备出三维多孔复合材料支架。方法采用高温熔融挤出3D打印方式制备PCL/ZrO_2复合材料支架,为获取支架的几何形态、力学性能和生物学性能,利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)和万能试验机(material testsystem,MTS)分别分析了支架的形貌和压缩性能,并通过体外细胞培养的方式测试复合材料支架的生物相容性。结果制备完成的复合材料支架具有良好的三维孔隙结构,孔径≥400μm,孔隙率≥40%。对比纯PCL支架,PCL/ZrO_2复合材料支架的力学性能显著提高,杨氏模量提高0.4倍左右,抗压强度提高0.5倍左右。在体外实验中,细胞培养7 d后PCL/ZrO_2复合材料支架上的细胞增殖对比纯PCL支架有显著提高。结论基于该结果,本文制备出的PCL/ZrO_2生物活性骨组织支架在骨组织工程方面有一定的应用前景。     

载TGF-β1纳米粒的胶原/丝素蛋白复合支架的制备与表征

目的 构建一种载转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)纳米粒的双层胶原/丝素蛋白复合支架.方法 制备载TGF-β1的壳聚糖-肝素(Ch-Hep)纳米粒,检测其形态、粒径、Zeta电位和包封率.制备不同胶原和丝素蛋白质量比(2∶8、3∶7、7∶3、8∶2、10∶0)的5种胶原/丝素蛋白复合材料,分别检测其吸水率、孔隙率、热水溶失率和生物相容性;选择其中2种综合性能良好的复合材料分别作为复合支架的疏松层和致密层,构建载TGF-β1纳米粒的双层胶原/丝素蛋白复合支架,观察其形态并进行体外释放动力学研究.结果 Ch-Hep纳米粒的平均粒径为(718.2±73.6) nm,Zeta电位为(25.5±0.8) mV,对TGF-β1的包封率为(84.82±1.57)％.随着胶原/丝素蛋白复合材料中胶原含量的增加,材料的吸水率、孔隙率逐渐增加,热水溶失率逐渐降低;5种材料对骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)均有促生长和增殖的作用.综合考虑后选用质量比为3∶7和7∶3的胶原/丝素蛋白复合材料分别作为复合支架的致密层和疏松层,构建的胶原/丝素蛋白复合支架为双层结构,一侧结构致密,另一侧疏松多孔.体外释放动力学研究表明,复合支架对TGF-β1具有定向时空控制性释放作用.结论 载TGF-β1纳米粒的双层胶原/丝素蛋白复合支架对TGF-β1具有良好的时空控制释放作用,有望作为生长因子的控缓释支架材料应用于软骨组织工程.     

自组装短肽GFS-4作为细胞三维培养及心肌梗死修复支架材料的研究EI北大核心CSCD

本研究探索自组装短肽GFS-4在心肌细胞三维培养中的应用效果及其对心肌梗死区域的组织修复作用。通过圆二色谱仪分析短肽GFS-4的二级结构,原子力显微镜检测短肽GFS-4自组装的微观形态。将GFS-4自组装形成的纳米纤维支架作为心肌细胞三维培养材料,观察心肌细胞的生长状况;建立大鼠心肌梗死模型,加入水凝胶GFS-4研究其对心肌梗死修复的效果。结果发现,GFS-4自组装形成的二级结构主要为β折叠;自组装24 h后形成致密的纳米纤维支架;心肌细胞三维培养结果表明心肌细胞在GFS-4水凝胶中生长状况良好;心肌梗死体外修复实验发现,短肽GFS-4水凝胶支架可缓解心肌梗死区域组织坏死。自组装短肽GFS-4作为新的纳米支架材料,可用于细胞三维培养和心肌梗死区域组织修复。     

自组装短肽GFS-4作为细胞三维培养及心肌梗死修复支架材料的研究

本研究探索自组装短肽GFS-4在心肌细胞三维培养中的应用效果及其对心肌梗死区域的组织修复作用。通过圆二色谱仪分析短肽GFS-4的二级结构,原子力显微镜检测短肽GFS-4自组装的微观形态。将GFS-4自组装形成的纳米纤维支架作为心肌细胞三维培养材料,观察心肌细胞的生长状况;建立大鼠心肌梗死模型,加入水凝胶GFS-4研究其对心肌梗死修复的效果。结果发现,GFS-4自组装形成的二级结构主要为β折叠;自组装24 h后形成致密的纳米纤维支架;心肌细胞三维培养结果表明心肌细胞在GFS-4水凝胶中生长状况良好;心肌梗死体外修复实验发现,短肽GFS-4水凝胶支架可缓解心肌梗死区域组织坏死。自组装短肽GFS-4作为新的纳米支架材料,可用于细胞三维培养和心肌梗死区域组织修复。     

加入壳聚糖改善丝素蛋白结晶性:力学稳定强度更好的三维支架材料

背景:丝素蛋白作为天然生物高分子具有良好的生物相容性,但其结晶性能较高、脆性较大,较难得到均匀结构的三维支架材料。目的:通过加入壳聚糖改善丝素蛋白的结晶性,得到具有稳定力学强度的三维组织工程支架材料。方法:采用CaC l2/CH3CH2OH/H2O三元溶液溶解蚕茧,提取丝素蛋白并制成溶液;使壳聚糖溶液与丝素蛋白溶液的质量比分别为2∶1、1∶1、1∶2,采用冷冻干燥法制备多孔丝蛋白/壳聚糖支架材料,并对复合支架进行甲醇浸泡交联处理,以单纯的丝素蛋白和壳聚糖支架为对照。对各组支架进行扫描电镜观察,红外光谱和X射线衍射、孔隙率、吸水率及在水环境下的周期性循环压缩力学性能测试。结果与结论:复合支架的孔隙结构比纯丝素蛋白支架更均匀有序,并且壳聚糖含量越高,复合支架的孔隙越均匀有序、孔隙率越低、支架结构越致密;当壳聚糖与丝素蛋白的混合比例为1∶2时,在复合支架中的吸水率最高,同时高于丝素蛋白支架,但低于壳聚糖支架;随丝素蛋白成分的增加,复合支架弹性更好,保持形状的能力更优。     

Electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering

Nerve tissue engineering is one of the most promising methods to restore nerve systems in human health care. Scaffold design has pivotal role in nerve tissue engineering. Polymer blending is one of the most effective methods for providing new, desirable biocomposites for tissue-engineering applications. Random and aligned PCL/gelatin biocomposite scaffolds were fabricated by varying the ratios of PCL and gelatin concentrations. Chemical and mechanical properties of PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds were measured by FTIR, porometry, contact angle and tensile measurements, while the in vitro biodegradability of the different nanofibrous scaffolds were evaluated too. PCL/gelatin 70:30 nanofiber was found to exhibit the most balanced properties to meet all the required specifications for nerve tissue and was used for in vitro culture of nerve stem cells (C17.2 cells). MTS assay and SEM results showed that the biocomposite of PCL/gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds enhanced the nerve differentiation and proliferation compared to PCL nanofibrous scaffolds and acted as a positive cue to support neurite outgrowth. It was found that the direction of nerve cell elongation and neurite outgrowth on aligned nanofibrous scaffolds is parallel to the direction of fibers. PCL/gelatin 70:30 nanofibrous scaffolds proved to be a promising biomaterial suitable for nerve regeneration.     

Fabrication,Surface Properties and Protein Encapsulation/Release Studies of Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers

The aim of this study was to fabricate gelatin nanofibers by electrospinning and investigate the characteristics of these nanofibers. It has been reported that composite nanofibrous mats with drug impregnated in biocompatible and biodegradable polymer nanofibers can serve as tissue-engineering scaffolds with desired and controllable drug-release properties. The composite nanofibrous mats electrospun from a solution consisting of gelatin, bovine serum albumin (BSA, a model compound to simulate proteins), poly(ethylene glycol) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween-20) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) were prepared and characterized. The BSA release profile in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) was recorded and analyzed. For comparison, nanofibrous mats electrospun from the solution containing gelatin and BSA were also prepared and assessed. The morphologies of the nanofibrous mats were examined by scanning electron microscopy; the surface hydrophilicity was measured by water contact angle method; and the protein-release profiles were recorded by analyzing BSA amount after immersing the electrospun nanofibrous mats in PBS for various time periods. The results indicated that the composite nanofibrous mats electrospun from the gelatin emulsion and/or solution had controllable protein-release behavior and they could be utilized as tissue-engineering scaffolds with protein encapsulated.     

Aligned and random nanofibrous substrate for the in vitro culture of Schwann cells for neural tissue engineering

The current challenge in peripheral nerve tissue engineering is to produce an implantable scaffold capable of bridging long nerve gaps that will produce results similar to autograft without requiring the harvest of autologous donor tissue. Aligned and random polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/gelatin) nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated for the in vitro culture of Schwann cells that assist in directing the growth of regenerating axons in nerve tissue engineering. The average fiber diameter attained by electrospinning of polymer blend (PCL/gelatin) ranged from 232 ± 194 to 160 ± 86 nm with high porosity (90%). Blending PCL with gelatin resulted in increased hydrophilicity of nanofibrous scaffolds and yielded better mechanical properties, approaching those of PCL nanofibers. The biocompatibility of fabricated nanofibers was assessed for culturing and proliferation of Schwann cells by MTS assay. The results of the MTS assay and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that aligned and random PCL/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds are suitable substrates for Schwann cell growth as compared to PCL nanofibrous scaffolds for neural tissue engineering.     

In vitro osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells and in vivo bone formation in composite nanofiber meshes

Tissue engineering has become an alternative method to traditional surgical treatments for the repair of bone defects, and an appropriate scaffold supporting bone formation is a key element in this approach. In the present study, nanofibrous organic and inorganic composite scaffolds containing nano-sized demineralized bone powders (DBPs) with biodegradable poly(L-lactide) (PLA) were developed using an electrospinning process for engineering bone. To assess their biocompatibility, in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human mandible-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) cultured on PLA or PLA/DBP composite nanofiber scaffolds were examined. The mineralization of hMSCs cultured with osteogenic supplements on the PLA/DBP nanofiber scaffolds was remarkably greater than on the PLA nanofiber scaffold during the first 14 days of culture but reached the same level after 21 days. The in vivo osteoconductive effect of PLA/DBP nanofibrous scaffolds was further investigated using rats with critical-sized skull defects. Micro-computerized tomography revealed that a greater amount of newly formed bone extended across the defect area in PLA/DBP scaffolds than in the nonimplant and PLA scaffolds 12 weeks after implantation and that the defect size was almost 90% smaller. Therefore, PLA/DBP composite nanofiber scaffolds may serve as a favorable matrix for the regeneration of bone tissue.     

Nanofibrous matrices of poly(lactic acid) and gelatin polymeric blends for the improvement of cellular responses

Substrates with a nanofibrous morphology are considered as a prospective matrix to populate and support cells in the tissue regeneration area. Although the nanofibers made of synthetic degradable polymers, including poly(lactic acid) (PLA), have been well studied, their poor cell affinity has restricted wider applications. Herein, we produced blending nanofibers made of PLA and gelatin to improve the cellular responses of PLA. For this, both PLA and gelatin were dissolved in an organic solvent, varying the compositions of PLA:gelatin at 1:3 and 1:1 by weight, and the solutions were electrospun into nanofibers. At all compositions, nanofibers could be successfully generated with diameters of approximately hundreds of nanometers. The addition of gelatin into PLA markedly improved the wettability of the nanofibrous substrate. The osteoblastic cells attached and spread well on all the blending nanofibers and pure PLA. In particular, the cellular growth was significantly higher on the gelatin-blended PLA than on the pure PLA nanofiber. On the basis of this study, the PLA/gelatin blending polymeric nanofibers are considered to be useful as a bone cell supporting matrix in the tissue regeneration area.     

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-based nanofibrous scaffolds to support functional esophageal epithelial cells towards engineering the esophagus

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and PHBV–gelatin were electrospun to obtain defect-free nanofibers by optimizing various process and solution parameters. Tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and wettability of PHBV–gelatin nanofibrous scaffold were determined and compared with PHBV nanofibrous scaffold. Our results demonstrate that PHBV–gelatin nanofibers exhibited higher tensile strength and Young’s modulus than the PHBV nanofibers. Human esophageal epithelial cells (HEEpiC) were cultured on PHBV and PHBV–gelatin nanofiber showed better cell proliferation in PHBV nanofibrous scaffold than the PHBV–gelatin scaffold after 7?days of culture. HEEpiC cultured on PHBV and PHBV–gelatin nanofibrous scaffold exhibited characteristic epithelial cobblestone morphology after 3 days of culture. Further, the HEEpiC extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (collagen type IV and laminin) and phenotypic marker proteins (cytokeratin-4 and 14) expressions were significantly higher in PHBV–gelatin nanofibrous scaffold than the PHBV nanofiber scaffold. However, the long-term stability and functional state of the cells on the PHBV scaffold give it an edge over the blend scaffolds. Thus, PHBV-based nanofibrous scaffolds could be explored further as ECM substitutes for the regeneration of esophageal tissue.     

Cellular Behavior on Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-Immobilized PCL/Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffolds

Nano-scaled poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and PCL/gelatin fibrous scaffolds with immobilized epidermal growth factor (EGF) were prepared for the purpose of wound-healing treatments. The tissue scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning and the parameters that affect the electrospinning process were optimized. While the fiber diameters were 488 ± 114 nm and 663 ± 107 nm for PCL and PCL/gelatin scaffolds, respectively, the porosities were calculated as 79% for PCL and 68% for PCL/gelatin scaffolds. Electrospun PCL and PCL/gelatin scaffolds were first modified with 1,6-diaminohexane to introduce amino groups on their surfaces, then EGF was chemically conjugated to the surface of nanofibers. The results obtained from Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR–FT-IR) spectroscopy and quantitative measurements showed that EGF was successfully immobilized on nanofibrous scaffolds. L929 mouse fibroblastic cells were cultivated on both neat and EGF-immobilized PCL and PCL/gelatin scaffolds in order to investigate the effect of EGF on cell spreading and proliferation. According to the results, especially EGF-immobilized PCL/gelatin scaffolds exerted early cell spreading and superior and rapid proliferation compared to EGF-immobilized PCL scaffolds and neat PCL, PCL/gelatin scaffolds. Consequently, EGF-immobilized PCL/gelatin scaffolds could potentially be employed as novel scaffolds for skin tissueengineering applications.     

Fabrication of three-dimensional nanofibrous gelatin scaffolds using one-step crosslink technique

Abstract

Electrospun nanofibers have been considered to be an ideal scaffold for tissue engineering, because of the extracellular-matrix-like structure and the well-controlled fabrication. Here, a new method was used to fabricate electrospun three-dimensional macroporous nanofibrous gelatin scaffolds in ethanol bath by one-step crosslink with glutaraldehyde. The mean diameter of the one-step crosslinked fibers was significantly smaller than that of the traditional two-step crosslinked fibers (p?<?0.05), and scaffolds prepared by one-step crosslink were fluffy and porous. No significant difference was found in the degradation rates for both fibers within 14 days. After immersion in PBS for 14 days, numerous two-step crosslinked fibers merged together. By contrast, the morphology and macroporous structure of one-step crosslinked fibers showed no evident change and were generally maintained. Approximate crosslinking degrees of the two-step and one-step crosslinked gelatin fibers were 40% and 54%, respectively (p?<?0.05). Results from fluorescence microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that MC3T3-E1 subclone four cells were distributed more evenly and diversely in the one-step crosslinked fiber scaffolds. The one-step crosslinked fibers enhanced the proliferation and differentiation potential of MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, one-step crosslinked fibers were beneficial in repairing defects in the skulls of rats. Thus, one-step crosslink by glutaraldehyde in ethanol bath is a cost-effective and simple method to fabricate three-dimensional macroporous nanofiberous scaffolds. This technique retains the morphology and structure of the gelatin fibers, and enhances the biological performance of scaffolds in vitro and in vivo.     

Porous polymer scaffolds surface-modified with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid enhance bone cell attachment and differentiation in vitro

This study was designed to determine if the surface modification of porous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds would enhance osteogenic precursor cell (OPC) attachment, growth, and differentiation. A covalently grafted amino group (-NH(2)), poly(L-lysine) (PLL), and the peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) were selected for the evaluation. The hypothesis was that surface modification would have a positive impact on cell-substratum interactions. The experiment was performed by OPC cells being placed on PLA films and scaffolds modified with NH(2), PLL, or RGD in tissue culture media. OPC attachment to PLA films was assessed after 24 h of incubation. The growth and differentiation of the adherent OPCs on porous PLA scaffolds were assessed after 14 and 28 days for alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity and calcium levels, both of which increase as OPCs differentiate into mature bone cells. All assays were accomplished in triplicate, and data were tested with post hoc orthogonal contrasts (i.e., Fisher's least significant difference) at p < or = 0.05. The PLA film surface-modified with RGD showed better OPC cell attachment than the other films. The cells on the PLA scaffolds surface-modified with RGD also exhibited an increase in APase activity and calcium levels in comparison with those on other scaffolds. This difference was apparent at both time intervals and was especially evident in the tissue culture media containing an osteogenic supplement. The results of this study indicate that modifying the surface of PLA polymer scaffolds with RGD enhances bone cell attachment and differentiation and may improve their ability to regenerate bone tissue more efficiently in wound models.