精神分裂症稳定期吸烟男性患者的残留精神症状及快感缺失

目的:探讨吸烟与精神分裂症稳定期男性患者残留精神症状及快感缺失之间的关系。方法:选取某医院精神分裂症稳定期男性患者160例,分为吸烟组和非吸烟组,用自编基本临床特征信息表、PANSS、RPAS-C、RSAS-C和FTND量表进行测评;用t检验比较两组患者的精神症状及快感缺失,相关及回归分析比较吸烟与患者残留症状及快感缺失的关联性。结果:吸烟组PANSS总分、RPAS-C分、RSAS-C分[(74±8)vs.(70±5),(21±5)vs.(11±3),(13±4)vs.(7±3)]高于非吸烟组,阴性症状分[(19±3)vs.(21±3)]低于非吸烟组;吸烟组阴性症状分与FTND分负关联(r=-0.25;OR=0.84),RPAS-C分、RSAS-C分与FTND分正关联(r=0.52、0.48;OR=1.19)。结论:吸烟可影响精神分裂症稳定期男性患者的残留精神症状和快感缺失程度。     

精神分裂症男性患者认知功能与吸烟行为间的关系

目的:比较首发和慢性精神分裂症吸烟和非吸烟患者以及正常对照吸烟和非吸烟者间认知功能的差异,从吸烟对精神分裂症患者认知功能影响的角度探讨精神分裂症高比例吸烟的原因.方法: 收集慢性精神分裂症男性患者255例,其中吸烟组205例,非吸烟组50例;首发精神分裂症男性患者63例,其中吸烟者22例,非吸烟者41例;正常男性对照131例,其中吸烟者73例,非吸烟者58例.所有受试者都接受认知功能检查:连续作业测验(Gordon continuous performance test,CPT)、Stroop测验(Word-Color Test,SWCT)和重复性成套神经心理状态测验(The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status,RBANS).结果:(1)在慢性精神分裂症患者中,吸烟和非吸烟组在CPT各项指标上差异均无统计学意义,根据Fagerstrom尼古丁依赖量表把吸烟组分成重度依赖组和轻度依赖组进一步分析,发现重度尼古丁依赖组CPT正确反应数(57.4±11.9)明显大于轻度尼古丁依赖组(47.4±18.1)和非吸烟组(48.8±17.3)(P<0.01),后两组间差异无统计学意义;吸烟和非吸烟组在SWCT、RBANS各项指标上差异均无统计学意义,进一步分组分析也未发现3组间在SWCT、RBANS各项指标上的差异存在统计学意义.(2)在首发精神分裂症患者中,吸烟组和非吸烟组在认知功能的各项检查上差异无统计学意义.(3)在正常对照组中,吸烟组CPT正确反应数(69.4±8.8)大于非吸烟组(66.5±14.0),进一步分组分析发现重度和轻度尼古丁依赖组CPT正确反应数均大于非吸烟组[(70.3±7.2),(69.1±9.3)vs.(66.5±14.0);均P<0.05];吸烟和非吸烟组在SWCT、RBANS各项指标上差异无统计学意义,进一步分组分析也未发现3组间在SWCT、RBANS各项指标上的差异存在统计学意义.结论:吸烟对精神分裂症患者和正常对照人群认知功能中的持续注意可能都有一定的改善作用;精神分裂症高比例吸烟行为的原因可能与吸烟对认知功能的影响无关.     

伴与不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者认知功能的性别差异

目的:评估伴与不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者的认知功能,探讨两者之间认知功能的性别差异。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)的精神分裂症患者363例,其中伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者161例(男97例,女64例)和不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者202例(男125例,女77例)。用重复性成套心理状态测验(RBANS)评估认知功能,测空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白和血脂。结果:男性精神分裂症患者中,伴糖尿病的患者比不伴糖尿病的患者RBANS总分低[(67±14)vs.(74±15),P0.01],特别是注意功能得分[(71±19)vs(84±15),P0.001]。伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者中,与女性相比,男性认知功能总分和分量表分较低(均P0.01),糖化血红蛋白较高[(6.8±1.2)%vs.(6.2±1.3)%,P0.05)],高密度脂蛋白胆固醇较低[(1.2±0.4)mmol/L vs.(1.4±0.3)mmol/L,P0.01],发病年龄较早[(24.7±5.1)vs.(27.4±8.6),P0.01]。男性患者糖化血红蛋白与注意功能和RBANS总分负相关(r=-0.34,P0.05)和(r=-0.33,P0.05),而女性患者没有这种相关性。在不伴糖尿病的精神分裂症患者中,男性患者只有即刻记忆和延时记忆比女性低(66±18)vs.(73±21),P0.05;(72±19)vs.(81±19),P0.01]。结论:男性精神分裂症认知功能比女性受损严重,合并的糖尿病可能加重认知功能的性别差异。     

精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍患者静息态脑功能低频振幅研究

目的:采用低频振幅(ALFF)指标评估精神分裂症伴迟发性运动障碍(TD)患者静息态脑功能活动及其与TD临床症状之间的关系。方法:对32例精神分裂症伴TD的患者(TD组),31例精神分裂症不伴TD的患者(非TD组)和32名正常对照(正常对照组)进行静息态脑功能磁共振扫描。分别使用阳性症状与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、异常不自主运动量表(AIMS)及重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)评估精神症状、异常不自主运动严重程度及认知功能。使用单样本t检验和单因素方差分析及事后比较t检验进行ALFF组内统计和组间比较。运用Pearson相关分析研究感兴趣区ALFF信号值与TD临床特征的关系。结果:TD组PANSS阴性症状得分高于非TD组[(22±5)vs.(17±6),P0.01],视觉广度认知得分低于非TD组[(72±14)vs.(82±15),P0.01]。TD组在右侧枕上回和楔叶的ALFF信号值低于非TD组(P0.01,Alpha Sim校正)。相关分析显示TD组样本在右侧枕上回和楔叶的ALFF值与AIM S总分之间呈弱负相关(r=-0.38),视觉广度认知得分与AIM S总分之间也呈弱负相关(r=-0.44),均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:本研究提示精神分裂症伴TD患者在静息状态下存在脑自发性神经活动异常,以枕上回和楔叶较为显著,并可能与TD的临床症状相关。     

认知行为治疗改善精神分裂症患者生活质量的随机单盲对照试验

目的:探讨认知行为治疗对精神分裂症患者生活质量的效果及相关因素,为寻找有效改善精神分裂症患者生活质量的方法提供依据。方法:本研究为单盲随机对照临床试验。选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)中精神分裂症诊断标准的医院门诊和住院患者共120例,随机分配到认知行为治疗组(CBT组,n=60)和支持性心理治疗组(ST组,n=60),在药物治疗基础上分别接受15次认知行为治疗和支持性心理治疗。在基线采用世界卫生组织生存质量量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、应付方式问卷(CSQ)、非理性信念量表(IBS)及自编药物副反应问卷对两组患者进行盲法评定。第12周、24周采用WHOQOL-BREF和自编药物副反应问卷对患者进行随访评估。结果:第12周,CBT组患者WHOQOL-BREF总分各因子分均高于基线[(77.0±13.9)vs.(73.1±13.8),(22.4±4.5)vs.(21.5±4.7),(18.9±4.1)vs.(17.8±4.3),(9.3±2.2)vs.(8.9±2.3),(26.4±5.0)vs.(24.7±5.3),均P0.05],而ST组患者仅环境因子有显著改善[(23.9±4.7)vs.(25.0±5.2),P0.05],其余因子差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。第24周,两组在WHOQOL-BREF的社会关系和环境因子分上组间效应显著(F=6.77,7.21,均P0.05),CBT组得分均高于ST组。Logis-tic回归分析发现,基线应对方式分数较低、接受CBT及男性对患者的生活质量有正性预测作用(B=-0.25,2.31,-1.64,均P0.05)。结论:认知行为治疗能够有效改善精神分裂症患者的生活质量,且基线应对方式得分相对更低、能接受认知行为治疗及男性患者更容易从治疗中获得生活质量的改善。     

利培酮治疗对急性未服药精神分裂症患者P50的影响

目的:探讨口服利培酮治疗对急性未服药精神分裂症患者听感觉门控P50的影响。方法:共纳入急性未服药精神分裂症患者64例(首发36例,复发28例),采用可变剂量利培酮治疗,分别于治疗前(基线期)及治疗8周后,采用听觉条件(S1)-测试(S2)刺激范式进行P50检测,同时使用阳性和阴性症状量表(the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale,PANSS)评定患者精神病理症状;选取与患者性别、年龄、受教育年限匹配的健康人90例,测查P50作为正常对照。结果:①首发患者病程明显短于复发患者,但两者P50各指标无统计学差异。②与对照组相比,患者组(首发与复发合为患者组)基线期P50抑制率比值(S2/S1)升高[(36.0±32.0)% vs.(55.5±48.4)%](非正态分布)、S1波幅降低[(3.4±1.6)mV vs.(2.7±1.6)mV]、S1与S2波幅差(S1-S2)减小[(2.2±1.6)ms vs.(1.3±1.3)ms],(P0.05),其余P50指标差异无统计学意义;③患者组治疗前后的P50各指标无统计学差异(P0.05);④在基线期患者组P50抑制率(S2/S1)与PANSS阴性量表分呈正相关(r=0.43,P=0.001);治疗8周后此相关性消失。结论:精神分裂症患者听感觉门控缺陷可能是精神分裂症稳定的内表型,与病程具有相对的独立性,利培酮难以改善这种缺陷。     

慢性精神分裂症男性患者血清抗氧化物与临床症状的关系

目的:探索慢性精神分裂症男性患者超氧化物歧化酶、白蛋白、尿酸等血清抗氧化物的特点。方法:纳入符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版修订版(DSM-IV-TR)的慢性精神分裂症住院男性患者136例及年龄匹配的正常男性对照139例。测定血清总超氧化物歧化酶(TSOD)[包括铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)、锰超氧化物歧化酶(MnSOD)亚型]、尿酸、白蛋白、间接胆红素浓度,用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者临床症状。结果:与正常对照组相比,精神分裂症组血清TSOD[(76.7±7.0)U/mL vs.(68.0±10.1) U/mL,P0.001]及CuZnSOD [(58.3±15.3)U/mL vs.(49.9±14.8)U/mL,P0.001]较高;间接胆红素浓度较低[(8.9±4.1)μmol/L vs.(13.1±6.7)μmol/L,P0.001],MnSOD、白蛋白、尿酸浓度差异无统计学意义。患者组各抗氧化物与PANSS各分量表分(阳性、阴性、一般病理症状)和量表总分无相关,与抗精神病药种类、剂量(氯丙嗪等效剂量)及疗程无相关;两组中MnSOD与CuZnSOD均明显负相关(r=-0.78、-0.74);SOD与各非酶抗氧化物间未显示相关性;两组中白蛋白均与年龄负相关(r=-0.40、-0.28)。结论:SOD升高是慢性精神分裂症疾病进化阶段稳定的特征指标,与临床症状、抗精神病药物及非酶抗氧化物无相关。     

腰椎间盘突出症患者术前焦虑与术后恢复的关系

目的:探讨腰椎间盘突出症患者术前焦虑情绪与术后疼痛、术后恢复的关系.方法:用医院焦虑抑郁量表(hospital anxiety and depression scale,HADS)评估行腰椎间盘手术的54例患者的焦虑情绪,以≥8分判为有焦虑情绪;用疼痛量表评估患者的疼痛程度,并记录病情恢复情况.用卡方检验,t检验比较焦虑组和非焦虑组的差异情况.结果:54例患者中有25例有焦虑;睡眠情况、对手术的认知程度、手术费用的承受能力与焦虑水平相关(OR=0.495,0.657,1.485).在术后6小时、2天、5天时,焦虑组的疼痛得分高于非焦虑组的疼痛得分[(9.0±4.1)vs.(6.0±3.4),(12.5±4.2)vs.(10.0±3.5),(4.5±1.6 )vs.(2.5±1.2);均P＜0.05].焦虑组患者的住院时间长于非焦虑组患者[(12.5±2.3)d vs.(9.7±2.1)d,P=0.008],排尿困难发生率高于非焦虑组患者(32% vs.17%,P=0.006).腰腿疼在术后第2天、第5天、1个月时焦虑组评分高于非焦虑组[(14.0±3.7)vs.(11.5±3.5),(9.5±4.2)vs.(6.5±3.3),(7.0±4.3)vs.(4.5±2.8);P＜0.05].结论:术前焦虑情绪影响术后刀口疼痛,术前焦虑与术后恢复有关.     

精神分裂症感觉门控电位P50和惊跳反射弱刺激抑制的相关性

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者感觉门控电位P50和惊跳反射弱刺激抑制(PPI)的特征以及两者的相关性。方法:选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)的精神分裂症患者78例,正常对照90例,使用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定精神分裂症患者的临床精神病理症状;使用脑电生理记录仪,采用听觉条件(S1)-测试(S2)刺激范式进行P50检测;使用SR-HLAB惊跳反射监控系统测查听觉惊跳反射。结果:精神分裂症组的S1波幅低于对照组[(2.9±1.7)μV vs.(3.7±2.0)μV,P0.05];S2波幅高于对照组[(2.0±1.2)μV vs.(1.4±1.5)μV,P0.001];P50抑制率比值(S2/S1)精神分裂症组高于对照组[(0.8±0.5)vs.(0.4±0.4),P0.001],P50抑制率差值(S1-S2)低于对照组[(0.9±1.7)vs.(2.3±1.8),P0.001]。精神分裂症组的惊跳反射的波幅低于对照组[(1037.5±1048.6)ms vs.(1367.7±952.3)ms,P0.001],习惯化百分比亦低于对照组[(33.9±20.8)%vs.(48.8±34.7)%,P=0.002];精神分裂症组的PPI60和PPI120均低于对照组[(24.1±9.1)%vs.(29.8±11.5)%,P=0.020;(31.2±10.1)%vs.(42.6±15.4)%,P0.001]。在精神分裂症组中,P50各项分析指标与PPI各项分析指标间的相关性无统计学意义(P0.05),P50与PPI各项分析指标与PANSS总分、PANSS阳性症状总分、PANSS阴性症状总分间的相关性无统计学意义(P0.05);在对照组中,惊跳反射的波幅与s1波幅与s2波幅呈正相关(r=0.28、0.27,均P0.05)。结论:精神分裂症患者可能存在感觉门控的缺陷,P50和PPI缺陷与临床精神病理症状的严重程度可能无关,反映感觉门控的两种测量模式P50和PPI间可能无相关性,二者可能相互独立。     

早发型与成人型精神分裂症患者的认知功能

目的:比较早发型和成人型精神分裂症患者的认知功能差异。方法:采用横断面研究方法,共入组546例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)诊断标准的精神分裂症患者,其中62例符合早发型(EOS,起病年龄18岁),175例符合成人型(AOS,起病年龄≥25岁)。使用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、个人与社会表现量表(PSP)评估其症状和社会功能,使用成套神经认知测查比较其认知功能差异。结果:EOS患者的精细运动-PEGDOM T分(26±12)vs.(30±11),P0.01]、工作记忆-PASAT和WMSSP均分[(34±12)vs.(38±10),P0.05]和执行功能(抑制)-Stroop色词T分[(35±12)vs.(39±10),P0.05]分数低于AOS,两组的信息处理速度、词语/视觉学习和记忆差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:研究提示早发型精神分裂症患者的精细运动功能、工作记忆和执行功能(抑制)比成人型精神分裂症患者差。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.