与跟骨骨折内固定相关的跟骰关节面的应用解剖

目的:为跟骨骨折的手术内固定跟骨前突处的螺钉植入提供解剖学依据。方法:对40个成人正常跟骨干燥标本进行观察测量,用游标卡尺和量角器分别测量跟骨骰骨关节面的横径和内倾角,另外通过跟骨的矢状断层切片对跟骨骰骨关节面附近的内部骨小梁结构进行观察。结果:跟骨骰骨关节面的横径为(22.67±2.14)mm;其内倾角为(60.4±7.1)°;紧邻跟骨骰骨关节面关节面下的压力骨小梁是致密的,厚度大约为5mm,向后方和下方的骨小梁逐渐变得稀少、疏松。结论:跟骨骰骨关节面下方的骨量丰富,骨小梁致密,是螺钉植入的理想位置;应根据跟骨骰骨关节面的横径选择螺钉的长度,根据该关节面的内倾角决定螺钉的进钉方向。     

载距突置钉安全区域的解剖学特征

目的 探讨载距内侧面的安全置钉区域。方法 在589例成人干燥跟骨骨性标本中,仔细观察载距突的解剖学特点,测量相关的解剖学参数。结果 B型关节面最多见,占77.92%,A型关节面次之,占21.73%;载距突内侧面存在两个骨性突起,中距关节面后端尖部和长屈肌腱沟内侧缘前端;载距突内侧面四边形的边长：前边、后边、上边、下边和对角线的长度分别为(8.07±1.33) (3.88～12.31) mm、(10.27±1.57) (5.62～15.91) mm、(14.99±2.33) (5.86～21.87) mm、(15.43±2.16) (9.82～22.70) mm和(15.83±2.94) (3.83～26.59) mm;中距关节面长度为（18.97±2.85）(9.90～25.41) mm 。结论 载距突内侧面的四边形可以作为置钉的安全区域。     

髌骨测量参数分析及其在髌骨假体设计中的意义

目的:为髌骨假体的设计提供解剖参数。方法:在73块成人干燥髌骨标本上,对髌骨最大宽度、高度和厚度、髌骨骨床厚度、髌骨关节面高度等进行测量,对各侧测量数据用SPSS软件进行统计处理和相关分析。结果:(1)80.8％髌骨最大厚度在17~21 mm内,74.0％髌骨骨床厚度在12~15 mm内,87.7％髌骨关节面高度在24~32 mm内,86.3％髌骨关节面厚度在4~8mm内。髌骨最大厚度和髌骨骨床厚度、髌骨关节面高度和厚度的测量值分别为:(19.17±1.58)、(13.53±1.27)、(27.91 2.38)、(5.64±1.32)mm。(2)髌骨骨床厚度与髌骨厚度呈显著相关(r=0.580,P<0.01);髌骨关节面高度与髌骨高度呈显著相关(r=0.554,P<0.01);髌骨关节面厚度与髌骨骨床厚度呈负相关(r=-0.271,P<0.05)。结论:本文测量结果可供髌骨骨床保留厚度与设计髌骨假体提供解剖参数。     

封闭治疗跗骨窦综合征的解剖学基础

目的 探讨跗骨窦的解剖学特点,为封闭治疗跗骨窦综合征提供解剖学依据。方法 解剖30侧4%甲醛固定的下肢标本,观察和测量跗骨窦的形态结构、血管分布、韧带及脂肪组织,并对136例成年干燥跟骨和距骨进行相关解剖学观察。结果 足背动脉、外踝前动脉、腓动脉穿支和跗外侧动脉发出分支,分布于跗骨窦及外口周围。跟骨骰关节面外上顶点为跗骨窦外口明显的骨突。跗骨管的长度为（14.85±2.08）(8.33～22.00) mm,跗骨窦的长度为（26.38±3.05）(16.54～35.79) mm,跟骨沟的长度为（41.25±3.52）(31.06～53.92) mm。跗骨管纵轴与跟骨长轴的夹角为（49.37±4.76）(39.18～56.37)°。结论 封闭治疗跗骨窦综合征时,应该先触摸到跟骨骰关节面外上顶点,以该骨性标志为进针点斜向后内49°进针2.5 cm,即可刺入到跗骨窦腔。     

成人股骨骨髓腔影像解剖学及临床意义

目的 :为研制新型股骨髓内固定器提供解剖学依据。方法 :将 60支成人股骨干燥标本 ,拍摄标准的X线正侧位片 ,观察髓腔的形态 ,测量皮质骨的厚度 ,髓腔的横状径 ,矢状径 ,髓腔的轴线在不同节段与皮质骨内侧缘的切线形成的夹角等。结果 :正位片示髓腔呈“哑铃状” ,自上而下 ,横状径由大 (2 0 .0±0 .3 )mm变小 (11.1± 2 .4)mm ,再由小 (11.1± 2 .4)mm变最大 (3 2 .6± 5 .2 )mm。狭窄段横状径的直方图呈正态分布 ,均数为 (10 .7± 2 .0 )mm。侧位片示髓腔中上段的轴线与中下段的轴线所形成夹角为 (172 .2±2 .2 )° ,其夹角顶端距小转子下缘的实际长度为 (12 .8± 3 .0 )cm。结论 :①髓内钉不适合股骨中下段骨折的髓内固定。②组合式分叉防旋转的髓内钉适合股骨中下段的解剖学特点和力学要求。③顺行击钉 10～ 15cm处时 ,忌用暴力 ,减慢进入速度。     

上颈椎临床解剖学影像数据的一体化研究

目的测量国人上颈椎临床解剖的影像学数据,为该区域手术内固定置入提供解剖学依据。方法从2013年7月~2015年2月,收集国人正常上颈椎影像学资料55例(其中男47例,女8例),包括DR正侧位、张口位片和CT横断面片、二维及三维重建片,采用直形标尺、量角器测量。结果寰椎上关节面外倾角、下关节面内倾角两侧不对称分别占17.6%、14.5%;后弓内侧半距约为外侧半距的1/2;手术时寰椎前弓向外剥离不宜超过20mm,后弓向外剥离不宜超过25mm,后弓向外切除不宜超过15mm;所有横突孔的内径(横径纵径)均4mm,所有侧块横径(短轴)均11mm,椎弓根钉道理想距离约为(27.8±1.5)mm,侧块螺钉钉道理想长度约为(24.8±1.3)mm;枢椎椎弓根内倾角变异较大(-6.8~15.3°),上倾角变异不大;椎弓根螺钉置钉时须采用较大的上倾角,置钉点在椎弓根偏上部,钉道平行于椎弓根的上缘走行攻取,钉道止点也在枢椎体上部;枢椎椎弓根置钉理想内倾角度约为(12.9±2.0)°;理想上倾角度约为(38.3±2.1)°。齿状突的DR张口位侧位测量与CT二维重建测量无明显差异;齿状突后倾角变异较大(12.4~34.5°),腰部内径(纵径横径)9mm者占38.3%;齿状突理想钉道的后倾角度约为(28.2±3.2)°;齿突螺钉置入枚数应由术前CT检测决定。结论对上颈椎影像学的多角度测量,能够较全面的观察到其立体结构,为区域内内固定的置入提供了切实依据。     

成人寰椎后弓部分结构测量及意义

目的获得成人寰椎后弓部分解剖参数,为后弓内固定钉板系统的设计提供依据。方法对60名成人(男30,女30)寰椎三维CT及40具干燥寰椎标本进行测量,测量指标有后结节中央及距中央5、10、15 mm处高度(矢状面垂直距离)及厚度(轴位垂直距离)、后弓水平面夹角、内侧面椎动脉沟半距、外侧面椎动脉沟半距,比较CT测量数据与标本测量数据有无差异。结果 CT测量:后结节中央高度为(9.48±0.95)mm,厚度为(7.80±1.60)mm,后弓夹角为(130.70±12.31)°,内侧面椎动脉沟半距为(11.08±1.28)mm,外侧面椎动脉沟半距为(20.13±1.53)mm;标本测量:后结节中央高度为(9.97±2.18)mm,厚度为(7.44±1.32)mm,后弓夹角为(135.07±9.59)°,内侧面椎动脉沟半距为(11.33±0.52)mm,外侧面椎动脉沟半距为(20.86±0.84)mm。CT测得内、外侧面椎动脉沟半距均小于标本测得数据,且差异有统计学意义。结论 CT资料可较好反映实体的解剖特征,解剖学测量可为临床实践提供有力参考。     

尺骨鹰嘴关节外截骨入路的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的:为尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜行截骨手术入路提供解剖学依据.方法:选用成年上肢防腐标本男女各20侧.观察尺骨鹰嘴解剖形态并测量相关结构参数,侧位X-线片测量并确定截骨角度,综合确定截骨平面,完成截骨和固定试验.结果①尺骨鹰嘴关节侧为半弧形,背侧骨质为接近直角弯曲的鹰嘴突,断面旱尖端向关节的扇形,肱三头肌腱止于鹰嘴尖与鹰嘴突之间的局限区域,男、女性结构形态相I司.②测得肱三头肌腱止点长度、止点宽度、肌腱近缘处鹰嘴骨质厚度、肌腱远缘处鹰嘴骨质厚度、鹰嘴尖至肱三头肌腱近缘距离,男女分别为:(21.63±1.59)mm,(18.61±1.62mm);(23.56±1.33)mm,(20.69±1.77)mm;(8.38±0.76)mm,(7.33±0.74)mm;(20.78±1.40)mm,(17.62±1.32)mm;(9.00±0.86)mm,(7.39±0.90)mm;男女尺骨鹰嘴相关结构参数存在性别差异(P＜0.05).③经尺骨鹰嘴肱三头肌腱止点近侧缘与尺骨近端背侧呈(134.82±4.9)°夹角的冠状面为截骨面.④截骨后固定方便牢固.结论:经尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜行截骨手术人路可行,有较好的临床实用价值.     

肩胛背动脉在肩胛骨内侧缘体表投影的解剖学研究

目的通过对成人肩胛背动脉的解剖学观察及测量,研究从体表标志确定肩胛背动脉走行路线。方法解剖尸体26具(共52侧),显露肩胛背动脉,测量肩胛背动脉直径及其与肩胛骨内侧缘距离,所得数据经SPSS12.0统计软件处理。结果肩胛背动脉与肩胛骨上角距离为(0.34±0.25)cm,与肩胛冈内侧端为(1.58±0.41)cm,与肩胛骨下角为(3.45±0.28)cm,得出肩胛背动脉走行于肩胛骨内侧缘内侧,在距离肩胛骨上角0.34 cm、肩胛冈内侧端1.58 cm、肩胛骨下角3.45 cm三点处做一连线,该连线即为肩胛背动脉的体表投影。结论肩胛背动脉的体表投影为医务工作者应该掌握的知识要点,可避免操作过程中的动脉损伤,并可为确定肩胛背动脉皮瓣的中轴核心提供解剖学依据。     

髋臼后壁厚度的解剖学测量及其意义

目的:研究正常成人髋臼后壁的解剖厚度,为后壁后柱骨折的解剖重建提供依据。方法:解剖男女各8例成人新鲜冷冻尸体骨盆标本,对髋臼后壁后柱采用"4-6"分割法,分别测量不同分割点后壁厚度以及后柱壁宽度、髋臼直径和深度。结果:根据"4-6"分割法,髋臼后壁两侧厚度较中间高,中点厚度最低。髋臼后壁外1/4分割线厚度为:男(12.78±1.87～8.25±1.14)mm,女(11.90±0.61～7.99±1.01)mm;1/2分割线厚度为:男(25.15±3.40～19.03±3.22)mm,女(24.24±1.12～19.00±2.40)mm;内1/4分割线上下各两个钉道不入关节,中间3点厚度为:男(30.66±2.24～29.87±1.94)mm,女(30.13±2.09～29.72±3.63)mm。结论:根据"4-6"分割法便于估计髋臼后壁不同进针点的厚度,对于后柱壁骨折重建术中避免内固定物进入关节有重要指导意义。     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

Uncombable Hair (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli et canaliculi) Syndrome: Brief Review and Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Diagnosis

Uncombable hair syndrome was first described some 3 decades ago as "cheveux incoiffables" and is also known as spun-glass hair and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Both inherited (autosomal dominant and recessive with variable levels of penetrance) and sporadic forms of uncombable hair syndrome have been described, both being characterized by scalp hair that is impossible to comb due to the haphazard arrangement of the hair bundles. A characteristic morphologic feature of hair in this syndrome is a triangular to reniform to heart shape on cross-sections, and a groove, canal or flattening along the entire length of the hair in at least 50%of hairs examined by scanning electron microscopy. Most individuals are affected early in childhood and the hair takeson a spun-glassappearance with the hair becoming dry, curly, glossy, lighter in color, and progressively uncombable. Only the scalp hair is affected. Several conditions are associated with uncombable hair, such as ectodermal dysplasia, retinal dysplasia/ pigmentary dystrophy, juvenile cataract, digit abnormalities, tooth enamel anomalies, oligodontia, and phalangoepiphyseal dysplasia. Other syndromes with hair abnormalities may also mimic uncombable hair syndrome clinically and these include, Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia; loose anagen hair syndrome; ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodatyly, cleft lip/ palate (EEC) syndrome; and familial tricho-odonto-onchyial ectodermal dysplasia with syndactyly. Unlike other conditions with an uncombable hair component, uncombable hair syndrome alone (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli etcanaliculi) is not associated with physical, neurologic, or mental abnormalities. In most cases of uncombable hair syndrome, the hair is grossly abnormal in infancy and early childhood, but may have improved manageability later in life. Scanning electron microscopy of hair samples provides definitive evidence for diagnosis of clinically suspected uncombable hair syndrome and eliminates other hair abnormalities from the differential diagnosis.     

A comparative study of cholinergic systems of the neocortex and hippocampus in rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia

Synaptic structures in the neocortex and hippocampus of the intact brain were compared between rats with low and high resistance to hypobaric hypoxia. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, Na,K-ATPase, and the portion of protein in the light and heavy synaptosome fractions and subfractions were measured. A discrepancy in cholinergic metabolism molecular mechanisms between high and low resistance animals have been found in the heavy somatosoma fraction from the neocortex. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na,K-ATPase in the synaptolemmal subfraction of low resistant rats were much lower than in high resistant rats. This implies a less effective synaptic transmission in proper cholinergic neurons in the low resistance animals and, therefore, specifically changed neuron functioning in the circulation control. No differences in the cholinergic components of either neocortical light synaptosome fraction or hippocampal light and heavy synaptosome fractions were found between low and high resistance rats. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 521–525, May, 1998     

BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy

This guideline advises on the management of patients with cow's milk allergy. Cow's milk allergy presents in the first year of life with estimated population prevalence between 2% and 3%. The clinical manifestations of cow's milk allergy are very variable in type and severity making it the most difficult food allergy to diagnose. A careful age‐ and disease‐specific history with relevant allergy tests including detection of milk‐specific IgE (by skin prick test or serum assay), diagnostic elimination diet, and oral challenge will aid in diagnosis in most cases. Treatment is advice on cow's milk avoidance and suitable substitute milks. Cow's milk allergy often resolves. Reintroduction can be achieved by the graded exposure, either at home or supervised in hospital depending on severity, using a milk ladder. Where cow's milk allergy persists, novel treatment options may include oral tolerance induction, although most authors do not currently recommend it for routine clinical practice. Cow's milk allergy must be distinguished from primary lactose intolerance. This guideline was prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and is intended for clinicians in secondary and tertiary care. The recommendations are evidence based, but where evidence is lacking the panel of experts in the committee reached consensus. Grades of recommendation are shown throughout. The document encompasses epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.