浅静脉-皮神经营养血管皮瓣的血供研究进展

90年代初 ,有几位国外学者重新研究了皮神经营养血管与皮肤血供的相互关系 ,发现围绕皮神经的营养血管对皮肤血供有重要作用 ,提出了神经皮瓣 (ｎｅｕｒｏｃｕｔａｎｅｏｕｓｆｌａｐ)的概念[1 ,2 ] 。最近 ,Ｎａｋａｊｉｍａ等[3] 发现 ,四肢浅静脉也有一套营养血管系统 ,这套血管系统与皮神经营养血管系统相似。这样 ,在有浅静脉、皮神经或浅静脉与皮神经伴行的部位 ,都可切取相应的营养血管皮瓣。因此 ,单纯用皮神经营养血管皮瓣的概念已不足以反映皮瓣血供的实质 ,有必要提出浅静脉营养血管皮瓣、浅静脉—皮神经营养血管皮瓣的概念。1　…     

踝部血管网对小腿远端蒂皮瓣的供血作用

目的：研究踝部血管网对小腿远端蒂组织瓣的供血作用。方法：通过10例小腿铸型标本和3例新鲜标本的解剖，观察踝部血管网的构成及其与小腿筋膜皮肤血管网的交通吻合。结果：踝部血管网有众多的血供来源，并形成错综复杂的各方吻合。踝部血管网与小腿前侧，内侧，前外侧和后外侧的纵向筋膜血管丛及神经皮静脉血管丛，分别在踝前伸肌支持带，内踝，外踝前和外踝后的部位相交汇，吻合丰富而明显。结论:桌中血管网吻合充分，丰富，设计宽约3cm的筋膜下组织为蒂，可为小腿带皮神经和皮静脉血管丛的远端蒂筋膜皮瓣提供丰富血供。     

带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：为带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的临床应用提供形态学基础。方法：在３２例成人上肢标本上，观测了桡神经浅支浅及其营养血管、以及该血管与筋膜皮肤的供血关系。     

带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为带桡神经浅支及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的临床应用提供形态学基础.方法:在32例成人上肢标本上,观测了桡神经浅支浅段及其营养血管、以及该血管与筋膜皮肤的供血关系.结果:桡神经浅交浅段的血供主要来自桡动脉的肌皮支或皮支,其中以桡动脉显露段的粗大皮支,鼻咽壶段的茎突返支及虎口区的皮动脉较为恒定,起点外径分别为0.8mm、0.7mm及0.6mm:穿出深筋膜前长分别为0.8cm、1.1cm及0.5cm.皮动脉的神经支在神经旁或神经干内相互沟通形成纵向链状血管网,并借吻合支与皮动脉筋膜皮支构成的皮下血管网、筋膜血管网等连接.结论:可设计成带桡神经浅支及其营养血管的顺行或逆行筋膜皮瓣,转位修复邻近部位的软组织缺损.     

逆行小腿皮神经营养血管蒂筋膜岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的：探讨应用远端蒂的小腿皮神经营养血管筋膜皮瓣修复小腿和足踝部皮肤软组织缺损的手术方法及临床效果。方法：采用逆行小腿皮神经营养血管蒂筋膜岛状皮瓣，修复小腿中下段及足踝部皮肤软组织缺损35例，其中腓肠神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣18例、隐神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣11例、腓浅神经营养血管逆行筋膜皮瓣6例。结果：皮瓣完全成活33例，大部分成活2例。随访6～24个月，皮瓣质地优良，外形与功能恢复满意。结论：小腿部皮神经营养血管蒂逆行筋膜皮瓣具有设计灵活，切取快捷方便、血供可靠、不损伤主干血管等优点，是修复小腿中下段及足踝部大面积皮肤软组织缺损创面的良好选择。     

前臂皮瓣筋膜血管的解剖学

系统并定量研究前臂皮瓣筋膜的血管，以补文献之不足并为临床应用提供形态学基础。对１４例成人标本进行了巨微解剖，组织透明，切片观察和图像分析，前臂筋膜四种动脉来源以肌间隙皮动脉为主，肌间隔或肌间隔皮动脉吻合成链，各种源动脉在深筋膜有浅，深支而以浅支多而粗，深筋膜浅，深血管网也以前者较密，深筋膜血管组织面积比值大于浅筋膜。深筋膜血管特别是深筋膜浅血管网是前臂筋膜皮瓣的血供基础，筋膜蒂宜放在血管链状吻合处     

足背内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复足远端创面应用解剖

目的：为远端蒂足背内侧皮伸经浅静脉营养血管皮瓣修复足远端皮肤缺损提供解剖学基础。方法：在31侧成人下肢标本f：解削观察足背内侧皮神经分支分布特点，6侧新鲜足标本观测皮神经血供分规律。结果：足背内侧皮神经及其分支恒定的血供来源，近端主要来自胫前动脉末端或足背动脉发m的皮支，外径0．8～1．0mm，内、外侧支远端来自南足底内侧动脉的皮支和第2跖背动脉末端的皮支，皮动脉外径在0.5—0．8mm。皮动脉分支营养神经及神经及浅静脉，在神经和静脉旁分支间形成链式吻合，与筋膜皮肤的血管互相吻合。结论：足背内侧皮神经浅静脉营养血管足背皮瓣可设计两种远端蒂修复足远端创面，(1)以第1跖趾关节内侧近端1．3～1．5cm为旋转轴点。(2)以距第2趾蹼游离缘1．5cm为旋转轴点。     

对带皮神经营养血管皮瓣的再评价

以皮神经血供为基础的新型皮瓣,由Bertelli^[1]（1991）和Masquelet^[2](1992)首先报道。国内张世民^[3]和宋建良^[4]1994年进行了介绍。以后不少学者对这类皮瓣进行了研究,但国外研究不如国内多。除Bertelli^[5,6]继续有临床报道外,Nakajima^[7、8]对皮神经和浅（皮）静脉进行血管皮瓣进行了解剖研究和临床应用。国内张心宽^[9]、芮永军^[10]、廖进民^[11、12]等均对四肢的皮神经营养血管皮瓣进行了解剖观察。钟世镇^[13]总结归纳了这类皮瓣成活的血管基础。目前临床切取的供区主要是前臂、手背和小腿、足背,以带前臂外侧皮神经和腓肠神经营养血管的远端蒂筋膜皮瓣应用较多。作者^[14]1996年曾对这类皮瓣进行过综述与评价。现结合近年文献,对这类组织瓣的血供、临床应用和命名作进一步分析和评价。     

轴型血管蒂股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣的应用解剖

在１２侧灌注颜料的新鲜下肢上，解剖观察了以旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂的股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣血供、真皮下血管网的构筑及静脉回流，结果显示：①皮动脉穿出深筋膜后随即分成２～６支主要分支各自斜行浅筋膜途中发出浅筋膜分支、真皮下血管网分支和混合型三种分支；②真皮下血管网分支在真皮下层形成“血管树”或“蜘蛛痣”状吻合稠密的血管网；③在制备股前外侧真皮下血管网皮瓣时需保留血管蒂周围２．５ｃｍ不超薄，其余周边部分超薄至保留皮下脂肪２～３ｍｍ；④真皮下静脉也吻合成网，通过皮动脉伴行静脉或股外侧浅静脉回流。文中讨论了皮瓣的血供特点和优点。     

前臂皮神经-浅静脉营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的显微解剖与临床应用

目的：报道前臂皮神经-浅静脉营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的显微解剖与临床应用。方法：在前臂皮神经-浅静脉营养血管解剖学研究的基础上，设计低旋转点的远端蒂皮瓣，临床应用13例。结果：13例皮瓣全部成活，1例皮瓣远端部分坏死，后经换药愈合。术后皮瓣无臃肿，外形好，手功能恢复满意。结论：前臂3种皮神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣，旋转点设计在腕关节处，皮瓣血运可靠，手术操作简单，是修复手部较大面积及手指近节软组织缺损的理想方法。     

全膝关节置换后创面的皮瓣转移修复

BACKGROUND: Wound complications probably result in severe soft tissue defects after total knee arthroplasty, which brings orthopedic surgeon a big challenge. Some treatment options, such as frequent sterile dressings changes, persistent drainage, minor or thorough debridement, negative pressure wound therapy and split-thickness skin grafts, fail to help those quite large and deep wounds around the knee, with exposed fascia or prosthesis, bone, joint, tendon, large vessels and nerve, heal by secondary intention. Under these situations, orthopedic surgeon should consult plastic surgery and propose flap re-construction.     

轴型静脉皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用

在参照关于皮瓣静脉的一系列解剖学研究的基础上,设计了以静脉干为轴的轴型静脉皮瓣.经20例次临床病例的观察,较之传统的随机型皮瓣更易成活。手术设计时注意选择良好的知名的静脉干为轴,术中注意保护好轴型静脉是手术成功的关键。     

Sural flap vascularization in arteritic patients: an anatomic study of 24 amputation specimens

Obliterating arteriopathy of the lower limbs is a classic contraindication for neurocutaneous islands flaps, particularly the sural flap. But recent literature reports examples of its successful application in arteritic patients. The aim of this work was to study the vascular anatomy of the sural flap in patients suffering from arteriopathy and its possible clinical application. Twenty-four specimens of leg amputation were studied. The mean age of the amputated patients was 68.5 years. The clinical signs of arteriopathy had been present for 3–16 years. In 10 cases amputation was carried out directly, in 14 cases after failed revascularization. The results of the dissection showed the theoretical possibility of a sural flap in almost all the cases (23 of 24) despite certain anatomical peculiarities. In the upper part of the leg the arterial network of the sural communicating nerve dominates that of the sural nerve; this should allow the use of a sural flap centered on this vascular axis. In the lower part, the arterial network of the sural communicating nerve is sustained by the perforators of the peroneal artery, then by the branches of the calcaneal artery, and finally by the lateral tarsal artery, which should allow the use of a sural flap with a very distal pedicle. The authors propose a theory which suggests that the progressive evolution of arteriopathy and the concomitant development of a supply network involving the vascularization of the sensory nerves induces the "anticipation" of a sural flap.

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Vascularisation du lambeau sural chez les patients artéritiques. Etude anatomique sur 24 spécimens d'amputation

Résumé L'artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs est une contre-indication classique des lambeaux loco-régionaux neuro-cutanés, en particulier du lambeau sural. La littérature récente rapporte cependant des succès dans son utilisation chez l'artéritique. Le but de ce travail était d'étudier l'anatomie vasculaire du lambeau sural chez le porteur d'une artériopathie et ses possibilités d'application chirurgicale. Vingt-quatre pièces d'amputation ont été étudiées. L'âge moyen des patients amputés était de 68,5 ans. Les manifestations cliniques de l'artériopathie étaient présentes depuis 3 à 16 ans. Dans 10 cas l'amputation fut réalisée d'emblée, dans 14 cas après échec de revascularisation. Les résultats de la dissection montraient la possibilité théorique de réalisation d'un lambeau sural dans la quasi-totalité des cas (23 sur 24) malgré la présence de certaines particularités anatomiques. A la partie supérieure de la jambe, le réseau artériel accompagnant le nerf cutané sural latéral prédomine sur celui accompagnant le nerf cutané sural médial, ce qui doit permettre la levée d'un lambeau sural décalé sur cet axe vasculaire. A la partie inférieure de la jambe, le réseau artériel périneural du nerf cutané sural médial est alimenté par les perforantes de l'artère péronière, puis par les branches de l'artère calcanéenne, et enfin par les branches de l'artère tarsienne latérale, ce qui doit permettre la levée d'un lambeau sural à pédicule très distal. Les auteurs proposent une théorie selon laquelle l'évolution progressive de l'artériopathie et le développement concomitant d'un réseau de suppléance, intéressant également la vascularisation des nerfs sensitifs, entraîne "l'anticipation" d'un lambeau.

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颞、顶、额区皮瓣、筋膜瓣的微细血管构筑

颞、顶、额区皮瓣、筋膜瓣的血管网主要分为六层,由浅入深为:真皮乳头层血管袢、乳头下层血管网、真皮深层血管网、浅筋膜脂肪小叶血管网、筋膜和腱膜内浅层血管网、筋膜和腱膜内深层血管网。额区在后两层血管网间还有一层肌内血管网。各层血管网均有各自的形态学特征。该区域各层次血管密集,吻合丰富,未见到文献中所报道的四肢真皮网状层中所存在的乏血管区。     

鼻唇沟岛状皮瓣的解剖学基础及临床应用

在73侧尸体的鼻唇沟部血供解剖学研究基础上,设计了该部岛状皮瓣,巳在临床应用21例,效果满意.该皮瓣血供丰富,蒂部可位于皮瓣的任何一侧,对修复鼻、面部中小面积的软组织缺损不失为一种较好皮瓣.     

远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖与临床应用

目的:介绍远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣的血管解剖学基础与临床应用经验。方法:解剖6个小腿灌注标本,重点观察腓肠神经血管轴与腓肠肌内外侧头肌支和肌皮穿支之间的交通吻合。结果:在腓肠神经穿出深筋膜前(筋膜下段),腓肠神经血管轴与两侧的腓肠肌肌支间各有2～4个吻合。在穿出深筋膜后(筋膜上段),与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮穿支间各有2～3个吻合。在腓肠肌腱腹交界(约为小腿中点)的近侧2～4cm内,恒定有1～3支肌皮穿支血管与腓肠神经血管轴相交通。据此,临床上设计切取以腓动脉最远侧肌间隔穿支血管供血的腓肠神经筋膜蒂腓肠肌皮瓣,修复3例伴有死腔和骨髓炎感染的小腿下1/3段和足踝创面,筋膜皮瓣面积10～12cm×5～6cm,其深层的肌肉6～8cm×4～6cm,皮瓣完全成活。结论:远端蒂腓肠神经筋膜肌皮瓣,血供可靠,转移方便,是修复小腿下段和足踝部伴有死腔或骨髓炎创面的好方法。     

Lateral arm flap: analysis of its anatomy and modification using a vascularized fragment of the distal humerus

Soft tissue injuries with associated bone defects are difficult to manage and often require prolonged treatment with repeated interventions. Frequently, a free flap is applied as a first step and bone grafting is carried out in a second procedure. Ideally, these two procedures are combined in one operation, utilizing a soft tissue flap with an attached vascularized bone fragment. The lateral arm flap can provide such an osteoseptocutaneous flap and has been utilized clinically with success; however, the vascular anatomy of the flap, especially the humeral fragment, has not been described in detail previously, and there is broad disagreement concerning its innervation. In this study, the arteries and nerves of 24 fresh cadaver arms were dissected after injection of colored latex. The levels of origin of the periosteal arteries of the humerus were also documented. The lateral arm flap has a consistent arterial supply from three septocutaneous perforating branches that are arranged in a predictable pattern. The lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus is vascularized by direct branches of the posterior branch of the radial collateral artery and by arteries that arise from muscular branches supplying adjacent muscles. The innervation of the lateral arm flap is by the inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm. Knowledge of the consistent vascular anatomy of the lateral humerus and soft tissue of the donor site allows an osteoseptocutaneous flap to be raised safely with an appropriate technique. We recommend use of the lateral arm flap with a humeral fragment for the treatment of combined soft tissue and bone defects when a single step surgical solution is indicated.     

犬肋骨膜肌瓣食管成型术的应用解剖及实验研究

目的：为带血供的骨膜肋间肌瓣食管成型术提供解剖学和形态学基础。方法：取１０条犬的肋骨膜肌瓣标本,将其上的第７肋间血管灌注后观察分布情况。手术先切除部分第７肋骨,然后将保留的骨膜和上下肋间肌修整成一个带血管蒂的骨膜肌瓣。瓣上８．５～１２．５ｃｍ,宽４．５ｃｍ,以此肌瓣修复１／２直径４ｃｍ长的食管缺损。结果：带蒂的骨膜肌瓣由肋间动脉的两条主干分支供血,具有良好的血运。尽管处死犬检查手术修复部位轻度狭窄     

Vascular patterns of non-physiologic flaps

In order to improve the survival of non-physiologic flaps, the morphologic changes of the vessels that provide the circulation were studied in 178 rats by translucent, radiologic, and histologic methods. The flaps were divided into five groups: normal, simple venous, arterialized venous, simple arterial, and devascularized flaps. The differences of the survival area ratios among the normal, simple venous, and arterialized venous flaps were not statistically significant, and the revascularization of the flaps of these three groups was similar. Therefore, simple venous and arterialized venous flaps may be used in clinical practice. The arterial revascularization of the simple venous and arterialized venous flaps started on the fifth postoperative day, after which a normal circulation was reestablished. On the first postoperative day, the arterialized venous flap was nourished by the arterial blood passing through the anastomosed venous system in the flap. Before the fifth postoperative day in the simple venous flap, and by the third day in the arterialized venous flap, arteries have not been demonstrated but the veins appear distended. It is fair to assume that a true plasmatic circulation was present at this stage. The obstruction of the anastomosed segments of vessels in the arterialized venous flap group may permit a reduction of the edema and cyanosis of the flap.     

足底内侧皮瓣和足内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

在42侧成年标本上解剖观察了足底内侧血管及其主要分支。结果表明足底内侧动脉可作为足底内侧和足内侧联合皮瓣的血管蒂;足底内侧动脉深支可作为足底内侧皮瓣的轴心血管;足底内侧动脉浅支作为足内侧皮瓣的轴心血管。