Sonographic Growth Charts for Kidney Length in Normal Korean Children: a Prospective Observational Study

Kidney length is the most useful parameter for clinical measurement of kidney size, and is useful to distinguish acute kidney injury from chronic kidney disease. In this prospective observational study of 437 normal children aged between 0 and < 13 years, kidney length was measured using sonography. There were good correlations between kidney length and somatic values, including age, weight, height, and body surface area. The rapid growth of height during the first 2 years of life was intimately associated with a similar increase in kidney length, suggesting that height should be considered an important factor correlating with kidney length. Based on our findings, the following regression equation for the reference values of bilateral kidney length for Korean children was obtained: kidney length of the right kidney (cm) = 0.051 × height (cm) + 2.102; kidney length of the left kidney (cm) = 0.051 × height (cm) + 2.280. This equation may aid in the diagnosis of various kidney disorders.     

Kidney tissue reconstruction by fetal kidney cell transplantation: effect of gestation stage of fetal kidney cells

Dialysis and kidney transplantation, current therapies for kidney failure, have limitations such as severe complications, donor shortage, and immune-related problems. The development of an alternative treatment for kidney failure is demanded. The present study shows that the transplantation of fetal kidney cells reconstitutes functional kidney tissue, and that the gestation stage of kidney cells influences the kidney reconstitution. Fetal kidney cells were isolated from metanephroi of rat fetuses at various gestation stages and transplanted into the omentum or kidney of immunodeficient mice. Immunophenotype analysis of fetal kidney cells showed apparent expression of stem cell markers. Three weeks after transplantation, histological analyses of retrieved grafts revealed the formation of kidney structures, including fluorescently labeled transplanted cells, suggesting the potential of fetal kidney cells to reconstitute kidney tissues. The grafts retrieved from omentum contained cystic fluids with concentrated solutes. However, transplanted early fetal kidney cells had also differentiated into nonrenal tissues such as bone and cartilage. In addition, transplantation of fetal kidney cells from a later gestation stage resulted in poor kidney structure formation. Kidney-specific genes were strongly expressed in the earlier cell transplants. The cells at an earlier gestation stage had higher colony forming ability than the cells at a later stage. This study demonstrates the reconstitution of kidney tissue by transplanting fetal kidney cells and the presence of an optimal time window in which fetal kidney cells regenerate kidney tissues. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.     

Comparison of primary rhesus and cynomolgus monkey kidney cell cultures for viral isolation from clinical specimens.

Rhesus monkey kidney and cynomolgus monkey kidney cell cultures were compared for viral isolation by using clinical specimens that yielded 203 viral isolates. Cynomolgus and rhesus monkey kidney cells were comparable for the isolation of 22 adenoviruses, 12 coxsackieviruses, and one poliovirus. Four of 50 echoviruses and seven of ten herpesviruses were detected only in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells. Influenza virus was isolated in 84 instances, of which eight were detected only in rhesus and four only in cynomolgus monkey kidney cells. Rhesus monkey kidney cells yielded six more parainfluenza virus isolates. Except possibly for parainfluenza virus, cynomolgus monkey kidney cells appear to be as sensitive as rhesus monkey kidney cells for viral isolation from clinical specimens.     

哺乳类肾脏的解剖类型

本文报道对27科163种哺乳类动物肾脏的解剖学观察。发掘出倭水牛式肾脏,从而获得牛式肾与猪式肾中间存在着形态学过渡的证据。剖析扭角羚肾乳头结构后,为总乳头型单肾系经多乳头型单肾演进而来的生物学观点提供了例证和理论依据。本文提出叶状多乳头型复肾这一新型,以使对复肾的认识更为深刻、全面、富于生物学观点。我们认为,哺乳类肾脏在理论上应分为复肾类和单肾类两大类别,在实践中再具体分为叶状多乳头型复肾、球状单乳头型复肾、多乳头型单肾、总乳头型单肾4大型别。这种两类4型分类法,与以往的4型、3型分类法相比,在理论上更臻完善,在形式上更趋实用。     

Purification of gamma-glutamyltransferases by immunoaffinity chromatography and some properties of the enzymes

Immunoadsorbents were obtained by coupling antibodies to Sepharose 4 B activated with cyanogen bromide. Thus immobilized antibody directed against bovine kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase was used for immunoaffinity chromatography of the enzyme from bovine kidney and liver, from cow milk and from sheep kidney and liver. Immobilized anti-rat kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase antibody was used for purification of the enzyme from rat kidney, mouse kidney, hamster kidney and rat Morris hepatoma 5123D. Yields of the protease-solubilized gamma-glutamyltransferases isolated on immunoadsorbents columns were usually over 60%. The purified enzymes were almost homogenous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymes showed different molecular weights and electrophoretic mobilities. The effect of antibodies on affinity of the enzymes to substrate and inhibition by synthetic anthglutin and its isomers were studied.     

Kidney organoids in translational medicine: Disease modeling and regenerative medicine

The kidney is one of the most complex organs composed of multiple cell types, functioning to maintain homeostasis by means of the filtering of metabolic wastes, balancing of blood electrolytes, and adjustment of blood pressure. Recent advances in 3D culture technologies in vitro enabled the generation of “organoids” which mimic the structure and function of in vivo organs. Organoid technology has allowed for new insights into human organ development and human pathophysiology, with great potential for translational research. Increasing evidence shows that kidney organoids are a useful platform for disease modeling of genetic kidney diseases when derived from genetic patient iPSCs and/or CRISPR-mutated stem cells. Although single cell RNA-seq studies highlight the technical difficulties underlying kidney organoid generation reproducibility and variation in differentiation protocols, kidney organoids still hold great potential to understand kidney pathophysiology as applied to kidney injury and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize various studies of kidney organoids, disease modeling, genome-editing, and bioengineering, and additionally discuss the potential of and current challenges to kidney organoid research.     

Zebrafish pronephros: a model for understanding cystic kidney disease.

The embryonic kidney of the zebrafish is the pronephros. The ease of genetic analysis and experimentation in zebrafish, coupled with the simplicity of the pronephros, make the zebrafish an ideal model system for studying kidney development and function. Several mutations have been isolated in zebrafish genetic screens that result in cyst formation in the pronephros. Cloning and characterization of these mutations will provide insight into kidney development but may also provide understanding of the molecular basis of cystic kidney diseases. In this review, we focus on the zebrafish as a model for understanding cystic kidney disease and the links between cystic kidney disease and left-right patterning.     

Renal anomalies in families of individuals with congenital solitary kidney.

PURPOSE: Congenital solitary kidney affects 1 in 1000 persons, whereas bilateral renal agenesis affects 1 in 5000. Because congenital solitary kidney is increased in parents of infants with bilateral renal agenesis and fetuses with renal anomalies on ultrasound, offspring of patients with congenital solitary kidney may be at risk of both unilateral and bilateral renal anomalies. The goal was to establish empiric risk estimates for counseling individuals with congenital solitary kidney. METHODS: Through a computerized review of records, subjects with congenital solitary kidney (defined as presumably congenital absence or severely reduced function of one kidney) were identified and asked to complete a questionnaire regarding urogenital anomalies in relatives. RESULTS: Empiric risks of 7% for offspring, 4% for parents, and 2.5% for siblings are minimal because not all relatives underwent ultrasound studies. The incidence of bilateral renal agenesis in offspring of congenital solitary kidney probands is 0.8%, which is much greater than the population risk but less than that for families with previous bilateral renal agenesis. Concordance for type of anomaly in affected relatives is only 50%, suggesting that various anomalies included in congenital solitary kidney (agenesis, dysplasia, cystic dysplasia) may overlap. Horseshoe kidney has 80% concordance and may be a separate autosomal dominant condition. CONCLUSION: Offspring and other relatives of individuals with congenital solitary kidney have significantly increased renal disease. Ultrasound is recommended for first-degree relatives, including fetuses at risk.     

脑死亡器官捐献移植过程中的问题

背景：采用国际标准的供肾来源,即脑死亡无偿肾脏捐献可缓解目前肾移植中供肾的严重短缺问题。近年脑死亡无偿器官捐献及移植已在中国成功开始实施,但在脑死亡无偿器官捐献肾移植方面的报道较少。 目的：探讨脑死亡器官捐献肾移植在中国的可行性及保证移植成功的必要条件。 方法：总结2007-01/2010-07脑死亡器官捐献肾移植12例患者的经验和体会,包括供者/供肾的评估、供肾的摘取与保存、肾移植情况、移植后受者肾功能及并发症、住院时间、生活质量等。 结果与结论：12例脑死亡器官捐献肾移植受者中10例在移植后2~5 d肾功能恢复正常,移植后14~21 d出院;2例出现肾功能延迟恢复,分别于移植后10,15 d肾功能正常,移植后第28天出院。在2~42个月随访过程中,8例患者肾功能均正常,尿蛋白阴性,已从事正常工作,生活质量良好;2例出现蛋白尿,但肾功能正常;1例肾功能正常,肝功能异常,经治疗好转;1例在术后3个月死于严重肺部感染。提示,脑死亡器官捐献肾移植在中国可以得到开展;脑死亡供者必须有满意的血流动力学和尿量及良好的肾功能才能作为理想的肾移植供体;选择最佳移植时机,重视移植后系统性随访,才能确保脑死亡无偿器官捐献肾脏移植成功。     

肾脏钝性撞击损伤影响因素的有限元方法研究

目的 采用有限元方法研究肾脏钝性撞击损伤的影响因素。方法 基于肾脏CT图像构建不同年龄人群肾脏有限元模型,重构肾脏钝性撞击实验,分析肾脏材料本构参数、肾脏组织结构、肾脏大小、撞击位置和撞击速度等参数对肾脏损伤的影响。结果 相同撞击工况下,肾皮质应力随肾脏质量的增加有所减少,随撞锤撞击速度的增加而增加;肾包膜具有一定的吸能效果,从而降低肾脏的应力;肾脏受到撞击时,侧面撞击的肾皮质应力明显高于正面撞击。结论 相比黏弹性本构模型,Mooney Rivlin材料本构模型更适合用于肾脏损伤的有限元评价;肾脏损伤随肾脏质量的增加有所减少;撞锤撞击速度的增加会加剧肾脏损伤;肾包膜会一定程度上减轻肾脏损伤,故在进行肾脏有限元建模时,必须考虑肾包膜结构的存在;相比正面和背面撞击,肾脏侧面受到撞击时损伤相对更严重。     

肾移植后并发糖尿病的危险因素及治疗

背景：肾移植后并发糖尿病是肾移植治疗后常见的并发症之一。 目的：探讨肾移植后并发糖尿病的危险因素以及临床治疗。 方法：应用数据库文献检索的方法获取肾移植后并发糖尿病研究的文献,对符合研究标准的文献进行深入的数据分析,文章选取肾移植后并发糖尿病的危险因素进行深入分析,并总结国内外关于肾移植后并发糖尿病的治疗方法。 结果与结论：肾移植后并发糖尿病是由多种因素作用而引起的糖代谢异常,肾移植后并发糖尿病与患者年龄、体质量指数、血脂水平、免疫抑制剂方案、急性排斥发生频率、糖皮质激素累积等因素相关。在肾移植后定期检测血糖变化,可以较早的发现糖尿病的发生,通过中西医药物降低血糖和调整免疫抑制剂等方法可以有效治疗。     

Prostaglandin catabolism in the mammalian kidney--histochemical and electrophoretic studies

Using the prostaglandins PGE2, PGF2 alpha and PGB1 as substrates for demonstration of NAD-15-PGDH activity and of 13,14,15-Keto-PGF2 alpha for demonstration of NAD-9-PGDH activity these enzymes were localized in native sections of rat kidney by membrane incubating technique. Both enzymes are active in the same tubular structures of kidney cortex. Simultaneously homogenate supernatant of kidney cortex was separated by micro-electrophoretic technique. NAD-15-PGDH exist in rat kidney in multiple forms, which are varied in number (1 to 3) during postnatal development. One or 2 fractions of NAD-9-PGDH are detected in rat kidney cortex. In the kidney cortex of rabbit and guinea pig also multiple forms of NAD-15-PGDH exist, but not in the kidney cortex of pig. No multiple forms of NAD-9-PGDH are detectable in the kidney of pig, guinea pig, and rabbit. The histochemical and electrophoretical results suggest an important relationship between prostaglandin catabolizing activity and nephrogenesis in the early development of rat kidney. The functional significance of the detected multiple forms of NAD-15-PGDH and the variation in the number of fractions during ontogenesis in rat kidney are yet not clear.     

干细胞移植在急性肾损伤中的应用及研究进展

背景：干细胞移植治疗急性肾损伤是近年来研究的热点,不同来源的干细胞在治疗急性肾损伤方面都取得了很大的进展。 目的：对干细胞生物学特性、干细胞的临床研究、不同来源的干细胞治疗急性肾损伤的实验性研究、存在问题及前景进行综述。 方法：应用计算机检索中国学术期刊全文数据库(CNKI)和Pubmed 数据库2001-01/2012-02 关于干细胞移植治疗急性肾损伤的文章,检索主题词“干细胞,移植,肾脏疾病,急性肾损伤”或“stem cell,transplantation,kidney disease,acute kidney injury”。初检索到205 篇文献,据纳入标准保留41篇进行分析、综述。 结果与结论：干细胞移植是一种尝试用于急性肾损伤治疗的新方法,可以改善肾功能的损伤,加快肾脏修复。虽然仍存在不少有待解决的问题,但干细胞移植仍以其传统方法无法比拟的优势在急性肾损伤领域展现了诱人的应用前景。     

肾移植后肾坏死与肾移植排斥反应的病理学表现与变化

背景：肾移植后受者定期行移植肾组织活检,在移植肾出现问题的早期进行正确的病理诊断,选择合适的治疗,是使移植肾长期存活的关键。 目的：总结肾移植后肾坏死与肾移植排斥反应的病理学表现与变化。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库、Pubmed数据库中与肾移植后肾坏死与肾移植排斥反应有关的文献,检索时限为1998-01/2009-10。对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文献后的引文。 结果与结论：共16篇文献符合标准。移植后慢性肾脏损害的病理类型包括慢性排斥反应,系膜病变,新月体肾炎,膜性肾病,Ig肾病,溶血性尿毒综合征。移植后慢性肾脏损害最常见的病理类型为慢性排斥反应,与慢性排斥反应相关的因素可能包括：供肾年龄,急性排斥反应发生率,移植肾功能延迟恢复及CMV感染。高血压和蛋白尿对移植肾的远期预后也有重要影响。移植肾的病理改变复杂多样,结合移植肾穿刺病理活检结果和临床分析进行准确诊断,成功率高、安全性好,对肾移植后难以根据临床化验资料作出准确判断肾脏损害及治疗方案的选择有着重要的指导意义。     

The ageing kidney: Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

As human life expectancy keeps increasing, ageing populations present a growing challenge for clinical practices. Human ageing is associated with molecular, structural, and functional changes in a variety of organ systems, including the kidney. During the ageing process, the kidney experiences progressive functional decline as well as macroscopic and microscopic histological alterations, which are accentuated by systemic comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes mellitus, or by preexisting or underlying kidney diseases. Although ageing per se does not cause kidney injury, physiologic changes associated with normal ageing processes are likely to impair the reparative capacity of the kidney and thus predispose older people to acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease and other renal diseases. Mechanistically, cell senescence plays a key role in renal ageing, involving a number of cellular signaling mechanisms, many of which may be harnessed as international targets for slowing or even reversing kidney ageing. This review summarizes the clinical characteristics of renal ageing, highlights the latest progresses in deciphering the role of cell senescence in renal ageing, and envisages potential interventional strategies and novel therapeutic targets for preventing or improving renal ageing in the hope of maintaining long-term kidney health and function across the life course.     

肾的体外诱导和干细胞治疗研究进展

随着干细胞的研究，肾脏疾患的干细胞治疗日益受到研究者的关注。拟就肾的体外诱导发育和肾疾病干细胞治疗的研究进展作一综述。包括：体外诱导胚肾组织发育；体外诱导干细胞向肾脏细胞的分化；骨髓、成体肾和胚胎肾来源的干细胞用于肾脏疾患治疗的研究。这些研究为临床部分或全部修复肾脏损伤提供了实验依据，也为肾损伤治疗提出了新的对策。     

Glomerulus Detection Using Segmentation Neural Networks

Journal of Digital Imaging - Digital pathology is vital for the correct diagnosis of kidney before transplantation or kidney disease identification. One of the key challenges in kidney diagnosis is...     

Attitudes toward kidney donation

The Renal Unit of Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ile-Ife in Southwest Nigeria intends commencing a kidney transplantation program. This cross-sectional study aimed at examining the willingness of Nigerians to be living-related kidney donors. Three hundred and sixteen Nigerians (96 first-degree relatives of end-stage renal disease patients, 69 rural dwellers and 151 health workers) were interviewed regarding their willingness to donate kidneys using an interview schedule designed to elicit socio-demographic information, knowledge about kidney transplantation and attitude toward kidney donation. Sixty-two percent of health workers, 52.1% of the patients' relatives and 27.1% of rural dwellers expressed willingness to donate. Higher proportions of health workers and patients' relatives--compared with the rural dwellers--were willing to donate a kidney to their children, full-siblings and parents (P<0.05). The level of awareness about kidney transplantation was highest among health workers and least among rural dwellers (P<0.001). Altruism was the primary motivation for those willing to donate a kidney. The most important reason for refusal to donate was fear of adverse health consequences. Among the rural dwellers, never-married persons were more willing than the married to donate (P<0.05). Programs aimed at increasing awareness about the safety of kidney donation, reducing adverse beliefs about kidney donation, and encouraging altruistic tendencies will increase the availability of kidney donors.     

Kidney failure in Townes-Brocks syndrome: an under recognized phenomenon?

Though uncommon, kidney malformations are described in several cases of Townes-Brocks syndrome. By contrast, kidney failure has been reported as the presenting feature of Townes-Brocks syndrome on only one occasion. While the SALL1 gene, mutations of which result in the Townes-Brocks phenotype, is expressed in the developing kidney, the absence of other corroborative reports of kidney failure presenting in affected individuals suggests that the solitary observation of kidney failure is as likely due to chance as to causal association. In now reporting a further instance of this association, we review the literature, demonstrating that several other instances of kidney failure are in fact known, despite an incomplete dataset. These findings suggest that kidney failure may be a constituent element of the natural history of Townes-Brocks syndrome and raise the possible benefits of longitudinal survey for progressive kidney impairment in patients with this syndrome.     

Methodik der Nierenbiopsieanalyse

Percutaneous kidney biopsy now represents the gold standard for diagnosis of most primary and secondary kidney disease. It allows identification and classification of renal disorders and is the basis for standardized therapeutic concepts. As with any diagnostic method, the value of the data produced depends on experience and reproducible procedures. For kidney biopsy this includes resection and adequate methodologies using representative kidney tissue. The procedures required are shown in detail and discussed.