猕猴肘关节囊及韧带损伤的生物力学研究

本文对５只猕猴肘关节进行了离体扭转和弯曲实验，得出了载荷与变形关系曲线，经过转换得出载荷与损伤因子关系曲线。这些结果为现代弹射座椅上肢防护系统的研制提供了定量数据；对肘关节假体结构稳定性设计具有参考价值。     

猕猴膝关节损伤的生物力学研究

本文对５只猕猴膝关节进行了扭转和拉伸实验，了载荷变形关系曲线，经过转换得出载荷与损伤关系曲一，这些结果为下肢系统方案设计提供了定量数据；在临床上节损伤的处治民帮助。     

基于改进慢快网络的猕猴多行为识别方法

猕猴作为药物安全性评估中常见的动物模型，其行为反映它用药前后的健康情况，可以揭示出药物产生的副作用。目前，研究人员通常利用人工对猕猴的行为进行观察，该方式无法实现不间断的24 h监测。因此，急需发展一种方法体系实现对猕猴行为的24 h观测和识别。针对此问题，本文构建了一个包含九类猕猴行为的视频数据集（MBVD-9），并在此数据集的基础上提出一种名为基于变换器（Transformer）增强的慢快网络（SlowFast）用于猕猴行为识别（TAS-MBR）。具体地说，TAS-MBR网络在SlowFast的基础上将其快支路输入的红绿蓝（RGB）色彩模式帧转化为残差帧，并在卷积操作之后引入了变换器模块，更有效地提取了运动信息。结果显示，TAS-MBR网络对猕猴行为的平均分类准确率为94.53%，较原有的SlowFast有明显提升，证明了本文所提方法在猕猴行为识别方面的有效性和优越性。这项工作为猕猴行为的不间断的观测和识别提供了新的思路，奠定了药物安全评价中进行用药前后猕猴行为计算的技术基础。     

肘关节后束韧带解剖定位及其临床意义

上肢因烧伤、电损后,为促进创面愈合,常使肢体固定于创面的减张位,肘关节在长期伸直位固定后引起的关节外强直,其解剖机理与治疗方法在过去的有关文献中尚未见报道,肘关节是一个载荷关节,当关节屈曲90°时,肘关节屈肌达到最大力,如屈曲障碍,将使关节功能丧失。故作者解剖肘关节侧付韧带特别是其后束的解剖结构,结合临床手术体会,进一步探讨肘关节伸直位关节外强直的解剖基础及治疗要点。     

内侧副韧带修补与冠状突骨折固定对恐怖三联征肘关节稳定性的影响

目的探讨内侧副韧带(medial collateral ligament,MCL)修补与冠状突骨折固定(Regan-Morrey II型)对"恐怖三联征"肘关节稳定性的影响。方法选取1名28岁成年健康男性志愿者的肘关节CT、MRI数据,建立肘关节实体模型。制作3种肘关节模型。模型A:正常模型;模型B:修补冠状突骨折块,不修补MCL;模型C:修补MCL,不修补冠状突骨折块。并且对3种模型分别施加纵向载荷,分析各种工况条件下肘关节关节面的位移、应力分布,比较肘关节的稳定性。结果 3种模型的位移、应力分布类似,关节面最大位移和最大应力均位于尺骨滑车切迹处,最小位移分布在尺骨冠状突及冠状突偏内侧附近区域,而最小应力分布在尺骨冠状突下方偏外侧附近区域。各模型最大位移与最大应力无统计学差异(P 0.05)。结论在外侧柱稳定的情况下,修复MCL与修复固定尺骨冠状突骨折块效果相似。     

中国株庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)感染猕猴的实验研究

应用０．５ｍｌ含中国株庚型肝炎病毒（ＨＧＶ）的血清接种５只猕猴，５只猕猴于接种后１周血清ＨＧＶＲＮＡ均阳转；ＨＧＶＲＮＡ滴度在猴体内可高达１∶１０５，较接种血清中ＨＧＶＲＮＡ滴度（１∶１０２）高出许多，提示ＨＧＶ在猕猴体内复制。其中４只猕猴血清抗－ＨＧＶ阳转；４只出现ＡＬＴ异常。后用其中１只猕猴感染后４５天的血清给另２只猕猴接种，该２只猴也出现血清ＨＧＶＲＮＡ和抗－ＨＧＶ阳转及ＡＬＴ异常。本研究表明，中国猕猴有可能作为ＨＧＶ感染的动物模型。     

肘关节内侧副韧带生物力学及临床研究

目的：探讨肘关节内侧副韧各组成成分在肘关节稳定中的作用及手术治疗内侧副韧带损伤的临床效果。方法：收60例4％福尔马林溶液防腐保存的正常成人尸体肘关节标本，仔细解剖出肘关节内侧副韧带的前束、后束和斜束，随机分为5组，然后通过生物力学研究，分别观察肘关节内侧副韧带各组成部分在肘关节不同屈曲角度下对肘外翻角度的影响，并在此基础上临床治疗内侧副韧带损伤伴肘关节不不稳定患者11例，随访其疗效。结果：肘关节内侧副韧带前束在肘关节屈曲过程中，在抗外翻应力方面起主要作用而单纯后束或斜束损伤对肘关节内侧稳定影响小大；11例肘关节内侧副韧带损伤患者经手术修复前束，肘关节功能恢复良好．未见遗留内侧不稳定。结论：肘关节内侧副韧带前束是肘关节内侧稳定的主要结构，临床上当肘关节内侧副韧带损伤时应重点修复或重建前束以稳定肘关节。     

肘关节手术入路的解剖与临床

肘关节是连接上臂和前臂，控制手在空间中位置的重要解剖结构。随着对肘关节解剖学和临床相关问题认识的逐步深入，成人肘关节外科治疗得到迅速发展。作为手术者，只有熟悉肘关节组成、结构特点、肌肉配布、血管神经的走向及变异等，才能在手术前做到心中有数，避免术中不必要的损伤，保证手术顺利进行。本文主要介绍与肘关节手术入路相关的解剖关键点以及典型的手术入路，以助临床医生对肘关节手术有更深入理解。     

太行山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区肤纹的性差

目的:为了解太行山猕猴(Macaca mulatta)掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型的特征及在性别间是否存在差异。方法:对55例(♂20例,旱35例)太行山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区的花纹类型进行调查,并与日本高崎山猕猴和屋久岛猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型进行比较。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0。结果:太行山猕猴指间Ⅰ区斗形纹(W)是最为常见的类型,占78.9%,其次是箕形纹(L),开放形花纹(O)几乎不存在;雌雄性太行山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型存在显著性差异,屋久岛猕猴和高崎山猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型性别间也存在显著性差异。3组猕猴的掌面指间Ⅰ区斗形纹和双箕形纹均是雄性高于雌性,而Ⅰ区开放形花纹和箕形纹是雌性高于雄性。结论:雄性猕猴掌面指间Ⅰ区花纹类型较雌性更复杂,可能与雌雄个体在群体中角色的不同有关;3组猕猴指间Ⅰ区肤纹特征相互之间均有差异,这主要是由于长期地理分布隔离和遗传漂变所致,推测太行山猕猴、高崎山猕猴和屋久岛猕猴分化的时间较早,分化后交流很少。     

猕猴下颌骨的性别判别分析

本文测量了１８ 例（雄４，雌１４）成年太行山猕猴下颌骨的１２ 项变量。结果显示：太行山猕猴下颌骨变量有其自身特征。用Ｏｔｔｅｓｔａｔ方法对有关变量建立性别判别函数式，其判别率达８６．８６％     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.