经髋动力螺钉侧孔注入Ⅲ型丙烯酸树脂骨水泥强化固定轴向稳定性的测试

背景:髋动力螺钉系统仍旧是治疗高龄患者骨质疏松性转子间骨折最常用的器械,但是高龄患者往往由于股骨上端骨质疏松髋动力螺钉固定失败增高。目的:通过生物力学实验测试经髋动力螺钉侧孔注入骨水泥强化螺钉固定的效果。方法:在髋动力螺钉头端制作了4个侧孔,使骨水泥能够通过髋动力螺钉"中央孔→侧孔"注入股骨头的松质骨。成对的骨质疏松性股骨标本12根,复制股骨转子间不稳定型骨折模型后随机分入带侧孔髋动力螺钉固定加骨水泥强化组和标准髋动力螺钉固定组(标准髋动力螺钉固定组)。分别进行轴向"加载-应变"和"载荷-位移"测试、抗扭转力学性能测试、拔出强度测试。结果与结论:带侧孔髋动力螺钉与标准髋动力螺钉的生物力学强度差异无显著性意义;轴向加载试验的"载荷-应变"的测试表明:骨水泥强化组张力侧的应变明显小于标准髋动力螺钉固定组(t=2.795,P0.05),压力侧骨水泥强化组明显低于标准髋动力螺钉固定组(t=2.621,P0.05)。加载到600N时,骨水泥强化组的下沉位移较标准髋动力螺钉固定组减少31%,横向位移减少29%,差异均有显著性意义(P0.05)。结果提示,通过髋动力螺钉中央孔和侧孔注入骨水泥的强化技术能够显著提高髋动力螺钉对股骨转子间骨折固定的生物力学强度。     

老年股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉置入内固定失败行全髋关节置换4例

背景:治疗股骨转子间骨折内固定的方法有动力髋螺钉、Gamma钉、股骨近端髓内钉、角钢板、股骨近段锁定钢板等,其中以动力髋螺钉应用最为广泛,但其失败率也逐渐增加。目的:观察人工全髋关节置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折应用动力髋螺钉内固定失败的病例特征。方法:于2004/2007应用人工全髋关节置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉内固定失败病例4例,患者为自行跌倒,按Evans分型,Ⅱ型1例,ⅢA型2例,ⅢB型1例。动力髋螺钉置入后6个月～1年出现内固定物移位,股骨头切割,骨折不愈合,髋内翻畸形,髋部疼痛,不能行走。继之采用骨水泥髋臼假体,按45°外展角,10°～15°前倾角置入。人工全髋关节置换后按照Harris评分标准进行疗效评价。结果与结论:4例患者手术顺利,手术时间1.5～2.0h,术中出血量400～600mL,未出现骨水泥过敏反应。置换后无切口感染,无脱位,无坠积性肺炎,无压疮。经3～12个月随访,未出现假体松动、下沉,髋关节功能满意,摄片人工关节在位,假体匹配良好,Harris评分平均81分。结果提示老年股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉内固定失败后应用人工全髋关节置换,可缩短患者卧床时间,减少并发症,改善髋关节功能。     

可灌注骨水泥动力髋螺钉内固定修复骨质疏松股骨转子间骨折的优势

背景:动力髋螺钉内固定系统被认为是治疗股骨转子间骨折的经典方法,但髋螺钉切割股骨头后位置偏移是目前常见的力学失败,需要进行二次手术。目的:在传统动力髋螺钉内固定系统的基础上,对髋螺钉部分进行改良,设计可灌注骨水泥动力髋螺钉内固定系统,探讨其治疗骨质疏松股骨转子间骨折的可行性及生物力学性能。方法:取24具新鲜完整湿润的人骨质疏松髋部标本,测量骨密度,按标准制成AO31-A1型股骨转子间骨折模型,每份骨质疏松髋部标本,其中一侧置入可灌注骨水泥动力髋螺钉内固定系统作为实验组,另一侧置入传统动力髋螺钉内固定系统作为对照组,进行轴向压缩、扭转度及失效载荷生物力学测试,比较两者生物力学性能。结果与结论:实验组应力强度、轴向刚度、水平剪切刚度高于对照组(P0.05);当扭角为3°时,实验组扭矩高于对照组(P0.05);实验组失效载荷高于对照组(P0.05)。表明可灌注骨水泥动力髋螺钉内固定系统治疗老年骨质疏松股骨转子间骨折,能有效增强髋螺钉的把持力,防止股骨头切割,其生物力学强度、刚度、抗疲劳性及稳定性均强于传统动力髋螺钉。     

动力髋结合转子稳定钢板与Gamma钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的比较

背景:股骨转子间骨折患者在早期积极有效的内固定治疗可以获得良好的疗效。目的:探讨动力髋螺钉+转子稳定钢板与Gamma钉置入内固定治疗EvansⅢB型、IV型股骨转子间骨折的比较。方法:选取上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院崇明分院2009年2月至2012年11月收治的67例EvansⅢB型、IV型股骨转子间骨折患者,其中动力髋螺钉+转子稳定钢板治疗28例,Gamma钉治疗39例。所有患者治疗后常规使用抗生素和功能锻炼。回顾性分析两组患者治疗时间、治疗中出血量、骨折愈合时间以及Harris髋关节功能评分。结果与结论:所有患者随访6-45个月,平均随访21个月。①动力髋螺钉+转子稳定钢板组出现感染1例,经换药半年后拔除内固定治愈,Gamma钉1例肥胖患者治疗后3周下床活动时再次受伤,出现远端锁钉处骨折,经更换长Gamma钉后愈合,Gamma钉组有4例患者因大转子固定欠稳定,卧床时间超过6周出现重症肺炎,经转内科治疗后治愈。②动力髋螺钉+转子稳定钢板组治疗后出现髋内翻畸形2例,Gamma钉组3例,所有患者骨折均愈合。③动力髋螺钉+转子稳定钢板组较Gamma钉组治疗时间更长,治疗中出血量明显增多(P0.05),骨折愈合时间及Harris髋关节功能评分,两组比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。动力髋螺钉+转子稳定钢板和Gamma钉均是治疗EvansⅢB型、IV型股骨转子间骨折的有效方法,选择合适的内固定物要根据骨折的稳定性、骨折愈合状况、骨质疏松程度等综合分析。     

动力髋螺钉与防旋阻挡钉联合修复不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

背景:严重的股骨转子间骨折,其抗旋转能力差,单单动力髋螺钉内固定容易失败。如内固定后出现股骨头塌陷、股骨颈短缩、小转子内侧失稳髋内翻、头颈旋转、头颈切割穿钉、钢板拨钉及钢板断裂等现象。故对于不稳定型股骨转子间骨折,动力髋螺钉内固定有一定的局限性。目的:探讨动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉置入内固定对不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的修复效果。方法:选取96例不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者,分别实施内固定治疗,其中采用动力髋螺钉组48例,动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组48例。从手术时间、术中出血量、X射线暴露次数、骨折愈合时间、内固定后Harris髋关节评分及内固定后并发症等方面进行对比评估。结果与结论:内固定后随访时间为18-36个月。动力髋螺钉组和动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组在手术时间、术中出血量、X射线暴露次数、骨折愈合时间方面比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组内固定后髋关节评分(Harris评分)高于动力髋螺钉组(P0.05)。动力髋螺钉组内固定后并发症发生率(14%)显著高于动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉组(4%,P0.05)。提示单纯动力髋螺钉置入内固定修复不稳定型股骨转子间骨折并发症较多,失败率较高;而动力髋螺钉联合防旋阻挡钉能重建股骨后内侧结构,弥补动力髋螺钉的缺点和不足,对不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的修复有重要价值。     

骨水泥强化动力髋固定效果的生物力学研究

目的：研究A2型股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉（DHS）固定加骨水泥强化对内固定生物力学影响。方法：24对成年男性防腐股骨上段标本，制造A2型股骨转子间骨折，采用4孔DHS固定。每对股骨以左侧为非强化组，右侧为强化组，股骨头髓腔钉道填塞骨水泥。标本进行弯曲强度，扭转强度及破坏试验。测量骨折位移，转角及最大加载力。结果：强化组和非强化组在弯曲强度，扭转强度及最大加载力有显著差异（P〈0．05），有统计学意义。相对于非强化组，骨水泥强化后弯曲强度提高148％，扭转强度提高96％，最大加载力提高67％。结论：骨水泥强化有效地增加DHS固定强度，整体提高骨折稳定性，减少内固定失败的可能性。     

动力髋螺钉、股骨近端防旋髓内钉和第3代Gamma钉置入内固定后生物力学性能与临床效果的比较

背景:如何选择最适合的内固定方法治疗复杂的股骨转子间骨折,是骨科医生经常面临的问题。目的:比较动力髋螺钉、股骨近端防旋髓内钉、Gamma3三种内固定器械的生物力学性能和临床疗效。方法:制作18具成人股骨标本制成转子间骨折模型,以动力髋螺钉、Gamma3、股骨近端防旋髓内钉固定,用实验应力分析方法,比较其生物力学性能。另外回顾分析392例股骨转子间骨折患者采用以上3种内固定方法的临床效果。结果与结论应力分析结果证明,Gamma3和股骨近端防旋髓内钉的力学性能优于动力髋螺钉(P0.05),Gamma3与股骨近端防旋髓内钉无明显差别。临床试验结果显示,动力髋螺钉组患者术中平均失血量最多、内固定后并发症发生率最高(P0.05)。内固定后髋关节早期Harris评分股骨近端防旋髓内钉组和Gamma3组优于动力髋螺钉组(P0.05),远期评分3组差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。提示A2型骨折不推荐使用动力髋螺钉;A2型伴随明显骨质疏松和A3型应采用股骨近端防旋髓内钉或Gamma3。股骨近端防旋髓内钉、Gamma3内固定器械生物力学性能优良,临床证实是目前比较理想的方法。     

动力髋螺钉用于老年人股骨转子间骨折的治疗

目的评价动力髋螺钉内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对40例老年股骨转子间骨折行动力髋螺钉内固定术，术后早期进行康复锻炼。结果随访5～30个月后根据临床综合评定标准。评定：优32例，良5例，差3例。优良率93％。结论采用创伤小、恢复好、并发症少的微创动力髋螺钉内固定技术，可进一步提高患者的生存率和生活质量。     

四种金属植入物内固定修复老年股骨转子间骨折的比较

背景:对于老年股骨转子间骨折如何选择金属植入物,应根据不同患者的年龄、骨质疏松程度、围手术期状态、骨折类型等多因素进行考虑,制定个性化的治疗方案。目的:比较4种不同金属植入物内固定修复老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法:回顾2009年9月至2012年9月收治的180例老年股骨转子间骨折患者,采用4种不同金属植入物内固定进行骨折修复,动力髋螺钉组、防旋型股骨近端髓内钉组、Gamma钉组和解剖型髋动力带锁钢板组各45例。比较各组手术时间、出血量、住院时间、内固定后Harris评分、骨折愈合时间和并发症发生情况。结果与结论:解剖型髋动力带锁钢板组和防旋型股骨近端髓内钉组手术时间、出血量及住院时间均短于动力髋螺钉组和Gamma钉组(P0.05),内固定后Harris评分优良率均高于动力髋螺钉组和Gamma钉组(P0.05),而前两组间差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。解剖型髋动力带锁钢板组和防旋型股骨近端髓内钉组内固定后并发症发生率明显低于Gamma组和动力髋螺钉组(P0.05)。提示解剖型髋动力带锁钢板和防旋型股骨近端髓内钉治疗老年转子间骨折内固定可靠、内固定后并发症少,是老年股骨转子间骨折植入物内固定治疗较为理想的选择。     

股骨近端髓内固定与动力髋钢板修复成人股骨转子间骨折的系统评价

背景:股骨转子间骨折的修复主要分为髓外固定系统和髓内固定系统。哪种内固定方式能够更好地修复股骨转子间骨折仍存在争议。目的:比较不同类型的股骨近端髓内钉与动力髋钢板修复成人股骨转子间骨折的疗效和安全性。方法:收集1966至2013年间发表的所有比较股骨近端髓内固定与动力髋钢板修复成人股骨转子间骨折的随机对照试验,对其进行质量评价,提取关于内固定后股骨干骨折、股骨颈内螺钉切出股骨头、骨折不愈合、再手术率、切口感染、内固定后疼痛(包括髋关节疼痛和大腿疼痛)、手术时间、失血量的数据,进行系统评价。结果与结论:31个随机对照试验共纳入患者总数4 748例,股骨转子间骨折4 757例。髓内固定与动力髋钢板固定修复股骨转子间骨折的手术时间、再手术率、股骨颈内螺钉切出股骨头、骨折不愈合、切口感染、内固定后髋关节周围疼痛差异均无显著性意义(P0.05);髓内固定比动力髋钢板固定失血量少(P=0.003);髓内固定后发生股骨干骨折的概率明显高于动力髋钢板固定组(P=0.003)。提示与动力髋钢板螺钉修复股骨转子间骨折相比,髓内钉固定失血量少,但增加了内固定后发生股骨干骨折的发生率。在手术时间、股骨颈内螺钉切出股骨头、骨折不愈合、再手术率、切口感染、髋关节周围疼痛这些结局指标方面,髓内钉与动力髋钢板螺钉两种内固定方式无明显差异。由于纳入文献质量差异很大,对此结论的解释应保持谨慎,为得出更可靠结论尚需更多设计严格、使用统一结局指标、随访时间较长的大样本随机对照试验。     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.