炎性疼痛致大鼠海马CREB结合蛋白的表达变化

目的　探讨完全弗氏佐剂（Complete Freund’s Adjuvant，CFA）致大鼠炎性疼痛后海马区CREB结合蛋白（CREB Binding Protein，CBP)的表达变化及意义。 方法　大鼠随机分为正常组和实验组，实验组大鼠左侧足底皮下注射CFA和生理盐水混合溶剂100 μl，建立炎性疼痛模型，分为注射CFA后6 h、1 d、3 d、7 d和14 d组。采用Von Frey纤维观察不同时间点大鼠机械缩足阈值（Paw withdrawal
threshold, PWT）的变化；采用免疫组化法检测海马CBP的表达变化。 结果　足底注射CFA后1 h PWT即下降，并在6 h后达到最低值，3 d后逐渐上调，至14 d仍低于基础值。正常组大鼠海马各区均可见CBP大量表达。实验组大鼠两侧海马各区尤其是CA1区和齿状回（Dentate Gyrus，DG）区域CBP的表达随时间点变化呈现出先降低后升高再降低的双相表达趋势，即注射CFA后6 h、1 d，CBP表达下降，至注射CFA后3 d，CBP表达明显上调；7 d时CBP表达再次出现下调，持续至14 d。 结论　 CFA能诱导大鼠产生为期2周以上的炎性痛病程；炎性疼痛时海马区CBP的表达呈现出双相性表达趋势，提示海马区的基因表达变化在炎性疼痛的产生和持续过程中起着重要的作用。     

前扣带皮层中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其受体在慢性炎症性疼痛中的表达变化

目的 探讨完全弗氏佐剂（CFA）外周注射诱导的碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF-2）及其受体在大脑前扣带皮层（ACC）中的表达变化。方法 单侧足底注射CFA 150μl诱导大鼠慢性炎症性疼痛,在不同时间点取前扣带皮层（每组3只动物）,通过RT-PCR和Western blotting方法分别检测FGF-2及其主要受体FGFR1-4 mRNA和FGF-2蛋白的表达变化。结果 大鼠单侧足底皮下注射CFA诱导了慢性炎症性疼痛。注射对侧脑区中,在注射后6 h、3 d、7 d、14 d,ACC中FGF-2和FGFR1的mRNA表达相对于正常组明显增加,FGFR2 mRNA在3 d、7 d、14 d表达增加。注射同侧脑区中,FGF-2和FGFR1mRNA的表达在注射CFA后6 h、3 d、7 d、14 d相对于正常组明显增加。双侧脑区的FGF-2蛋白表达在注射CFA后6 h、3 d和7 d明显增加。结论 CFA诱导的慢性炎症性疼痛状态下,FGF-2可能通过受体FGFR1参与疼痛在高级中枢部位的信号调节。     

视神经切断联合高眼压增高大鼠视网膜内P75NTR和Sortilin的蛋白表达水平

目的 观察视神经切断联合高眼压状态下,视网膜内p75NTR和Sortilin蛋白表达水平的变化.方法 60只健康雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照(control,n=6)、假手术(sham,n=6)、单纯视神经切断(NT,n=24)和视神经切断联合高眼压(NP,n=24)4组.NT和NP模型组,进一步分为术后第1、3、7和14天组(均n=6).用Western blot法,检测各组大鼠视网膜内P75NTR和Sortilin蛋白表达.结果 NP组大鼠视网膜内,P75NTR及Sortilin蛋白表达量在术后第3、7和14天明显高于对照组、假手术组及单纯视神经切断组(P<0.05).结论 高眼压可使大鼠视网膜内RGC本身合成的Sortilin和P75NTR蛋白量增高,60/50 ku的P75NTR及90 ku成熟Sortilin蛋白可能参与了高眼压所致大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的损伤.     

血小板反应蛋白-4在大鼠口面部肌源性疼痛中作用

目的研究血小板反应蛋白-4(TSP-4)在大鼠口面部肌源性疼痛中的作用。方法 SD大鼠分为结扎组(L组,结扎咬肌浅层肌腱)和假手术组(S组,仅暴露肌腱),每组6只。术前及术后3、7、10、14d测疼痛阈值。术后14d收集三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核及颈段第二脊髓背侧角(V_C/C2),测TSP-4 mRNA表达水平。SD大鼠肌腱结扎后7d,咬肌局部注射TSP-4抗体(A组,抗体组)或PBS(C组,对照组),每组6只。注射前及注射后2、 4、 6、 12h测疼痛阈值。结果与S组比较, L组疼痛阈值在术后3、 7、 10、 14d明显降低(P0.05),TSP-4 mRNA表达水平在术后14d显著上调(P0.05)。与C组比较,A组疼痛阈值在注射后4、6h明显升高(P0.05)。结论 TSP-4参与大鼠口面部肌源性疼痛的发生发展。     

右美托咪定通过上调PPAR-γ改善神经病理性疼痛模型大鼠的痛觉敏化

目的 探究右美托咪定(DEX)对选择性坐骨神经损伤(SNI)大鼠的镇痛作用及潜在机制。方法 将大鼠随机分为对照组，模型(SNI)组、DEX组、 DEX+GW9662组，每组12只。SNI术后1～14 d, DEX组鞘内注射右美托咪定2μg/kg(10μL), DEX+GW9662组鞘内注射右美托咪定2μg/kg+PPAR-γ抑制剂(GW9662)300μg(10μL),对照组及SNI组仅鞘内注射相同容积的溶剂。于SNI术前1 d、术后3、7、14 d,检测大鼠的患肢足底的疼痛程度。于SNI术后14 d,用免疫荧光染色检测各组大鼠脊髓背角Iba-1的表达；Western blot检测患肢同侧脊髓背角Iba-1和PPAR-γ的表达；ELISA检测脊髓背角IFN-γ、IL-6含量。结果 SNI术后7、14 d, SNI组大鼠患肢足底疼痛程度较对照组增加，并伴有同侧脊髓背角Iba-1、PPAR-γ、IL-6、IFN-γ表达上调(P<0.05);DEX组大鼠患肢足底疼痛程度较SNI组明显减轻，并且同侧脊髓背角Iba-1、PPAR-γ、IL-6、IFN-γ的表达明显降低(P<0.05)...     

慢性痛大鼠模型前扣带皮层内小胶质细胞活化与细胞因子表达

目的:观察慢性炎症性疼痛大鼠前扣带皮层(ACC)中小胶质细胞标记物(CD14,IBA1)及促炎症细胞因子(IL-1β,TNF-α)的表达变化。方法:单侧足底注射完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)诱导大鼠慢性炎症性疼痛,用RT-PCR检测ACC中CD14、IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA的表达,用免疫组织化学染色观察ACC中IBA1免疫阳性小胶质细胞的变化。结果:足底注射CFA后4 h、3 d双侧ACC中CD14 mRNA表达较生理盐水(NS)组有显著增加(P<0.001);CFA后4 h、3 d、14 d双侧ACC中IL-1βmRNA表达较NS组有显著增加(P<0.001);CFA后3 d、14 d双侧ACC中TNF-αmRNA表达较NS组有显著增加(P<0.001)。CFA 3 d组双侧ACC中IBA1免疫阳性小胶质细胞胞体变大、突起变粗。结论:ACC中小胶质细胞的活化以及IL-1β和TNF-α的表达增加可能在慢性炎症性疼痛的产生和维持中发挥作用。     

谷氨酰胺合成酶在神经病理性疼痛大鼠脊髓背角的表达

目的:检测谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)在保留性坐骨神经分支选择性结扎模型(SNI)大鼠脊髓背角的表达与定位,并探讨其在神经病理性疼痛中的作用机制。方法:48只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham组)和SNI组。两组大鼠分别于术前1 d、术后1、3、7和14 d测量机械痛域(PWT),并于术后相应时间点处死,采用Western Blot检测L_(4-6)节段脊髓组织中GS、p-p38、IL-10和TNF-α的表达情况;免疫荧光观察脊髓背角GS的表达与定位情况。结果:与sham组相比,SNI组大鼠PWT于术后1 d开始降低(P 0.05),术后3、7和14 d出现明显差异(P 0.05),模型制备成功。术后3 d和7 d,SNI组大鼠脊髓背角GS、TNF-α和p-p38表达量较sham组明显增高(P 0.05); IL-10表达逐渐下降,在术后7 d和14 d有统计学差异(P 0.05)。结论:GS高表达并主要定位于脊髓背角的星形胶质细胞,GS可能通过p38 MAPK通路参与神经病理性疼痛中的炎症因子的调控。     

锌对神经病理性疼痛模型小鼠脊髓后角磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶表达的影响

目的:研究锌对神经病理性疼痛(NPP)模型小鼠脊髓后角磷酸化(p)的细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)表达的影响.方法:C57/BL6小鼠随机分4组,对照组正常喂养2周后足底注射生理盐水;正常喂养2周后足底注射辣椒素;低锌喂养(锌0.85 mg/kg)2周后足底注射辣椒素;高锌喂养(227mg/L)2周后足底注射辣椒素.应用原子吸收光谱、热痛阈检测、免疫组织化学和图像分析技术检测注射后7d锌对动物行为学以及脊髓后角pERK表达的影响.结果:对照组小鼠血清和脊髓中含有丰富的锌离子,脊髓后角有少量pERK表达;当足底注射辣椒素致痛后,血清和脊髓中的锌减少,热痛敏增加,脊髓后角pERK表达增多;低锌喂养能加重缺锌和热痛敏,脊髓后角pERK表达更多;高锌喂养能使血清和脊髓锌增多,降低热痛敏和脊髓后角pERK表达.结论:锌能抑制NPP模型小鼠热痛敏和脊髓后角pERK的表达,锌可能参与了神经病理性疼痛的形成与维持.     

8-O-乙酰山栀子苷甲酸通过抑制脊髓背角JNK的磷酸化水平改善大鼠炎性痛的研究

目的:探究8-O-乙酰山栀子苷甲酸(8-O-acetyl-SM,8-Oa S)对于慢性炎性痛模型大鼠痛行为及脊髓背角星形胶质细胞内c-Jun氨基酸末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)磷酸化水平的影响。方法:运用大鼠足底注射完全弗式佐剂(complete Freund’s adjuvant,CFA)的方法建立慢性炎性痛模型;通过腹膜腔注射8-Oa S进行干预;采用von Frey丝测定大鼠足底50%机械性缩足反射阈值;应用免疫荧光组织化学染色法观察大鼠腰膨大节段脊髓背角胶质纤维酸性蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)及磷酸化的JNK(phosphorylatedc-Jun N-terminal kinase,p JNK)表达;应用Western Blot方法对大鼠脊髓背角内GFAP、JNK以及p-JNK的表达水平进行定量分析。结果:(1)行为学结果显示:与对照组相比,CFA模型大鼠机械性痛阈明显降低(P0.01),腹膜腔注射8-Oa S可有效提高CFA诱导的机械性痛阈值(P0.05);(2)免疫荧光染色结果显示:CFA模型脊髓背角内GFAP的表达量明显高于正常组,且p JNK基本表达于星形胶质细胞内;(3)Western Blot结果显示:与对照组相比,CFA造模后7 d脊髓背角内GFAP和p JNK表达明显上调,腹膜腔给予8-Oa S可以显著下调CFA诱导的脊髓背角内GFAP和p JNK的水平(P0.01)。结论:腹膜腔内给予8-Oa S可有效提高炎性痛大鼠的机械性痛阈,其机制是通过下调脊髓背角星形胶质细胞内JNK信号通路的磷酸化水平进而抑制星形胶质细胞的激活。     

SAHA对骨癌痛大鼠脊髓背角内谷氨酸转运体1表达的影响

目的:通过观察辛二酰苯胺异羟肟酸(Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid,SAHA)对于骨癌痛(cancerinduced bone pain,CIBP)大鼠脊髓内谷氨酸转运体1(glutamate transporter 1,GLT-1)表达的影响,探讨GLT-1参与SAHA镇痛的相关机制。方法:将体重180~220 g雌性SD大鼠随机分为4组:Sham+vehicle组(A)、Sham+SAHA组(B)、CIBP+vehicle组(C)、CIBP+SAHA组(D)。经腹膜腔注射50 mg/kg SAHA,1/d。利用von Frey纤维测量大鼠手术侧机械缩足反射阈值(paw withdrawal threshod,PWT)。上述4组大鼠在不同时间点处死后取其腰膨大段脊髓,应用免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot方法观察大鼠腰膨大节段手术侧脊髓背角内GLT-1的表达情况。结果:与A组相比,C组大鼠PWT自术后第7 d开始显著下降,且一直持续至术后第14 d(P0.01),脊髓背角内GLT-1水平逐渐下调,呈时间依赖性(P0.05)。D组与C组相比,PWT升高(P0.05),术侧脊髓背角内GLT-1表达增加(P0.05)。结论:腹膜腔注射SAHA能够有效缓解骨癌痛,其部分机制可能与促进脊髓背角内GLT-1的表达有关。     

Persistent monoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint region enhances nocifensive behavior and lumbar spinal Fos expression after noxious stimulation to the hindpaw in rats

Effects of persistent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation on nociceptive responses of remote bodily areas of the rat were investigated. Monoarthritis of the TMJ region was evoked by the injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the left TMJ region. Rats without injection of CFA into the TMJ region served as controls (non-CFA group). Time spent on licking behavior evoked by the injection of formalin into the left hindpaw and withdrawal thresholds of mechanical stimulation to both sides of the hindpaw were measured during TMJ inflammation for 3 weeks. Furthermore, expression of Fos protein in the lumbar dorsal horn was immunohistochemically investigated following the injection of formalin into the hindpaw during TMJ inflammation. Formalin-evoked nocifensive behavioral activities were significantly enhanced at 10 and 14 days after CFA injection in the late phase, while the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation was significantly decreased bilaterally at 8, 10 and 14 days after CFA injection. Both formalin-evoked licking behavior and mechanical withdrawal thresholds to bilateral hindpaw at 21 days after CFA injection were similar to those in the non-CFA group. The number of Fos-positive neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn ipsilateral to the formalin injection at 1 and 7 days after CFA injection into the TMJ were similar to those in the non-CFA group; however, those were significantly increased in the laminae I–II and V–VI of the lumbar dorsal horn at 14 days after CFA injection. TMJ inflammation for 7 and 14 days alone produced a small number of Fos-expressing neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn. These results provide evidence that persistent unilateral inflammation of the TMJ region causes an increase in behavioral hyperalgesia of the hindpaw, which is attributed to the modulation of neural activities, in part, in the lumbar dorsal horn, likely mediated by supraspinal neural mechanisms.     

电针刺激对炎性痛大鼠脊髓背角小胶质细胞活化的影响

目的:探索电针(EA)刺激是否通过下调糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK3β).抑制小胶质细胞活化缓解大鼠慢性炎性痛。方法:利用完全随机数字法将Sprague Dawley(SD)雄性大鼠分为对照组(control)、完全弗氏佐剂注射组(CFA)、CFA+电针刺激组(CFA+EA)和CFA+GSK3β抑制剂TDZD-8组(CFA+TDZD-8)。通过足底注射CFA方法制备大鼠炎性痛模型,利用电针刺激和给予不同的药物处理各组大鼠。采用经典von Frey丝检测各组大鼠机械缩足反射阈值(PWT),用WesternBlot法或免疫荧光检测脊髓背角GSK3β和小胶质细胞离子钙接头蛋白(Iba-1)表达的变化情况。结果:与control组相比,CFA组大鼠在各时间节点的PWT值均显著降低(P<0.01);脊髓背角中GSK3β和Iba-1表达明显增加(P<0.05)。与CFA组相比,CFA+EA组大鼠PWT显著升高(P<0.01),GSK3β和Iba-1表达量显著下调(P<0.05);CFA+TDZD-8组大鼠PWT显著升高(P<0.01),Iba-1的表达量显著下调(P<0.05)。结论:电针刺激可能是通过下调大鼠脊髓背角细胞中GSK3β表达,抑制小胶质细胞活化.减少炎性介质释放,达到缓解慢性炎性痛的治疗效果。     

Effects of electroacupuncture with different frequencies on spinal ionotropic glutamate receptor expression in complete Freund's adjuvant-injected rat

We investigated expressional changes of spinal glutamate receptors by electroacupuncture (EA) in an inflammatory animal model. Inflammation was induced by an intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the hindpaw of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Bilateral EA stimulation at 2, 15 and 120 Hz was applied at those acupoints corresponding to Zusanli and Sanyinjiao in man using needles with 3-day intervals for 30 days. Paw edema and mechanical thresholds were measured by a water displacement plethysmometer and Analgesy-Meter, respectively. Edema and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaw induced by CFA-injection were strongly inhibited by EA stimulation. At 30 days after CFA-injection, effects of EA on ionotropic glutamate receptor (NR-1, NR-2A, GluR-1 and GluR-2/3) expression in association with c-fos and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression were observed in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord using immunohistochemistry. The number of c-fos-like immunostained cells was decreased significantly in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn by 2Hz EA, but CGRP expression also showed a marked decrease in the same region using the other types of EA stimulation. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NR-1 and NR-2A) expression was attenuated in all regions of the dorsal horn by all types of EA. Of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (GluR-1 and -2/3), only GluR-1 expression was prevented by EA treatment in the superficial laminae and the neck of the dorsal horn. It is concluded that EA treatment can attenuate inflammatory edema and mechanical thresholds in CFA-injected rats through modulating expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors, and especially N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.     

Neuronal activation at the spinal cord and medullary pain control centers after joint stimulation: a c-fos study in acute and chronic articular inflammation

Chronic inflammatory pain induces short- and long-term central changes, which have been mainly studied at the spinal cord level. Supraspinal pain control centers intrinsically connected with the dorsal horn are also prone to be affected by chronic inflammatory pain. C-fos expression was used as a neuronal activation marker at spinal and supraspinal levels to i) compare acute and chronic articular inflammation, and ii) analyze the effects of brief innocuous or noxious stimulation of a chronically inflamed joint. Acute articular inflammation was induced by an inflammatory soup with prostaglandin E(2) and bradykinin, both at 10(-5) M. Chronic articular inflammation consisted of 14 days of monoarthritis. Early c-fos expression was studied 4 min after inflammatory soup injection or stimulation of the arthritic joint whereas late c-fos expression was evaluated 2 h after those stimuli. At the spinal cord, the analysis was focused on the dorsal horn (laminae I-V) and supraspinally, five major regions of the endogenous pain control system were considered: the caudal ventrolateral medulla (VLM), the dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), the ventral reticular nucleus (VRt), the nucleus of the solitary tract (Sol) and the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM). Acute articular inflammation induced early and late increases in c-fos expression at the spinal level and late increases supraspinally whereas the effects of monoarthritis were more moderate and restricted to the spinal cord. When monoarthritic animals were subjected to gentle touch or bending of the joint, early increases in c-fos expression were detected supraspinally, but not at the spinal level. In this region, noxious mechanical stimulation induced late increases in non-inflamed animals and both early and late increases in monoarthritic rats. Supraspinally, noxious stimulation induced only late increases in c-fos expression. The present results show complex differences in the patterns of c-fos expression between the spinal cord and medullary areas of the pain control system during articular inflammation, which indicate that the somatosensory system is differentially affected by the installation of chronic pain.     

脊髓水平环氧合酶-1在术后疼痛大鼠痛觉超敏中的作用(英文)

为研究脊髓水平环氧合酶(COX)-1在术后疼痛形成和维持中的作用,运用免疫组化和免疫蛋白印记法观察切口痛模型大鼠腰段脊髓中COX-1蛋白在术前和术后2h,4h,6h,12h、1d、2d,3d、5d和7d的表达。通过测定机械刺激引起的缩足反射阈值(PWT)分别在术前、术后2h、1d、2d、3d、5d和7d观察术后痛觉超敏情况,并通过术后即刻或术后2h,24h鞘内给予非选择性COX抑制剂(ketorolac)、选择性COX-1抑制剂(SC-560)和选择性COX-2抑制剂(NS-398)观察其镇痛作用。结果表明:术后COX-1免疫反应阳性细胞主要集中在脊髓背角浅层,COX-1蛋白表达增加,4h达高峰,并且持续增加至12h。术后鞘内给予SC-560和ketorolac均能明显减轻皮肤切开诱发的机械性痛觉超敏,然而NS-398却无任何镇痛作用。本研究表明脊髓COX-1参与术后痛觉超敏的形成和维持的过程,鞘内给予COX-1抑制剂具有抗切口痛大鼠痛觉超敏的作用。     

Up-regulation of substance P and NMDA receptor mRNA in dorsal horn and preganglionic sympathetic neurons during adjuvant-induced noxious stimulation in rats.

Substance P (SP) and glutamate-containing terminals are found in the dorsal horn and preganglionic sympathetic neurons (PSNs) in the intermedio-lateral nucleus of the spinal cord. SP receptor (SPR) and N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) were also recognized in portions of the dorsal horn and PSNs. Primary sensory nerve fibers containing SP and glutamate terminated around PSNs, or partly on PSNs directly as well as on dorsal horn neurons (DHNs). The present study was performed to investigate the changes in SPR and NMDAR mRNA expressions during nociception in rats. Upon the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the front paw, edema and hyperalgesia occurred immediately, with the difference in latency score between injected and non-injected paws continuing to day 10. The up-regulation of SPR and NMDAR mRNAs in DHNs and PSNs was recognized using in situ hybridization and northern blot techniques. CFA injection increased SPR mRNA expression in PSNs at days 1 and 4, and NMDAR mRNA expression at days 1, 4 and 7. At day 14, the mRNA expression of both receptors decreased to the control level. These changes in the amount of receptor mRNAs in DHNs and PSNs may cause hyperalgesia and sympathetically mediated pain.     

大鼠外周神经损伤后脊髓背角HMGB1表达上调参与机械性痛觉超敏

目的:研究HMGB1(high mobility group box-1)在神经病理性痛大鼠脊髓水平的表达变化,探索HMGB1在神经病理性痛发生发展中的作用,为治疗神经病理性痛提供新的理论依据和治疗靶点。方法:(1)雄性SD大鼠(180～220)g 12只,随机均分为三组:NS组:鞘内注射生理盐水;A组:鞘内注射HMGB1 1μg;B组:鞘内注射HMGB1 10μg。盲法用von Frey测定给药前及给药后1 h、1、3、7、14、21、28 d大鼠50%机械缩足阈值(me-chanical withdrawal threshold,MWT);(2)雄性SD大鼠(180～220)g 5只,免疫荧光双标观察HMGB1在脊髓背角的表达定位;(3)雄性SD大鼠(180～220)g 42只,随机均分为对照组(6只),SNL模型组(每时间点6只),West-ern Blot方法观察大鼠脊髓背角HMGB1对照及术后1、3、7、14、21、28 d的表达变化。结果:(1)大鼠脊髓鞘内注射HMGB1后诱发长时程机械性痛敏,A组在鞘内给药后7 d MWT明显下降(P<0.01),B组给药后1 h MWT即显著下降,且持续存在至少28 d;(2)免疫荧光双标显示:HMGB1主要表达于NeuN标记的神经元,而GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞以及OX42阳性的小胶质细胞几乎不表达HMGB1;(3)Western Blot结果显示,脊髓背角HMGB1在SNL模型术后缓慢增高,7 d时增高最为显著,且持续至少28 d。结论:以上结果表明,外周神经损伤后脊髓水平HMGB1的表达上调可能在神经病理性痛的产生和维持中起着重要作用。