影像学分析髂腰韧带与L_5/S_1椎间盘突出及L_5滑脱的力学强度关系

背景:国外与国内研究报道的髂腰韧带形态学特点有很大争议,有关国人髂腰韧带解剖学结构和生物力学特性的报道并不多见,尚未见全面详尽的统计资料。目的:探讨国人L5/S1椎间盘突出及L5滑脱与髂腰韧带的关系。方法:纳入2013年苏州大学附属第一医院正常体检者28例、L5/S1椎间盘突出患者26例及L5滑脱患者26例,正常组男9例、女19例;单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组男14例、女12例;单纯L5滑脱组男7例、女19例;其中峡部崩裂性滑脱13例、退变性滑脱13例;Ⅰ度滑脱24例、Ⅱ度滑脱2例。在腰椎正位片上测量并计算出各病例L5横突的相对宽度(RT值),并进行对比分析。结果与结论:正常组、单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组、单纯L5滑脱组年龄、性别差异无显著性意义。正常组RT值大于单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组、单纯L5滑脱组(P均=0.000);单纯L5/S1椎间盘突出组大于单纯L5滑脱组(P=0.000)。男性、女性患者RT值差异无显著性意义;患者左侧、右侧RT值差异无显著性意义;在L5滑脱的病例中,退变性滑脱患者RT值小于峡部裂性滑脱患者(P=0.004)。提示正常人髂腰韧带强度高于L5/S1椎间盘突出及L5滑脱患者,L5/S1椎间盘突出患者高于L5滑脱患者;峡部裂性滑脱患者髂腰韧带强度高于退变性滑脱患者。髂腰韧带力学强度可能与L5/S1椎间盘突出及L5滑脱病变有关。     

222例腰骶移行椎影像学形态特点及其临床意义

目的：探讨腰骶移行椎的影像学形态特点,为腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎滑脱症的诊治提供参考。方法：对临床及影像资料完整的腰骶移行椎222例,根据横突形态特点,按Castellvi法进行分类,并对病变节段进行分析。结果：Ⅰ型79例,占35．6％,其中L4～5突出8例,L5～S1突出15例,L4峡部裂、滑脱3例;Ⅱ型51例,占23％,其中L4～5,突出20例,L3～4突出4例,L4峡部裂、滑脱12例;Ⅲ型80例,占36％,其中L4～5,突出38例,L4峡部裂12例,L3～4突出3例;Ⅳ型9例,占4．1％,其中L4～5突出4例;特殊类型3例,占1．3％,均为L4～5突出。结论：Ⅰ型移行椎L4-5,L5～S1均可能发生腰椎间盘突出症,与正常腰椎无明显区别,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型只发生L4～5和L3～4节段腰椎间盘突出,而不发生L5～S1椎间盘突出,即移行椎以上的节段可发生病变。本组中没有L5部裂及滑脱病例,均为L4峡部裂和L4～5以上节段滑脱,据此提出了腰骶移行椎的特殊类型,即单纯椎间融合型。     

腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态学特点及临床意义

目的　研究腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎的形态特点,为腰骶移行椎合并腰椎滑脱、不稳症时椎弓根螺钉内固定术提供依据。 方法　对59例腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎标本的矢状径、横径,峡部的高度、厚度;椎弓根的纵径、横径;椎板的高度、厚度;脊椎指数及退变情况等进行观测。 结果　腰骶移行椎上一节段椎体前后径(34.1±2.7)mm,横径(47.5±4.6)mm;峡部高度(12.9±1.6)mm;峡部厚度(9.0±1.2)mm;椎弓根纵径 (10.6±2.4)mm,椎弓根横径 (14.0±2.4)mm;椎板高度(18.2±2.6) mm,椎板厚度 (5.7±1.2)mm。脊椎指数：1：4.35; 81.4%（48例）发生椎体增生,未发现峡部裂。 结论　腰骶移行椎上一节段腰椎椎体各径线及椎弓根横径较正常L4椎体大,可选择直径稍大的椎弓根螺钉;峡部厚度较正常L4增加;峡部不存在发育薄弱和局部缺损。     

腰椎椎弓峡部裂及其所致椎体滑脱的CT表现

椎弓峡部裂是临床上发生率较高的一种脊椎疾病。椎弓峡部裂及其所致椎体滑脱则是引起腰腿痛的常见病因之一。CT检查不仅可以明确椎弓峡部裂的存在 ,而且可以更全面、详细地提供椎管内及其周围软组织的资料。现将我院近 12年来遇到的椎弓峡部裂患者 36例的 CT表现分析如下。1　材料与方法病例 36例 ,其中男 2 1例 ,女 15例 ,平均年龄 36岁 ,36例患者中行完整椎体扫描者 19例 ,扫腰 3- 4,腰 4- 5 ,腰5骶 1椎间隙再加扫腰 4,腰 5椎弓峡部者 17例。扫描层厚 ,层距常规 5 mm ,部分薄层及重叠扫描。2　结果腰 5椎弓峡部裂 30例 ,腰 4椎弓峡部裂 …     

髂腰韧带CT三维显示及其在腰椎节段定位中的作用

目的:研究髂腰韧带能否在CT上显示以及髂腰韧带在腰椎节段定位中的作用。方法:128例腰椎患者进行了CT容积扫描检查,采用横断、矢状、冠状多平面重建图像分析髂腰韧带的结构特点。128例患者中有11例为移行椎患者,均经X线片证实。结果:117例腰骶正常节段的患者髂腰韧带均起自L5横突。83%的髂腰韧带前、后束之间间隔脂肪组织,前、后束可分辨,横断位上前束较扁,向外侧走行止于髂棘后1/3内侧缘,后束较短而厚,向外后侧走行止于髂后上棘内侧骨面,冠状位上髂腰韧带前、后束均呈类三角形改变,尖端指向髂棘,底边与L5横突相连,矢状位上髂腰韧带前束呈薄条带状或小点状,后束呈宽厚条带状或结节状。17%的髂腰韧带前、后束之间缺乏脂肪组织,前、后束不能分辨,横断位上韧带呈宽厚条带状或扇形向外后方行走,止于髂棘,冠状位上韧带呈类三角形改变,矢状位上韧带呈结节状或不规则条带状改变。以髂腰韧带作为L5椎体水平的定位标记,11例移行椎均准确定位。结论:CT三维多平面重建可准确显示髂腰韧带的形态和走行特点。髂腰韧带起自L5横突,根据这一特点能对腰椎节段进行准确的定位,特别是在合并有腰骶部移行椎的患者。     

腰椎椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型的建立与验证

目的建立腰椎椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型,通过生物力学实验进行有效性验证。方法利用临床1例腰椎椎弓峡部裂病例影像学资料,采用Simpleware建模软件分别模拟下腰椎骨性结构、椎间盘组织,并在Ansys软件附加腰椎相关韧带和关节囊,建立L5双侧椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型,并通过体外力学实验结果验证模型有效性。结果重建模型构建了椎体皮质骨、松质骨、腰椎关节突关节、椎弓根、椎板、横突、棘突等骨性结构,还构建了纤维环、髓核、上下终板组织,并成功附加了前纵、后纵韧带、黄韧带、棘上、棘间韧带以及关节突的关节囊。模型共计有281261个节点和661150个单元。腰椎椎弓峡部裂重建成功。通过与体外生物力学在不同工况下L4下关节突、L5上、下关节突、S1上关节突应力/应变趋势以及L4下关节突内外侧力学应力/应变趋势比较,验证了模型的有效性。结论建立了下腰椎椎弓峡部裂的三维有限元模型,此模型可以用来进一步实施有关峡部裂治疗的力学研究。     

腰椎弓崩裂的病因及治疗

椎弓崩裂系指椎弓峡部不连。据文献统计约占腰腿痛病人的5％左右,可并发脊柱滑脱及椎间盘突出、椎管狭窄以致不全瘫;其基本病变在峡部,即神经弓的最窄处,一侧或两侧不愈合。将脊柱骨分为前后两部。前者包括椎体、椎弓根、横突及上关节突;后者包括椎板、下关节突及棘突。脊柱滑脱因椎弓峡部裂所引起者,称为真性滑脱,反之称为假性滑脱。Kilian于1854年首先提出脊柱滑脱之名称;Rober于1855年首先提出神经弓的缺陷是该症的基本病变,以后此诊断即被公认。     

滑脱前期腰椎峡部裂屈伸运动中旋转稳定性分析

目的：分析双侧滑脱前期腰椎峡部裂患者腰椎静态和屈伸运动中动态矢状位旋转稳定性。方法分析55例双侧滑脱前期腰椎峡部裂患者的腰椎X片,测量静态侧位片和过伸、过屈动力侧位片上发生峡部裂的L4/5或L5/S1节段的椎间盘角,并计算过伸和过屈侧位椎间盘角之差,和相应数量的正常体检者的对应指标随机对照,进行统计学分析。结果双侧滑脱前期腰椎峡部裂患者和正常体检者腰椎静态侧位和过伸侧位片上对应节段的椎间盘角比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;过屈侧位椎间盘角及过伸过屈动力侧位椎间盘角之差,和正常体检者比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论双侧滑脱前期腰椎峡部裂在屈伸运动中存在着矢状位上的旋转不稳,需尽早进行外科干预。     

椎弓根固定加360°融合治疗腰椎滑脱的疗效观察

目的：探讨后路腰椎管减压、短节段椎弓根固定系统复位固定和360°融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法：对25例腰椎滑脱患者进行腰椎管减压、短节段椎弓根固定系统复位固定和360°融合术治疗。其中Ⅰ度滑脱5例，Ⅱ度滑脱17例，Ⅲ度滑脱3例。L3滑脱3例，L4滑脱16例，L5滑脱6例。峡部裂性滑脱21例，退变性滑脱4例。结果：全部病例均获随访，随访时间6～18月，平均11月。25例术后症状均消失，X片显示完全复位11例，部分复位10例，未复位4例。1例术后出现健侧神经症状，经保守治疗1周后消失；2例出现脑脊液漏，对症处理后愈合。植骨均愈合，无内固定松动、Cage下沉及移位。根据Steffe方法评定临床结果，优13例、良8例，优良率84％。结论：后路腰椎管减压、短节段椎弓根固定系统复位固定和360°融合治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效满意。     

峡部裂对上位脊椎力学稳定性影响

目的通过测量腰椎峡部裂模型上位脊椎间盘压力,研究峡部裂上位脊椎稳定性。方法实验材料为9具成人新鲜腰椎标本,造成实验模型,通过MTS-858生物力学测试机对正常组及峡部裂组标本进行中心垂直、前屈、后伸及侧屈压力加载,对不同状态椎间盘进行压力测试,分析比较峡部裂组及正常组上位椎间盘压力。结果峡部裂组上位脊椎(L4/5)间盘压力在中心垂直正压状态下(600、800、1000N加载)与正常组椎间盘压力均值比较,P0.05,无显著性差异,分别增加了1.3%,1.5%,1.7%。前屈15°状态下(300、500、700N加载)与正常组椎间盘压力均值比较,P均0.001,有显著性差异,分别增加了20.97%,24.45%,28.79%。后伸15°状态下(300、500、700N加载))与正常组椎间盘压力均值比较,P0.001,有显著性差异,分别增加了14.15%,17.86%,24.92%。侧屈15°状态下(300、500、700N加载)与正常组压力比较,P0.05,无显著性差异,分别增加了3.54%,2.12%,1.14%。结论腰椎峡部裂不仅对同序脊椎具有重要力学影响,而且对上位脊椎同样具有重要力学影响,从而可以影响同序及上位脊椎的稳定性。     

The role of the iliolumbar ligament in low back pain

Low back pain is caused by a variety of etiologies. Some clinicians have postulated that much low back pain is due to trauma to the iliolumbar ligament. The iliolumbar ligament is one of the three pelvic-lumbar ligaments and develops during the 12th week of gestation. The iliolumbar ligament appears to be a major stabilizing component between the vertebral spine and the pelvis. The innervation of the iliolumbar ligament appears similar to the posterior lumbar ligaments. Our hypothesis is: micro-trauma to the iliolumbar ligament is the primary cause of many cases of chronic low back pain because (1) it is the weakest component of the multifidus triangle; (2) there is increased susceptibility to injury due to its angulated attachment; (3) it is a primary inhibitor of excess sacral flexion; (4) it is a highly innervated nociceptive tissue; and (5) it plays an increased role with progressive disc degeneration.     

腰椎滑脱及椎弓峡部裂的X线平片与CT诊断探讨

目的探讨腰椎滑脱和椎弓峡部裂中X线平片与CT各自的诊断作用。方法首先,随机选取220例检查腰椎滑脱与椎弓根峡部裂的患者,均分成A、B两组。然后,A组行X线平片检查,B组行CT检查。最后,比较分析两种诊断方式对于腰椎滑脱及椎弓峡部裂的检出率。结果腰椎滑脱的检出率A组为95.4%,B组为85.6%;椎弓峡部裂的检出率A组为87.9%,B组为96.6%。结论 CT检查椎弓峡部裂的检出率比X线平片的检出率高,X线平片对腰椎滑脱的检出率比CT的检出率高。     

腰椎峡部裂发生的相关因素分析

目的　分析腰椎峡部裂发生的危险因素,为腰椎峡部裂的预防和治疗提供参考依据。 方法　选取88例滑脱前期L5双侧峡部裂患者为研究对象,分析其体重指数、运动强度、腰椎发育情况及脊柱-骨盆结构相关参数;以88例体检正常者为对照组,进行统计学分析。 结果　研究组与对照组比较,相对代谢率、关节突关节椎弓根角、骨盆入射角、腰椎前凸角、峡部宽度、腰椎骶化、腰骶椎隐裂及家族史有统计学差异（P<0.05）;以滑脱前期腰椎峡部裂为因变量的二分类logistic回归分析表明,相对代谢率、关节突关节椎弓根角、骨盆入射角及峡部宽度是腰椎峡部裂发生的危险因素。 结论　腰椎峡部裂的发生和多种因素相关,全面认识其危险因素,有助于降低其发生率,并预防进一步发展为滑脱。     

Significance of interfacet distance, facet joint orientation, and lumbar lordosis in spondylolysis

The aim of this study is to reveal the association between lumbar spondylolysis and several radiologic parameters, which had been suggested to be significant. The authors examine interfacet distance (IFD), facet joint orientation (FJO), and lumbar segmental lordosis (LSL) all together on the basis of lumbar computed tomography (CT) scan of 35 patients with L5 spondylolysis and 36 unaffected control groups. Thirty-five Korean military recruits, aged 19-23 (mean 20.9 years), were diagnosed as L5 spondylolysis by lumber CT scans. As a control group, 36 male Korean military recruits, aged 18-25 (mean 21.3 years), were reconfirmed as not affected by lumbar spondylolysis by CT scan when they visited our hospital complaining of back pain. This study compares IFD, FJO, and LSL for each lumbar segment between the spondylolytic and unaffected groups. We also propose the use of normal mean data of IFD, FJO, and LSL of lumbar vertebrae from 36 Korean young military recruits because each measurement has power as an absolute value, like data from an osteologic collection in other studies. Comparison of IFD between spondylolytic and unaffected individuals reveals significant differences at the L3, L4, and L5 level (P = 0.0384, P = 0.0219, and P < 0.0001, respectively). In the group of spondylolysis, the increase of IFD from L4 to S1 was less pronounced (P < 0.0001) and the LSL at L5-S1 was more lordotic (P = 0.0203). Interfacet distance and lumbar lordosis were significantly different between patients with L5 spondylolysis and individuals without pars defect on L5. In the spondylolysis group, and the increase of IFD from L4 to S1 was less pronounced and the LSL at L5-S1 was more lordotic.     

Identification and prediction of transitional vertebrae on imaging studies: anatomical significance of paraspinal structures

The aim of our study was to examine the locational distribution of paraspinal structures on MRI and to determine any predictable parameters that may be used for the identification of transitional vertebra (TV). We enrolled 534 patients who underwent MRI of their lumbosacral spine. The locations of the paraspinal structures, such as aortic bifurcation (AB), IVC confluence (IC), right renal artery (RRA), celiac trunk (CT), SMA root (SR), and iliolumbar ligament (ILL), were determined using "cross link" in PACS. We also assessed the morphology of the TV. The MRI showed that the most common site of the paraspinal structures in the normal group was AB at the lower L4, IC at the L4-5 disc space, RRA at the L1-2 disc space, CT at the T12-L1 disc space, SR at the upper L1, and ILL at the L5. The frequency of TV was 23.8% (lumbarization, 9.9%; sacralization, 13.9%). The paraspinal structures of the S1 lumbarization were positioned more toward the caudal location, whereas the paraspinal structures of the L5 sacralization were positioned more toward the cephalic location (P < 0.01). In conclusion, AB, IC, RRA, CT, SR, and ILL are useful landmarks for predicting the presence of TV on MRI. TV is possible when these paraspinal structures are in positions outside of the frequent locations.     

新型多孔面螺钉研究及在腰椎峡部裂内固定的远期效果

目的　探讨新型多孔面螺钉在单个腰椎峡部裂内固定的临床远期效果。 方法　在新型多孔面螺钉理论研究的基础上,总结20年来新型多孔面螺钉内固定治疗腰椎峡部断裂患者237例,117例患者得到随访,平均随访(8.2±7.8)年。所有病例均为椎体的双侧峡部裂,其中L3 17例,L4 31例,L5 69例,无滑脱100例,伴Ⅰ°滑脱20例,Ⅱ°滑脱7例。所有病例采用神经根管减压,峡部硬化骨、疤痕组织切除术+神经粘连松解+峡部植骨+多孔面螺钉内固定术。 结果　本组117例随访时,112例症状完全消失,恢复术前工作,腰部活动不受限。Oswestry功能障碍指数由术前28.37±3.99减少至随访时5.33±2.70,术前与随访时差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。JOA评分由术前19.00±2.78增加至随访时28.08±1.04,术前与随访时差异有统计学意义（P<0.01)。117患者的治疗改善率90.34%。峡部愈合率达99%,腰椎滑脱纠正率达80%。随访病例未出现螺钉松动及断裂现象,未发生邻近节段退变等并发症。 结论　多孔面螺钉通过直接固定峡部断裂,重建脊柱单个运动单元的完整性,有效避免了松动、断钉以及邻近节段病的发生,可长期置留体内。     

腰椎峡部裂发生的相关因素分析

目的　分析腰椎峡部裂发生的危险因素,为腰椎峡部裂的预防和治疗提供参考依据。 方法　选取88例滑脱前期L5双侧峡部裂患者为研究对象,分析其体重指数、运动强度、腰椎发育情况及脊柱-骨盆结构相关参数;以88例体检正常者为对照组,进行统计学分析。 结果　研究组与对照组比较,相对代谢率、关节突关节椎弓根角、骨盆入射角、腰椎前凸角、峡部宽度、腰椎骶化、腰骶椎隐裂及家族史有统计学差异（P<0.05）;以滑脱前期腰椎峡部裂为因变量的二分类logistic回归分析表明,相对代谢率、关节突关节椎弓根角、骨盆入射角及峡部宽度是腰椎峡部裂发生的危险因素。 结论　腰椎峡部裂的发生和多种因素相关,全面认识其危险因素,有助于降低其发生率,并预防进一步发展为滑脱。     

Finite element analysis of the spondylolysis in lumbar spine

Spondylolysis is a fracture of the bone lamina in the pars interarticularis and has a high risk of developing spondylolisthesis, as well as traction on the spinal cord and nerve root, leading to spinal disorders or low back pain when the lumbar spine is subjected to high external forces. Previous studies mostly investigated the mechanical changes of the endplate in spondylolysis. However, little attention has been focused on the entire structural changes that occur in spondylolysis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical changes in posterior ligaments, disc, endplate, and pars interarticularis between the intact lumbar spine and spondylolysis. A total of three finite element models, namely the intact L2-L4 lumbar spine, lumbar spine with unilateral pars defect and with bilateral pars defect were established using a software ANSYS 6.0. A loading of 10 N.m in flexion, extension, left torsion, right torsion, left lateral bending, and right lateral bending respectively were imposed on the superior surface of the L2 body. The bottom of the L4 vertebral body was completely constrained. The finite element models estimated that the lumbar spine with a unilateral pars defect was able to maintain spinal stability as the intact lumbar spine, but the contralateral pars experienced greater stress. For the lumbar spine with a bilateral pars defect, the rotation angle, the vertebral body displacement, the disc stress, and the endplate stress, was increased more when compared to the intact lumbar spine under extension or torsion.