成人依恋对大学生焦虑水平的影响:客观社会支持的调节作用

目的:探讨不同成人依恋类型大学生焦虑水平的差异及客观社会支持的调节作用。方法:通过整群随机抽样,选取363名大学生为被试,采用亲密关系经历量表、社会支持评定量表和焦虑自评量表进行调查。结果:1成人依恋类型的主效应显著(F=9.32,P0.001,η2=0.07);2客观社会支持的主效应不显著(F=2.21,P=0.11,η2=0.01);3成人依恋类型和客观社会支持的交互作用显著(F=3.39,P0.01,η~2=0.06);4客观社会支持对依恋恐惧个体的简单效应显著(F=4.45,P0.05),且高低客观社会支持个体的焦虑水平有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:客观社会支持对依恋恐惧个体的调节效应显著,支持和验证了社会支持的缓冲器模型,对于不同成人依恋类型个体焦虑障碍的矫治具有一定临床价值。     

大学生依恋回避与习得性无助感:多重中介效应

目的:探究大学生依恋回避、领悟社会支持、心理弹性与习得性无助感之间的关系。方法:使用亲密关系经历量表、领悟社会支持量表、心理弹性量表、习得性无助感量表对495名在校本科生与研究生进行问卷调查。结果:①相关分析显示,依恋回避与习得性无助感呈显著正相关(r=0.262,P0.01),与领悟社会支持、心理弹性均呈现显著负相关(r=-0.312,-0.234;P0.01);领悟社会支持、心理弹性与习得性无助感呈显著负相关(r=-0.221,-0.230;P0.01);领悟社会支持与心理弹性之间呈现显著正相关(r=0.589,P0.01);②结构方程模型表明,依恋回避不仅可以直接影响大学生的习得性无助感,还可以通过领悟社会支持和心理弹性的中介作用间接影响习得性无助感,其中中介效应占总效应的23.41%。结论:大学生习得性无助感会受到依恋回避的直接影响,也会受到领悟社会支持、心理弹性链式中介的间接影响。     

宠物与儿童社会情绪的关系

目的:研究宠物对儿童社会情绪的影响。方法:用自编问卷对197名养宠物犬的儿童及其家长和205名不养宠物的儿童及其家长进行调查。结果:养宠物犬的儿童与不养宠物的儿童在社会情绪三个指标上的差异有统计学显著性:相比不养宠物的儿童,养宠物犬的儿童孤独感更少((?)~2=39.15,P<0.001),其报告单独在家感到孤独的占12.0%,不感到孤独的占80.2%,而不养宠物的儿童分别为38.7%、52.2%;养宠物犬的儿童分享倾向更强((?)~2=8.20,P=0.017),其报告非常愿意和他人分享的占82.2%,只和喜欢的人分享的占14.7%,不愿意分享的占3.1%,而不养宠物的儿童分别为72.8%、25.7%、1.5%;养宠物犬的儿童更愿意照顾幼小儿童((?)~2=25.88,P<0.001),其报告非常愿意照顾他人的占40.1%,愿意的占49.7%.不愿意的占10.2%,而不养宠物的儿童分别为23.7%、47.4%、28.9%。此外,儿童与宠物亲密程度的诸多指标与分享倾向及照顾幼小儿童倾向正相关(r=0.17～0.35,P<0.05或P<0.01或P<0.001),与孤单感倾向负相关(r=-0.20～-0.23,P均<0.01)。结论:宠物与儿童社会情绪的发展之间存在某种联系,值得重视,应进行更深入的研究。     

生活事件对负性情绪的影响:社会支持的调节效应与应对方式的中介效应

目的:考察社会支持与应对方式在生活事件与负性情绪间的中介、调节作用。方法:采用大学生生活事件量表、社会支持评定量表、应对方式量表、特质焦虑和抑郁简式量表对943名大学生进行调查。结果:社会支持的主观支持调节效应显著。积极应对方式的中介效应显著。与积极性质的应对方式的缓冲作用相比,消极性质的应对方式所起的负作用更明显些。退避与合理化能够在一定程度上减轻因生活事件所引发的负性情绪。结论:应对方式多个维度在生活事件与负性情绪间具有中介作用。仅主观社会支持的调节效应显著。     

研究生感知到的被接纳度及其影响因素探讨

目的:探讨感知到的被接纳度是否受到依恋关系、一般信任感、世界公正观的影响,并探讨其中可能存在的性别差异.方法:以286名研究生为被试,以被人容纳量表、世界公正量表、一般信任量表以及依恋关系经历量表进行问卷调查.结果:男生感知到的被接纳度(3.52±0.45)显著低于女生感知到的被接纳度(3.68±0.68,t(273)=-2.85,P=0.005).而影响男生和女生的被接纳感的变量也有所不同,在男生中,母亲的受教育水平(β=0.22,P=0.006),世界公正观(β=0.21,P<0.01;),一般信任感(β=0.28,P<0.001;),回避依恋(β=-0.19,P=0.004)和焦虑依恋(β=-0.43,P<0.001)都有一定的预测作用;在女生中,只有父亲的受教育水平(β=0.16,P=0.04),世界公正观(β=0.47,P<0.001)和焦虑依恋(β=0.29,P<0.001)有显著的预测作用.结论:被接纳度的预测模型具有一定的性别差异;依恋类型和世界公正观能影响研究生的被接纳感,而一般信任感只影响男生的被接纳感.     

社会支持在情侣依恋与生活满意度关系中的中介作用

目的:考察香港大学生情侣依恋和生活满意度的关系,及社会支持对情侣依恋与生活满意度的中介效应。方法:采用方便取样,选取香港某大学生153名。用亲密关系经历量表、生活满意度量表(SWLS)和社会支持量表(SSQ)测查。结果:女生SSQ得分高于男生,而亲密关系经历量表的依恋回避维度得分低于男生。依恋回避、依恋焦虑得分均与SSQ、SWLS得分呈负相关(r=-0.69,-0.22,-0.24,-0.29;P<0.05),SSQ得分与SWLS得分呈正相关(r=0.28;P<0.05)。社会支持对情侣依恋和生活满意度有部分中介效应(△R2=0.15,P<0.01)。结论:大学生的情侣依恋与其生活满意度直接相关,并通过所获得的社会支持间接与生活满意度相关。     

支持利用度与考试压力及教师绩效的关系

目的探讨中学教师社会支持利用度、考试压力和工作绩效的关系。方法采用教师工作压力量表、社会支持评定量表和教师工作绩效量表对491名教师进行调查。结果 1支持利用度、考试压力与工作绩效呈显著正相关;2考试压力对工作绩效的总效应为β=0.54,P0.01;间接效应为β=0.08,P0.01;直接效应为β=0.62,P0.01。结论中介效应检验表明,支持利用度是考试压力影响工作绩效的部分中介。     

地震遇难者家属的个体韧性及与社会支持、心理健康的关系

目的:探讨地震灾区遇难者家属的个体韧性及其与社会支持、生活满意度、抑郁、躯体化的关系.方法:5.12地震8个月后,用个体访谈的方法了解灾区民众的家人遇难情况,由此获取166名遇难者家属和180名家庭完好无损的灾区受试,用个体韧性量表、社会支持评定量表、生活满意度量表、症状自评量表对其进行问卷调查.同时,对133名非灾区受试进行个体韧性量表的施测.结果:(1)遇难者家属的个体韧性得分低于家庭完好无损者和非灾区受试[(2.41±0.74)vs.(2.74±0.71),(2.76±0.72);P<0.01],其社会支持、生活满意度得分低于家庭完好无损者[(7.30±2.03) vs.(7.69±2.24),(2.86±1.09) vs.(3.33±1.16);均P<0.01],而抑郁、躯体化得分高于家庭完好无损者[(2.40±0.88)vs.(1.62±0.74),(1.98±0.72) vs.(1.60±0.69);均P<0.01].(2)路径分析表明,个体韧性较高者的生活满意度也较高(β=0.23,0.21;均P<0.01),而抑郁、躯体化无明显差异(β= -0.04,-0.09;均P＞0.05);社会支持较高者的抑郁和躯体化较少(β=-0.18,-0.21;均P<0.01),生活满意度较高(β=0.23,P<0.01).结论:遇难者家属的个体韧性相对较低,且个体韧性不能与社会支持一起帮助缓解抑郁、躯体化等心理症状,这表明个体韧性在极端创伤条件下的逆境复原作用是有限的,灾区的创伤心理辅导工作尤其要重视受灾群众社会支持系统的重建.     

大学生生活事件、心理一致感和抑郁的关系

目的探索大学生生活事件、心理一致感和抑郁三者之间的关系。方法运用青少年生活事件量表(ALEQ)、心理一致感量表(SOCS)和流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)对303名大学生进行施测。结果①生活事件,心理一致感和抑郁得分的年级差异显著(F=11.83,8.39,6.63;P<0.001);心理一致感得分的性别差异也显著(t=3.39,P<0.01);②生活事件、心理一致感和抑郁两两之间均存在显著相关(P<0.001);③生活事件与心理一致感均可以显著预测大学生的抑郁水平(P<0.001);④心理一致感在生活事件和抑郁之间起着部分中介作用,中介效应的比例为12.41%。结论生活事件和心理一致感对大学生抑郁水平有预测作用,心理一致感可以缓冲生活事件所导致的抑郁情绪的不良影响。     

生活事件对大学生焦虑和抑郁的影响

目的:考察大学生生活事件、社会支持对其焦虑、抑郁的影响。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表、社会支持量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表对261名在校大学生进行测量。结果:领悟社会支持在生活事件与大学生焦虑(加入中介变量前,β=0.298,P=0.001;加入后,β=0.236,P0.01)和抑郁(加入中介变量前,β=0.277,P0.01;加入后,β=0.200,P0.01)之间起部分中介作用;社会支持调节该中介过程。结论:生活事件不但直接影响大学生焦虑和抑郁,并通过领悟社会支持间接影响大学生焦虑和抑郁,即领悟社会支持在生活事件和大学生焦虑、抑郁间起部分中介作用,社会支持调节该中介过程。     

宠物对空巢父母身心健康的影响

目的 :研究宠物对“空巢家庭”父母的影响。方法 :用“日常生活活动性量表 (ADL)”、“自行设计的测量心理健康的问题”测查了 719个“空巢家庭” ,按是否拥有宠物分为研究组 (n =161)和对照组 (n =5 5 8)。结果 :研究组与对照组的被试在性别、职业及家庭月收入上无统计学意义的差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,而在婚姻状况 ( χ2 =5 3 78)、受教育程度 ( χ2 =3 912 )上存在统计学意义上的差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;研究组比对照组更年轻 ,已婚者的比例更高 ,高中以下学历者的比例更高 ;两组被试在身体健康、心理健康上也同样存在有统计学意义的差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,研究组比对照组身心更健康。结论 :宠物对人身心健康的影响值得重视 ,应从社会支持、生活事件、宠物依恋等角度进一步研究。     

Health effects of ownership of and attachment to companion animals in an older population

Background: Two reasons for the inconclusiveness of the literature on the health effects of pet ownership are (1) failure to control for other known influences on health, and (2) inadequate consideration of the nature of the emotional relationship between owners and their companion animals.Purpose: The main aims were to develop a measure of pet attachment that reflects psychologists’ use of the attachment concept, and to see if pet ownership or attachment added to the health variance explained by known predictors.Method: Community-living older adults (n = 314) gave information by interview using structured questions and standardized scales. Multiple regressions were then conducted to examine the possible predictive role of health habits, human social supports, pet ownership, and owners’ attachment to the pet, on health and well-being.Results: The pet attachment measure showed good internal reliability. After controlling for other variables, neither pet ownership nor pet attachment added significantly to explained variance in health and well-being.Conclusions: The health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.     

Early, current and past pet ownership: associations with sensitization, bronchial responsiveness and allergic symptoms in school children

BACKGROUND: Studies have suggested that early contact with pets may prevent the development of allergy and asthma. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between early, current and past pet ownership and sensitization, bronchial responsiveness and allergic symptoms in school children. METHODS: A population of almost 3000 primary school children was investigated using protocols of the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Allergic symptoms were measured using the parent-completed ISAAC questionnaire. Sensitization to common allergens was measured using skin prick tests (SPT)s and/or serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E determinations. Bronchial responsiveness was tested using a hypertonic saline challenge. Pet ownership was investigated by questionnaire. Current, past and early exposure to pets was documented separately for cats, dogs, rodents and birds. The data on current, past and early pet exposure were then related to allergic symptoms, sensitization and bronchial responsiveness. RESULTS: Among children currently exposed to pets, there was significantly less sensitization to cat (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69) and dog (OR = 0.63) allergens, indoor allergens in general (OR = 0.64), and outdoor allergens (OR = 0.60) compared to children who never had pets in the home. There was also less hayfever (OR = 0.66) and rhinitis (OR = 0.76). In contrast, wheeze, asthma and bronchial responsiveness were not associated with current pet ownership. Odds ratios associated with past pet ownership were generally above unity, and significant for asthma in the adjusted analysis (OR = 1.85), suggesting selective avoidance in families with sensitized and/or symptomatic children. Pet ownership in the first two years of life only showed an inverse association with sensitization to pollen: OR = 0.71 for having had furry or feathery pets in general in the first two years of life, and OR = 0.73 for having had cats and/or dogs in the first two years of life, compared to not having had pets in the first two years of life. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the inverse association between current pet ownership and sensitization and hayfever symptoms was partly due to the removal of pets in families with sensitized and/or symptomatic children. Pet ownership in the first two years of life only seemed to offer some protection against sensitization to pollen.     

银行职员的工作倦怠与身心健康、工作满意度的探讨

目的:探讨银行职员的工作倦怠与身心健康、工作满意度的关系.方法:采用Maslach 倦怠量表和职业压力指标问卷中的身体健康、心理健康和工作满意度分量表对135名银行职员进行了调查.结果:(1)情绪疲惫(耗竭)与身体健康(r=0.607,P＜.001)、心理健康(r=0.599,P＜.001)呈显著正相关,与工作满意度(r=-0.267,P＜.01)呈显著负相关;消极怠慢与身体健康(r=0.188,P＜.05)、心理健康(r=0.412 ,P＜.001)呈显著正相关,与工作满意度(r=-0.541,P＜.001)呈显著负相关;职业效能与心理健康(r=-0.198,P＜.05)呈显著负相关,与工作满意度(r=0.242,P＜.01)呈显著正相关,而职业效能与身体健康之间相关不显著(r=-0.002,P＞.05).(2)逐步回归分析的结果表明,员工身体健康与情绪疲惫有关,心理健康与情绪疲惫、消极怠工有关.结论:工作倦怠影响员工的身心健康和工作满意度.     

Influence of dog ownership and high endotoxin on wheezing and atopy during infancy

BACKGROUND: Increased exposure to microbial products early in life may protect from development of atopic disorders in childhood. Few studies have examined the relationship of endotoxin exposure and pet ownership on atopy and wheezing during infancy. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate relationships among high endotoxin exposure, pet ownership, atopy, and wheezing in high-risk infants. METHODS: Infants (n = 532; mean age, 12.5 +/- 0.8 months) with at least 1 parent with confirmed atopy were recruited. A complete medical history and skin prick testing to foods and aeroallergens were performed at age 1 year. House dust samples were analyzed for endotoxin. RESULTS: Prevalences of wheezing were not independently associated with dog or cat ownership or endotoxin levels. Percutaneous reactivity to at least 1 allergen was observed in 28.6% of infants. Univariate analyses showed significant associations of any wheezing, recurrent wheezing, and recurrent wheezing with an event with daycare attendance, number of siblings, respiratory infections, maternal smoking, and history of parental asthma. Logistic regression adjusting for the latter variables showed that recurrent wheezing (odds ratio, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9) as well as 2 other wheeze outcomes were significantly reduced in homes with high endotoxin exposure in the presence of 2 or more dogs. CONCLUSION: Pet ownership or endotoxin did not independently modify aeroallergen sensitization or wheezing during infancy. However, high endotoxin exposure in the presence of multiple dogs was associated with reduced wheezing in infants. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: A home environment with many dogs and high levels of endotoxin may be conducive to reduced wheezing in infancy.     

Meta-analysis of determinants for pet ownership in 12 European birth cohorts on asthma and allergies: a GA2LEN initiative

Background: Studies on pet ownership as a risk or protective factor for asthma and allergy show inconsistent results. This may be on account of insufficient adjustment of confounding factors. Aim: The objective of this study was to describe determinants of cat and dog ownership in European families with and without allergies. Methods: Within the EU‐funded network of excellence GA²LEN, we performed meta‐analyses with data from 12 ongoing European birth cohort studies on asthma and allergy. Each of the birth cohort studies enrolled between 485 and 4089 children. Pet ownership, allergic status (asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema) of parents and siblings, parental education, access to ground floor, and number of people living at home were assessed by questionnaires. Results: Among the 25 056 families from seven European countries cats (14.9%) were more common than dogs (12.0%). Allergic family history significantly reduced the odds to own a cat (adjusted combined random‐effect OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.85–0.99), or dog (0.90; 0.86–0.94). A higher parental educational level had even more pronounced effects on cat (0.84; 0.71–0.98), and dog ownership (0.61; 0.54–0.70). Elder siblings reduced the odds to own cats, but not dogs. Convenient ground access significantly increased the odds, whereas crowding at home was not associated with cat or dog ownership. Conclusions: The chances to own a cat or dog were significantly reduced in allergic families, in parents with a higher educational level, and in homes without convenient ground access. In addition to parental allergies, social and housing factors should be considered as potential confounders in studies on pet exposure and allergic diseases.     

儿童对宠物的依恋与社会性发展的关系

目的:研究儿童对宠物的依恋与社会性发展的关系。方法:选取北京市11所普通小学3～5年级的147名养宠物儿童为对象。采用宠物依恋量表、自我描述问卷、儿童社会生活适应量表的亲社会性和居家能力两个分量表,以及儿童孤独量表进行测量。结果:儿童对宠物的依恋与自我概念、亲社会性和日常生活能力正相关(r=0.47、0.42、0.34,Ps0.001),与孤独感负相关(r=-0.28,P0.01)。在控制了儿童的学业状况,人际关系,以及家庭社会经济地位等无关因素的影响后,高宠物依恋组儿童的自我概念、亲社会性及日常生活能力水平仍高于低依恋组[(163.81±17.81)vs.(138.36±27.71),(46.19±4.25)vs.(40.64±6.93),(39.05±4.17)vs.(33.77±6.51);Ps0.001],孤独感水平仍低于低依恋组[(28.53±11.08)vs.(34.79±10.96);P0.01]。结论:儿童与宠物的亲疏程度和情感联结的紧密性与儿童社会性发展的诸方面存在明显联系,但其中的影响机制和因果关系还有待进一步研究。     

Airborne cat allergen reduction in classrooms that use special school clothing or ban pet ownership

BACKGROUND: Allergens from furred animals are brought to school mainly via clothing of pet owners. Asthmatic children allergic to cat have more symptoms when attending a class with many cat owners, and some schools allocate specific resources to allergen avoidance measures. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of school clothing or pet owner-free classes compared with control classes on airborne cat allergen levels and to investigate attitudes and allergic symptoms among the children. METHODS: Allergen measurements were performed prospectively in 2 classes with school clothing, 1 class of children who were not pet owners, and 3 control classes during a 6-week period in 2 consecutive years. Portable pumps and petri dishes were used for collection of airborne cat allergen, and a roller was used for sampling on children's clothes. Cat allergen (Fel d 1) was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunoassay and immunostaining. Both years, questionnaires were administered to the children. RESULTS: We found 4-fold to 6-fold lower airborne cat allergen levels in intervention classes compared with control classes. Levels of cat allergen were 3-fold higher on clothing of cat owners than of children without cats in control classes. Pet ownership ban seemed less accepted than school clothing as an intervention measure. CONCLUSION: For the first time, it has been shown that levels of airborne cat allergen can be reduced by allergen avoidance measures at school by using school clothing or pet ownership ban, and that both measures are equally efficient. The clinical effect of these interventions remains to be evaluated.     

Asthma and sensitization in a community with low indoor allergen levels and low pet-keeping frequency

BACKGROUND: Little is known about causes of asthma and sensitization in desert countries. OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors associated with asthma and sensitization in Kuwait. METHODS: One hundred sixty children (9-16 years) with physician-diagnosed asthma were recruited and matched (age, sex) with 303 healthy controls. Risk factors were assessed by questionnaires, determination of sensitization status (skin tests and IgE), and home allergen exposure (mite, cat, dog, cockroach; ELISA). RESULTS: Home allergen levels and frequency of pet ownership were very low (cat, 4.1%; dog, 1.5%). The risk of cat sensitization increased significantly among cat owners (odds ratio [OR], 3.53; 95% CI, 1.33-9.41; P = .01), and in children with reported contact with cats during the first year of life (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.17-5.80; P = .019). In the multivariate analysis, maternal atopy (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.13-2.75; P = .01) and cat ownership (OR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.19-9.25; P = .02) remained significant associates of cat sensitization. Current dog ownership significantly increased the risk of sensitization to dog (OR, 6.05; 95% CI, 1.33-27.54; P = .02). In the multivariate analysis, dog ownership remained the only significant associate of dog sensitization (OR, 6.02; 95% CI, 1.30-27.96; P = .02). Sensitization to Alternaria was the strongest independent associate of the asthma group. Family history of asthma, history of whooping cough, current cat ownership, and breast-feeding <2 months were other significant and independent risk factors for asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Pet ownership markedly increased the risk of sensitization to pets. Despite low allergen exposure, the pattern of childhood asthma in Kuwait follows that described in Western communities (strong association with sensitization).     

高考学生感恩与自测健康的关系

目的:研究高考学生感恩与自测健康之间的关系。方法:采用感恩问卷(GQ-6)和自测健康评定量表(SRHMS V1.0)对207名高考学生进行调查,分析感恩与高考学生自测生理、心理、社会健康和健康总分的关系。结果:1除自测社会健康外,高考学生的自测生理、心理健康和健康量表总分均低于一般人群;2将高考学生感恩成绩分为高感恩组、中间组和低感恩组,且不同感恩组在自测生理健康(F=5.865,P0.01)、自测心理健康(F=7.105,P0.01)、自测社会健康(F=14.232,P0.01)和健康总分(F=13.027,P0.01)上差异均极其显著;3除在自测生理健康方面中间组与低感恩组无差异外,高感恩组在健康各维度上的得分高,中间组居中,低感恩组得分最低;4高考学生的感恩与自测生理健康(r=0.182,P0.01)、自测心理健康(r=0.270,P0.01)、自测社会健康(r=0.351,P0.01)和健康总分(r=0.333,P0.01)均为极其显著正相关;并且感恩能够显著预测自测生理健康(β=0.188,P0.05)、自测心理健康(β=0.274,P0.01)、自测社会健康(β=0.352,P0.01)和健康总分(β=0.338,P0.01)。结论:高考学生总体的自测健康状况不容乐观,应该积极关注高考学生的健康状况;感恩是影响高考学生自测健康的重要因素,应该进一步加强高考学生的感恩教育。