内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

带血管蒂趾短伸肌瓣的应用解剖

通过动脉灌注，对１４２侧成人下肢标本（新鲜５０侧，已固定９２侧）趾短伸肌的血液供应进行了研究。趾短伸肌的血供主要来自跗外侧动、静脉，其次来自腓动脉穿支的降支和外踝前动脉的吻合干──外侧动脉弓，此外来自足背动脉网的吻合支。带血管蒂趾短伸肌瓣血管丰富，活动度大，可移位修复外踝、踝部和小腿软组织缺损。     

小腿前外侧筋膜皮瓣的显微外科解剖学

在30例成人下肢标本上,观察了小腿前外侧筋膜皮瓣的血供。该部皮瓣血供来自腓浅动脉。该动脉在外踝尖上平均25.7±0.55cm处发自胫前动脉,与同名静脉、神经伴行,穿前外侧肌间隔浅出,沿小腿前外侧面下降,沿途向两侧发许多细小皮支,分别与小腿前,后皮动脉吻合,在深筋膜表面形成丰富的血管网。本文讨论了小腿前外侧筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖学要点。     

隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为隐神经营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本30侧,解剖观测大隐静脉隐神经营养血管及其吻合关系。结果:小腿内侧下1/3段有胫后动脉肌间隙支2～3支,外径(1.1±0.3)mm;骨皮穿支1～2支,外径(1.0±0.3)mm;内踝前动脉踝前内侧穿支外径(0.6～0.8)mm;胫前动脉踝上穿支外径(0.8±0.3)mm。上述穿支吻合构成前、中、后3条纵向的血管丛以及骨膜、深筋膜和神经浅静脉3个层面的血管丛。结论:小腿内侧下1/3段有明显的多源性供血,皮肤、筋膜、骨膜、大隐静脉和隐神经等的营养血管同源,可以设计以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂的小腿内侧隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣。     

远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管肌皮瓣的血供研究

目的　研究腓肠神经营养血管链与肌皮瓣血供之间的关系。 方法　17例新鲜成人小腿标本,16例灌注红色乳胶,1例灌注明胶氧化铅。解剖观测小腿后区各层中血管的解剖特点,重点观察腓肠神经营养血管链与肌皮动脉穿支之间的交通吻合。 结果　（1）外踝尖上10 cm内,后外侧肌间隔内腓动脉发出0~3支穿支,外踝后间隙内腓动脉终末支及其延续的跟外侧动脉,共发出2~3条皮肤穿支;（2）腓肠神经营养血管链在深筋膜下与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮动脉穿支间有2~7个吻合支,在深筋膜上与两侧的腓肠肌肌皮动脉穿支间各有2~3个吻合支。在腓肠肌的腱腹交界近侧2~4 cm内,与1~3支肌皮动脉穿支血管恒定交通吻合。 结论　（1）腓肠神经营养血管轴与腓肠肌内、外侧头肌皮动脉穿支之间有恒定的交通吻合,是远端蒂腓肠神营养血管肌皮瓣血供的基础;（2）在没有较粗的血管穿支的个体可将蒂部相邻的两个穿支包含在蒂内。     

小腿和足外侧部有关皮瓣的解剖学依据

讨论了小腿外侧部和足外侧部皮瓣名称与血管蒂的关系:小腿外侧皮瓣以腓血管及其肌皮动脉穿支为蒂:小腿前外侧皮瓣以腓浅神经伴行血管为蒂,属肌间隔血管类型;外踝上皮瓣以腓动脉穿支的升支为蒂:足外侧皮瓣的血管蒂有四,其中以跟外侧动脉和腓动脉穿支的降支为主要供血来源.     

远端蒂皮瓣的血液循环特征及临床意义

目的：以血液循环规律指导远端蒂皮瓣的临床应用。方法：通过对新鲜肢体标本（前臂１４，小腿２）的血管灌注和显微解剖及３６例远端蒂皮瓣的术中观察，从动静脉的血管构筑和血流动力学方面探讨其血液循环特征。结果：远端蒂皮瓣依血供方式的不同可分为４种：①体被组织血管网（丛）；②肌间隙筋膜皮肤穿血管的上升支；③直接皮肤血管的回返支和远侧有弓状吻合的知名血管。远端蒂皮瓣不等同于非生理性的逆行皮瓣。许多远端蒂皮瓣中无论动脉还是静脉系统均不存在逆向血流，其血液循环方式更符合生理性。远端蒂皮瓣的静脉血均需经深浅静脉干交通支和／或穿静脉引流至深静脉系统才能回流。结论：静脉回流充分与否是远端蒂皮瓣成活的关键。蒂部的浅静脉干能将远侧的静脉血导入皮瓣，加重由浅入深的回流负荷，对皮瓣成活有害无益。     

链型皮瓣的血管基础及临床意义

目的：探讨链型血供皮瓣类型的血管基础与临床意义。方法：从皮瓣的血管解剖和临床应用方面总结作者的研究和文献资料。结果：营养肢体被组织的穿支血管在浅出过程中，于深筋膜表面和皮神经、浅静脉周围，形成环环相扣的纵向链式吻合血管丛。临床将皮瓣的长轴与血管丛的轴向保持一致，成活的长宽比例可达5：1。结论：链型血供是随意型血供和轴型血供的中间过渡形式，对带皮神经浅静脉筋膜皮瓣的临床应用有指导意义。     

腕部血管网的解剖基础及其与前臂远端蒂皮瓣的关系

目的：研究腕部筋膜皮肤血管网对前臂远端蒂组织瓣的供血作用。方法：解剖14例血管灌注的新鲜标本，观察腕部血管网的构成及其与前臂筋膜皮肤血管网的联系。结果：腕部血管网有众多的血供来源，相互间形成错综复杂的各方吻合。腕部筋膜皮肤血管网以横向吻合为明显，并与前臂桡侧、尺侧和背侧的纵向筋膜皮肤血管网，在腕部桡侧、尺侧和背侧相交汇，分别位于桡骨茎突、尺骨茎突和腕背伸肌支持周围。结论：腕部血管网与前臂纵向血管网吻合丰富，以腕部宽约3cm的筋膜皮下组织为蒂，可在前臂设计切取长宽比例达5：1的远端蒂逆行组织瓣。     

股前外侧逆行岛状皮瓣供血动脉层次关系及其临床意义

目的：为股前外侧带感觉神经逆行岛皮瓣的设计提供动脉层次关系的解剖学基础。方法：在54例下肢标本上解剖观察了旋股外侧动脉降支末端与膝周围动脉吻合的层次主股外侧皮神经的血供来源。结果：（1）在浅筋膜层内，股外侧皮神经的血供来源是多源性，分节段的，这些营养血管互相吻合成网过皮下组织达皮肤。（2）旋股外侧动脉降支末端在膝关节上方的深筋膜层与膝周围动脉的吻合有三个类型。结论：以股外侧皮神经及其营养或旋股外侧动脉降支为蒂截取股前外侧带感觉神经逆行岛状皮瓣可用于膝周软组织缺损或膝下截肢创面的修复。     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitude of the synaptic reactions of the snail under voltage clamping conditions

The influence of the level of the transmembrane potential on the dynamics of the extinction of the amplitudes of summary excitatory postsynaptic currents arising in identified giant parietal neurons in response to rhythmic stimulation of the intestinal nerve was investigated in a preparation of the isolated CNS of the common snail in order to identify the possibility of the participation of the postsynaptic element in synaptic plasticity. It was demonstrated that, at a greater value of the transmembrane potential, the decrease in the amplitudes of the postsynaptic currents which have been induced by rhythmic stimulation takes place more rapidly. It was also demonstrated that at a higher frequency of stimulation of the nerve, the effect of the influence of the membrane potential level on the dynamics of the synaptic reactions is more prominent. The data obtained may be regarded as an argument in favor of the possibility of the participation of the post-synapse in plasticity. This study was partially supported by the Russian Basic Research Fund (project No. 94-04-12209). Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 171–179, January–February, 1995.     

Effect of the conditions of adaptation of the optic analyzer to the function of the thermoreceptors of the human skin

Summary A discussion is presented of the effect produced by light stimulation applied to the optic analyzer alone on the function of the temperature analyzer. The cutaneous-temperature analyzer was kept on constant illumination and temperature. The light effects from the retinal photoreceptors on the cutaneous thermoceptor system led to reflex changes of the functional rate of the latter. Conditions of the optic analyzer of light adaptation caused reflex adjustment of cold receptors as to heating. Dark adaptation of the eyes changed the functional state of the cold receptors, corresponding to their adjustment to low temperatures.(Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 3–6, March, 1964