单核巨噬细胞介导急性肾损伤发病的研究进展

急性肾损伤 (Acute Kidney Injury,AKI) 和慢性肾脏病 (Chronic Kidney Disease,CKD) 是最常见的肾损伤形式,已成为新的“公共健康问题”。高效识别肾脏高危易损者是目前临床精准监测、精准防治的迫切需要。肾损伤后的信号分子,特别是肾小管上皮细胞损伤后表达的小分子蛋白,能释放至尿液中,尿中水平与肾损伤程度密切相关,是新的肾损伤指标。本文围绕主要的尿液肾损伤生物标志物,介绍它们从基础发现到临床验证,再到临床应用的全过程,最后初步探讨尿液肾损伤标志物研究的未来方向。     

鹿茸水提物减轻顺铂所致的小鼠肾损伤

目的:探讨梅花鹿二杠茸和三岔茸水提物对顺铂(CDDP)所致小鼠肾损伤的影响。方法:采用灌胃给药方式,用顺铂(15 mg/kg)诱导小鼠肾损伤模型,测定小鼠肾脏指数(KI)、血清肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肾脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,并对肾脏组织进行HE染色,观察肾脏病理学变化,研究梅花鹿二杠茸和三岔茸的水提物各剂量对小鼠肾损伤的影响。结果:与顺铂组相比,各剂量鹿茸水提物可显著降低CDDP诱导肾损伤小鼠SCr、BUN水平及肾脏MDA含量,提高SOD和GSH-Px的活性(P0.05);明显改善肾组织病理学形态,减轻CDDP对肾小管上皮细胞的损伤程度,且同等浓度下,与三岔茸相比,二杠茸水提物能更好地改善肾功能及减轻病理损伤。结论:鹿茸水提物减轻顺铂引起的小鼠肾损伤,其作用机制可能与鹿茸水提物增强小鼠肾脏组织的抗氧化能力有关。     

黄藤素注射液Beagle犬静脉给药毒性观察

目的：采用Beagle犬一次静脉滴注黄藤素注射液．观察其对试验动物所产生的急性毒性反应和死亡情况．为黄藤素注射液临床用药途径提供参考。方法：用近似致死剂量法(ALD)，选择3只健康6月龄Beagle犬，根据黄藤素注射液小鼠静脉注射给药急性毒性试验结果．按50％剂量递增．计算出剂量递增序列，在剂量序列范围内间隔一个剂最给一只动物。1号动物25．0mg/kg体重．2号动物50．0mg/kg体重．3号动物100．0mg/kg体重，     

莪术油明胶微球栓塞犬肝动脉的病理改变

目的观察莪术油明胶微球栓塞Beagle犬肝动脉后的病理改变,为临床实验提供依据.方法 Beagle犬随机分为生理盐水组(10ml/kg)、空白微球组(15mg/kg)、莪术油微球低剂量组(7.5mg/kg)和莪术油微球高剂量组(15mg/kg),每4周经肝动脉给药1次,连续给药3次,停药后观察4周.观察肝病理组织学改变.结果明胶微球肝动脉栓塞可致肝组织不可逆性损伤,高剂量组广泛全小叶坏死,低剂量组灶性坏死,空白微球组改变类似高剂量组,生理盐水组未见肝组织损伤.结论莪术油微球重复经Beagle犬肝动脉给药,可因肝动脉栓塞造成肝脏不可逆性缺血坏死.     

过表达P21减轻顺铂诱导的HK-2细胞损伤

目的:探讨P21在顺铂诱导的肾小管上皮细胞损伤中的作用。方法:实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-q PCR)及Western blot法检测顺铂诱导的肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2细胞)中P21的表达水平。在HK-2细胞中过表达P21后,采用CCK-8法和流式细胞术检测细胞活力及细胞凋亡;Western blot检测急性肾损伤标志物肾损伤因子1(KIM-1)、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NGAL)的表达及细胞凋亡效应蛋白caspase-3的表达;此外,还同时检测葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)的蛋白水平及蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(PERK)、真核翻译起始因子2α(e IF2α)的磷酸化水平以反映细胞内质网应激相关信号通路的活性。结果:在肾小管上皮细胞中,顺铂可剂量及时间依赖性上调P21的mRNA及蛋白表达。过表达P21可逆转顺铂诱导的HK-2细胞凋亡,并使KIM-1、NGAL、GRP78、p-PERK、p-e IF2α、CHOP和cleaved caspase-3的蛋白水平明显减少。结论:过表达P21可减轻顺铂诱导的肾小管上皮细胞急性损伤,其机制可能与调控HK-2细胞内质网应激信号通路,抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

LIGHT/TNFSF14减轻顺铂诱导的小鼠急性肾损伤及机制

目的研究与单纯疱疹病毒糖蛋白D竞争结合疱疹病毒侵入介体的淋巴毒素类似物(LIGHT)即肿瘤坏死因子超家族蛋白14(TNFSF14)在顺铂诱导的急性肾损伤(Cis-AKI)中的作用并初步探讨其机制。方法选取雄性野生型(WT)和LIGHT敲除(LIGHT~(-/-))C57BL/6小鼠,分为WT小鼠生理盐水组、 WT小鼠顺铂组、 LIGHT~(-/-)小鼠生理盐水组和LIGHT~(-/-)小鼠顺铂组。其中顺铂组予以单次腹腔注射顺铂(20 mg/kg,200μL),生理盐水组以等体积生理盐水替代。72 h后,处死小鼠,眼球取血,同时收集肾脏组织。全自动生化分析仪检测血尿素氮(BUN)及血清肌酐(Scr)水平; HE染色检测肾组织病理学改变,实时定量PCR检测小鼠肾组织中LIGHT、肾损伤分子1(KIM-1)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的mRNA水平;免疫组织化学染色法检测肾组织中LIGHT的表达; Western blot法检测肾组织LIGHT、Bcl2、 BAX、细胞色素C的蛋白水平。结果与生理盐水处理的WT小鼠相比,顺铂处理WT小鼠肾组织LIGHT表达明显升高。与顺铂处理的WT小鼠相比, LIGHT ~(-/-)小鼠顺铂诱导的肾损伤更为严重BUN、 Scr升高和肾脏组织损伤更严重;且肾组织IL-6、 MCP-1和TNF-α的mRNA以及BAX、细胞色素C的蛋白水平增加, Bcl2蛋白水平降低。结论 LIGHT在Cis-AKI中具有保护作用,可能与降低炎症因子分泌及减少细胞凋亡有关。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对顺铂导致肾毒性的保护作用及作用机制分析

目的:通过动物实验分析探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸对于顺铂诱导的肾毒性和肾损伤的保护功能及其机制,为临床药理研究提供参考。方法:选取60只BALB/c小鼠,雌雄各半,喂养7 d后腹腔注射20 mg/kg的顺铂,持续注射3 d诱导并建立急性肾损伤小鼠模型(AKI),后随机分为6组,A组给予5 mg/kg顺铂,B组给予250μg/(100 g·d)的N-乙酰半胱氨酸,C组给予5 mg/kg顺铂+250μg/(100 g·d)的N-乙酰半胱氨酸;D组给予500μg/(100 g·d)的N-乙酰半胱氨酸;E组给予5 mg/kg顺铂+500μg/(100 g·d)的N-乙酰半胱氨酸,F组注射生理盐水做对照,连续治疗7 d后,抽取小鼠眼球血,测定生化指标、炎症因子水平;做肾脏病理切片图评价肾损伤水平,并加以比较。结果:在给药前,6组小鼠的血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、肾损伤评分(RIS)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);给药后,6组上述指标差异有统计学意义(P0.05):①血清Scr、BUN、TNF-α和肾损伤评分RIS:A组F组C组E组B组D组,与治疗前相比,A组显著增加(P0.05);B组、D组、E组显著降低(P0.05),C组、F组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);②血清GSH:A组F组C组E组B组D组,与治疗前相比,A组显著降低(P0.05);B组、D组、E组显著增加(P0.05),C组、F组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:N-乙酰半胱氨酸可减轻因顺铂导致的小鼠肾毒性和肾损伤程度,对肾脏具有保护作用,且动物实验的疗效与N-乙酰半胱氨酸的剂量有高度相关性,其机制则与N-乙酰半胱氨酸具有抑制炎症反应和肾组织细胞凋亡、抗氧化应激等药理作用有关。     

莪术油明胶微球栓塞犬肝动脉的病理改变

目的 观察莪术油明胶微球栓塞Beagle犬肝动脉后的病理改变,为临床实验提供依据。方法 Beagle犬随机分为生理盐水组(10ml/kg)、空白微球组(15mg／kg)、莪术油微球低剂量组(7．5mg／kg)和莪术油微球高剂量组(15mg／kg),每4周经肝动脉给药1次,连续给药3次,停药后观察4周。观察肝病理组织学改变。结果 明胶微球肝动脉栓塞可致肝组织不可逆性损伤,高剂量组广泛全小叶坏死,低剂量组灶性坏死,空白微球组改变类似高剂量组,生理盐水组未见肝组织损伤。结论 莪术油微球重复经Beagle犬肝动脉给药,可因肝动脉栓塞造成肝脏不可逆性缺血坏死。     

黄芪甲苷孵育脂肪源性干细胞对顺铂诱导肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的影响

背景：干细胞移植用于治疗急性肾损伤的有效性已经被多个研究证实,但其对肾小管上皮细胞损伤的修复机制尚不明确。 目的：观察黄芪甲苷孵育后的脂肪源性干细胞对顺铂诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡的保护作用及机制。 方法：实验分为4组。2.5 μmol/L顺铂诱导肾小管上皮细胞 24 h,建立肾小管细胞损伤模型(顺铂损伤组);将脂肪源性干细胞与损伤肾小管上皮细胞共培养(脂肪源性干细胞+损伤肾小管上皮细胞组);利用Transwell小室将20 mg/L黄芪甲苷孵育脂肪源性干细胞48 h后与损伤肾小管上皮细胞共培养(黄芪甲苷孵育脂肪源性干细胞+损伤肾小管上皮细胞组);以正常肾小管上皮细胞做对照(正常对照组)。 结果与结论：与肾小管上皮细胞损伤组相比,AV/PI和TUNEL结果均显示脂肪源性干细胞+肾小管上皮细胞组和20 mg/L 黄芪甲苷脂肪源性干细胞+肾小管上皮细胞组肾小管上皮细胞发生凋亡的比例和数量明显减少;ELISA结果表明20 mg/L黄芪甲苷脂肪源性干细胞+肾小管上皮细胞组胰岛素样生长因子1分泌显著提高(P < 0.05);Western blot进一步显示20 mg/L 黄芪甲苷脂肪源性干细胞+肾小管上皮细胞组caspase-3蛋白水平明显下降,而Bcl-2的表达量明显增加(P < 0.05)。表明黄芪甲苷孵育的人脂肪源性干细胞对顺铂诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡具有抑制作用,从而有利于肾小管损伤的早期恢复,其保护机制可能与增加胰岛素样生长因子1分泌,抑制caspase-3表达、上调Bcl-2水平有关。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

低氧诱导因子1α基因修饰脂肪干细胞修复小鼠急性肾损伤

背景：干细胞移植为肾损伤的治疗提供了一个新的途径,治疗基因转染干细胞可增强对疾病的治疗效果。 目的：探讨低氧诱导因子1α基因修饰的脂肪源性干细胞移植对急性肾损伤小鼠肾脏结构和功能的影响。 方法：连续2 d向BALB/C裸鼠腹腔注射10 mg/kg顺铂诱导急性肾损伤小鼠模型。造模24 h后经小鼠尾静脉注射含1×10⁵个脂肪源性干细胞或转染低氧诱导因子1α的脂肪源性干细胞的细胞悬液,3 d后留取小鼠血液及肾组织标本进行实验。以注射200 μL生理盐水的急性肾损伤小鼠作为模型对照,以正常小鼠作为正常对照。 结果与结论：脂肪源性干细胞干预后急性肾损伤小鼠血清肌酐、尿素氮水平降低,肾组织病理改变及肾小管上皮细胞的凋亡病变减轻,肾组织炎症因子RANTES、肿瘤坏死因子α表达降低,白细胞介素10表达升高;其中低氧诱导因子1α基因修饰的脂肪源性干细胞对肾组织细胞凋亡及炎症因子表达作用更明显。免疫荧光染色可见移植的脂肪源性干细胞的存活,但未见其向肾小管上皮细胞转化。结果表明脂肪源性干细胞移植可改善急性肾损伤小鼠的肾脏结构和功能,经低氧诱导因子1α基因修饰后的脂肪源性干细胞作用更显著。     

Clinical, microbiological and pathological observations in laboratory beagle dogs infected with leptospires of the serogroup Sejroe.

In beagle dogs infections with two different serovars of serogroup Sejroe are described. Saxkoebing titres of 27 beagle dogs were controlled for 7 to 9 months. Dogs serologically positive for saxkoebing showed no clinical symptoms. From the urine, an isolation of the microorganisms was possible. At necropsy, there was no evidence of any changes related to the proven infection. Histopathologically, in animals with persistent titres a mild interstitial nephritis was found. No changes were observed in the liver. Another three beagle dogs died after about two days of acute clinical illness with febrile temperature, exsiccosis and hematuria. Histopathologically, incipient inflammation was seen in the liver and kidneys. Besides, hepatic cholestasis, renal hemoglobin casts and degeneration of renal tubular epithelia were observed. In concurrent animals, an infection with another serovar of serogroup Sejroe was proven serologically. This serovar was also isolated. Transmission and spreading of leptospirosis within animals shelters or laboratories from clinically healthy carriers and its prevention as well as the protection of animal caretakers are discussed. Since leptospires are sensitive to physical and chemical methods of disinfection, this is easily feasible. However, the optimal prevention appears to be a stock- or population-specific vaccination.     

Intermediate-term toxicity of repeated orally administered doses of the anti-malarial β-artemether in dogs

The artemisinin derivative beta-artemether, an anti-malarial, was evaluated for its toxicity and tolerability in a 2-week, multiple-dose study in dogs. Eight beagle dogs (4 females, 4 males) were given beta-artemether by oral gavage 3 times daily at 45 mg/kg/dosing (a total daily dose-level of 135 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. This beta-artemether dose regime was well tolerated. Body weight changes were normal although feed consumption during the treatment period reduced compared to that of the pre-trial period. Clinical signs were transient spells of soft to liquid feces. On completion of the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and submitted to a full macroscopic post-mortem examination. Designated organs were weighed and a complete light microscopic examination was performed on 43 selected tissues from 1 animal per sex, and on the liver, kidneys, thymus, mandibular lymph nodes and lungs of the three other animals per sex. Major findings were high liver weight and histopathologic findings of slight diffuse hepatocellular hypertrophy and distal tubular dilatation, together with flattened epithelium, in the kidneys. With the dose regime used in this trial beta-artemether produced no clinical or apparent histopathological signs of neurotoxicity in dogs.     

Tissue kim-1 and urinary clusterin as early indicators of Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in rats

The kidney is one of the main targets of drug toxicity, and early detection of renal damage is critical in preclinical drug development. A model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats treated for 1, 3, 5, 7, or 14 days at 1 mg/kg/day was used to monitor the spatial and temporal expression of various indicators of kidney toxicity during the progression of acute kidney injury (AKI). As early as 1 day after cisplatin treatment, positive kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1) immunostaining, observed in the outer medulla of the kidney, and changes in urinary clusterin indicated the onset of proximal tubular injury in the absence of functional effects. After 3 days of treatment, Kim-1 protein levels in urine increased more than 20-fold concomitant with a positive clusterin immunostaining and an increase in urinary osteopontin. Tubular basophilia was also noted, while serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels were elevated only after 5 days, together with tubular degeneration. In conclusion, tissue Kim-1 and urinary clusterin were the most sensitive biomarkers for detection of cisplatin-induced kidney damage. Thereafter, urinary Kim-1 and osteopontin, as well as clusterin immunostaining accurately correlated with the histopathological findings. When AKI is suspected in preclinical rat studies, Kim-1, clusterin, and osteopontin should be part of urinalysis and/or IHC can be performed.     

Tissue injury and repair in the rat kidney after exposure to cisplatin or carboplatin

Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) has emerged as an anticancer drug of considerable value for the chemotherapy of several human neoplasms. However, this agent often causes renal toxicity, which appears to be the dose-limiting untoward effect. The present animal study was undertaken to compare, with regard to kidney injury and renal tissue repair, cisplatin and carboplatin (cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum II), a platinum derivative more recently introduced in clinics. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (four animals per group) were treated ip with cisplatin (4 or 8 mg/kg, delivered in four consecutive daily injections) or carboplatin (40 mg/kg given in one injection) and terminated 4, 7, and 21 days after drug administration. One hour prior to sacrifice, each animal received ip 200 microCi of [3H]thymidine for the measurement of DNA synthesis and cell proliferation (frequency of S-phase cells in renal tissue, determined by histoautoradiography). Cisplatin, particularly at 8 mg/kg, caused severe tubular injury (acute tubular necrosis) culminating in a long-lasting cystic tubular dilatation in the outer stripe of outer medulla. Tubular damage was followed by a sharp proliferative response, indicative of tubular regeneration. However, the proliferative activity was still above basal level at the end of the observation period, suggesting that the tissue repair process had not reached completeness 3 weeks after cisplatin administration. In contrast, carboplatin only induced focal tubular necrosis in proximal tubules. Distal and collecting tubules also showed ultrastructural evidence of hydropic degeneration after exposure to the latter drug. Renal tubular injury associated with carboplatin was followed by a mild proliferative response. From this study, we can infer that carboplatin is less nephrotoxic than cisplatin, but still causes histopathological alterations in renal tissue. Furthermore, the lesser nephrotoxicity of carboplatin has a primary origin and is not due to a more efficient tissue repair reaction.     

On the safety of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).

The objective of the study was to determine both the toxicity of the stabilized orally absorbable form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) (ENADA) and the maximum tolerated intravenous dose (MTD) of betaNADH (the reduced form of NADH) in beagle dogs. The administration of the stabilized orally absorbable form of NADH to beagle dogs at dose levels of 20, 100, and 150 mg/kg for 14 days elicited no signs of a toxicological effect. A transitory change in stool formation was observed with the intermediate and high dose in males. There were also apparent increases in adrenal, heart, kidney, liver, brain, and thyroid weights, particularly in males, but none of these changes were considered to be toxicologically significant. In addition, four dogs (two of each sex) received intravenous infusions of 100 mg NADH/kg/day for 4 days, followed by 200 mg NADH/kg/day for 3 days, followed by 500 mg NADH/kg/day for 4 days, and 1000 mg NADH/kg/day on the final day. At the end of the MTD phase, the control animals that had received saline solution in the MTD phase were used to evaluate the potential toxicity of the established MTD. These animals received 500 mg NADH/kg/day for 14 days (fixed dose phase). There were no deaths. At dose levels between 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day, effects on the cardiovascular system and also some evidence of an effect on the central nervous system and on the adrenals were observed. At doses of 500 mg/kg/day and above, food consumption and body weight were reduced. On the basis of the observed changes, the maximum intravenous dose of NADH tolerated by beagle dogs was considered to be 500 mg/kg/day. There were no gross histological findings indicative of toxicity in the organs of tissues examined. Based on these findings, the stabilized orally absorbable form of NADH (ENADA) can be regarded as safe.     

Changes produced by analgesics in the sensitivity of the kidneys to antidiuretic hormone

The effect of intravenous injection of pituitrin P (0.1 ml/kg) on the kidneys was studied in dogs receiving analgesics (acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg/kg; sodium salicylate 200 mg/kg; phenacetin 80 mg/kg) for 6 months. Under the influence of these analgesics the response of the kidneys to injection of pituitrin was altered. The inhibition of diuresis was less marked and excretion of osmotically free water was greater in the experimental dogs than in the controls. These changes indicate a decrease in the sensitivity of the tubular epithelium to the antidiuretic hormone under the influence of the analgesics.     

Biomarkers of collecting duct injury in Han-Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats treated with N-phenylanthranilic Acid

N-phenylanthranilic acid is a chloride channel blocker that causes renal papillary necrosis in rats. Studies were conducted in two strains of male rats to evaluate novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity. Han-Wistar rats were given daily oral doses of 50, 350, or up to 700 mg/kg/day of NPAA, and Sprague-Dawley rats were given 50 or 400 mg/kg/day of NPAA. Rats were euthanized on days 8 and 15. The candidate kidney injury biomarkers renal papillary antigen-1 (RPA-1, for collecting duct injury), clusterin (for general kidney injury), α-glutathione-S-transferase (a proximal tubular marker), and μ-glutathione-S-transferase (a distal tubular marker) were measured in urine by enzyme immunoassay. Characteristic degeneration and necrosis of the collecting duct and renal papilla were observed in Han-Wistar rats at the high dose on day 8 and at the mid and high doses on day 15, and in Sprague-Dawley rats given the high dose on days 8 and 15. Increases in urinary RPA-1, and to a lesser extent urine clusterin, were generally associated with the presence of collecting duct injury and were more sensitive than BUN and serum creatinine. On the other hand, decreases in α-glutathione-S-transferase without proximal tubule lesions in both strains and decreases in μ-glutathione-S-transferase in Sprague-Dawley rats only were not associated with morphological proximal or distal tubule abnormalities, so both were of less utility. It was concluded that RPA-1 is a new biomarker with utility in the detection of collecting duct injury in papillary necrosis in male rats.     

Lower nephron toxicity of a highly purified cytotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rats

Unanesthetized rats were treated with 1 mg/kg of a cytotoxin (formerly called leucocidin) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa either by a single intravenous injection or by infusion for 50 hr. Immunohistological and histopathological studies were performed after various time periods. Following the single dose the toxin could be detected in the distal tubules of the kidney as well as in the vascular endothelium. After infusion of an equivalent dose, toxin appeared only in the kidneys. Upon postmortem examination the kidneys were pale, moist, swollen, and covered with white spots. By light and electron microscopy necrosis was first seen in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, the distal convoluted, and the connecting tubules. Later the proximal tubules also became necrotic, perhaps because of renal ischemia. Additionally, after the single dose of the toxin, the animals became oliguric and excreted less K⁺, protein, and some marker enzymes of the proximal tubules in the urine. No cardiovascular damage or fatty degeneration of the liver was seen under these experimental conditions, although such changes have been reported in earlier studies. Impurities present in earlier preparations (e.g., proteinases) may have been responsible for those effects. In addition, toxic effects appear to be accelerated by anesthesia.     

Lipid emulsion reduces subacute toxicity of amphotericin B: a histopathological study.

In previous work acute toxic effects of amphotericin B (AB) were reduced in both in vitro and in vivo tests when AB was associated with a triglyceride-rich emulsion (AB-emulsion). The present paper compares the severity of the histopathological alterations as determined by morphometry produced in the target tissues (kidneys, liver, and lungs) by AB-emulsion with those produced by the conventional formulation AB-deoxycholate (DOC) following subacute AB treatment. No morphological alterations were seen in the spleen and heart following both AB-DOC and AB-emulsion treatment. Although the alterations in the liver, kidneys and lungs are basically the same for both formulations, the intensity of the changes varies considerably. AB-emulsion always caused statistically decreased severity of morphologic alterations, compared to AB-DOC by stereological measurements, for the three treatment regimes of AB-administration. These three treatment regimens consisted of 1 mg AB/kg of body weight every 48 hours for 20 days, 2 mg AB/kg of body weight every 48 hours for 12 days, and 2 mg AB/kg of body weight for 4 consecutive days. Thus, these regimens consisted of total doses varying from 8-12 mg/kg of body weight. Specifically, these morphological changes included proximal and distal tubular edema, inflammation and tubular cell degeneration in the kidney and a moderate inflammation of the portal region in the liver. Vacuolization of hepatocytes only occurred for AB-DOC treatment. In addition, acute interstitial inflammation was observed in the lungs prior to interstitial and alveolar edema. The intensity of the histopathological damage increase with the dose and with the reduction in the time interval between AB administrations. Abnormal serum biochemical parameters were observed for serum urea which was higher for both treated AB-groups, as compared to control, and for iron which was lower for the AB-DOC group. In conclusion, the decreased severity of the morphological alterations in the kidneys, liver, and lungs following subacute treatment with AB-emulsion, as compared to AB-DOC formulation, confirms our previous results consisting of acute toxic effects induced by in vitro and in vivo tests with AB-emulsion treatment.     

Canine model of crush syndrome established by a digital crush injury device platform

Objective: To establish a canine model of crush syndrome (CS). Methods: A total of 16 healthy adult female Beagle dogs were randomly divided into the control group (n=8) and the experimental group (n=8). The crush injury was created in the left hind leg of each dog in the experimental group. Results: The biochemical indexes in the experimental group changed significantly compared to the values before extrusion. And they were also significantly different from the values of the control group. The glomerular capillary dilation, renal tubular epithelial cell degeneration, and renal interstitial lymphocytic infiltration were found in the kidneys. Conclusion: The canine CS model established by the digital crush injury device platform was successful according with the diagnosis of CS. It is good for the investigation of the CS mechanism and treatment using this model.