转录激活因子3在化脓性链球菌M1蛋白诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠中的作用

目的探讨转录激活因子3(ATF3)在化脓性链球菌M1蛋白血清型诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠中的作用。方法 20只雌性C57/B6小鼠随机分为对照组(A组)和急性肺损伤组(B组),每组10只。20只雌性ATF3敲基因小鼠(ATF3~(-/-))随机分为对照组(C组)和急性肺损伤组(D组)。应用化脓性链球菌M1蛋白建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型,观察4组小鼠肺组织病理改变,计算肺组织湿重与干重比值,计数支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中中性粒细胞数量,实时PCR方法检测小鼠肺泡巨噬细胞CXC趋化因子(CXCL1和CXCL2)mR NA的表达,ELISA法测定小鼠肺组织中CXCL1和CXCL2的浓度。结果与A组小鼠比较,B组小鼠肺组织病理改变加重、肺组织湿重与干重比值、BALF中中性粒细胞数量、肺泡巨噬细胞中CXCL1和CXCL2 mR NA表达量、肺组织CXCL1、CXCL2浓度均增加(P0.05);与B组小鼠比较,D组小鼠肺组织病理改变加重、肺组织湿重与干重比值、BALF中中性粒细胞数量、肺泡巨噬细胞中CXCL1和CXCL2 m RNA表达量、肺组织CXCL1、CXCL2浓度均明显增加(P0.05)。结论 ATF3对化脓性链球菌M1蛋白诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠有保护作用,可能与ATF3减少CXC趋化因子的产生、减轻中性粒细胞肺内聚集有关。     

右美托咪定减轻脂多糖致大鼠急性肺损伤

目的探讨右美托咪定在减轻脂多糖(LPS)致大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)中的作用及相关机制。方法将SD大鼠随机分为:对照组、脂多糖组(LPS组,腹腔注射LPS 5 mg/kg)和右美托咪定+脂多糖组(LD组,腹腔注射右美托咪定25μg/kg+LPS 5 mg/kg)。6 h后,收集左肺支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),ELISA检测BALF中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β),白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量;取右肺组织进行HE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,并进行肺损伤评分;计算肺组织湿重/干重(W/D)的比值;Western blot检测肺组织中HGMB1、TLR4和TLR2蛋白的表达。结果与对照组相比,LPS组中肺损伤评分、W/D比值、BALF中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量明显升高(P0.05),且肺组织中HMGB1,TLR2,TLR4的表达上调(P0.05);与LPS组相比,LD组中各指标变化显著减轻(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定能够减轻LPS致大鼠急性肺损伤,可能与HGMB1和TLRs蛋白表达的抑制有关。     

藤黄酸减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

目的探讨藤黄酸(GA)对脂多糖(LPS)所致小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法采用尾静脉注射LPS(4 mg/kg)建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型。实验将小鼠随机分为对照组(control组)、模型组(model组)、藤黄酸组(GA组)和藤黄酸预处理组(GA+LPS组),6 h后测定肺湿/干重比值(W/D);检测髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白含量和白细胞计数;ELISA检测肺匀浆中白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量。结果模型组小鼠肺W/D、MPO活性、BALF中蛋白含量和白细胞数量均增加,肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α水平升高(均P0.01);藤黄酸预处理可减轻LPS引起的以上指标变化(均P0.05)。结论 GA可减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤,其机制可能与降低肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α的含量、抑制中性粒细胞在肺部的聚集和减轻肺部水肿相关。     

Wortmannin对急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达的影响

目的研究Wortmannin对急性肺损伤模型小鼠肺组织白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达的影响。方法 30只昆明小鼠随机分为正常对照组、急性肺损伤组和Wortmannin处理组。采用腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型,对照组腹腔注射同体积的生理盐水,Wortmannin处理组则于造模前2 h腹腔注射Wortmannin(1.4 mg/kg)。LPS注射后6 h处死大鼠,计算肺组织湿/干重(W/D)比值,Western blot方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测三组小鼠肺组织内IL-1βmRNA和TNF-αmRNA的表达变化。结果急性肺损伤组小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著上升,显著高于正常对照组(0.05);相比于急性肺损伤组小鼠,Wortmannin处理组小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著降低(0.05)。结论 Wortmannin能抑制急性肺损伤小鼠肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α表达。     

亚硝酸钠减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

目的:明确亚硝酸钠对急性肺损伤(ALI)的治疗作用及可能机制。方法:用脂多糖(LPS4mg/kg)气道滴入制备小鼠ALI模型。随机分为生理盐水组、LPS模型组、亚硝酸钠4.8nmol/L、48nmol/L、480nmol/L治疗组。测定肺湿/干重比值、肺通透性,常规细胞形态学检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞数量变化,苏木精曙红染色观察肺组织病理改变,用试剂盒检测肺组织白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、一氧化氮(NO)含量及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性。结果:腹腔注射4.8nmol/L、48nmol/L亚硝酸钠可明显降低LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺湿/干重比值;减少BALF中的白细胞总数及中性粒细胞的比例;降低肺毛细血管通透性;改善肺组织病理变化;降低肺组织TNF-α/IL-10比值、抑制总NOS活性及诱导型NOS(iNOS)活性的增加。480nmol/L亚硝酸钠对LPS诱导的ALI小鼠肺组织上述指标除NOS活性外,均无显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,480nmol/L亚硝酸钠显著增加了肺组织NO水平。结论:低、中剂量亚硝酸钠能够对抗LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤,低剂量亚硝酸钠还原产生的NO对iNOS活性的抑制及下调TNF-α/IL-10比值可能在ALI中起重要作用。     

右美托咪啶减轻急性肺损伤的机制研究

目的探讨右美托咪啶(Dex)对小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的影响及潜在作用机制。方法将32只C57BL/6雄性小鼠随机分为空白对照组(Sham组)、右美托咪啶组(Dex组)、脂多糖组(LPS组)和药物干预组(LPS+Dex组)。LPS组和LPS+Dex组小鼠通过腹腔注射LPS(10 mg/kg)构建小鼠ALI模型,Dex组及LPS+Dex组小鼠腹腔注射Dex(40μg/kg),Sham组和LPS组注射等剂量生理盐水。LPS注射12 h后,采用HE染色比较各组小鼠肺损伤状况;qRT-PCR检测各组小鼠肺组织中促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1 mRNA的表达;Western blot检测各组小鼠肺组织中GPX4、COX2和转录因子红系2相关因子2(Nrf2)蛋白的表达。结果与Sham组相比,LPS组小鼠肺损伤评分明显升高(P0.05),促炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1mRNA表达水平均明显升高(P0.05),肺组织铁死亡标志物GPX4蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.05),COX2蛋白表达水平则明显升高(P0.05),肺组织中Nrf2蛋白表达水平明显降低(P0.05)。与LPS组相比,LPS+Dex组小鼠肺损伤评分明显降低(P0.05),IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6和MCP-1 mRNA表达水平明显降低(P0.05),GPX4的蛋白表达水平明显升高(P0.05),COX2蛋白表达水平则明显降低(P0.05),Nrf2的蛋白表达水平也明显升高(P0.05)。结论 Dex可能通过激活Nrf2抑制小鼠肺组织铁死亡,进而发挥肺保护作用。     

丹酚酸B减轻LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

目的研究丹酚酸B(SAB)能否减轻脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤。方法将48只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组(气管滴注LPS)、SAB低/中/高剂量干预组、莱菔硫烷阳性对照组,检测肺湿/干重比(W/D)值;检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白浓度;HE染色法评价肺组织病理损伤;ELISA检测BALF中TNF-α、 IL-1β和IL-6的含量,检测肺组织MPO、SOD的活性和MDA含量;Western blot检测肺组织中Nrf2、NQO1、HO1、Keap1、NF-κB及p-NF-κB的蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组小鼠肺组织产生病理性变化,W/D值、BALF中蛋白质浓度、炎性细胞因子含量明显升高(P0.05),急性肺损伤模型建立成功。与模型组比较,SAB干预组的各指标值发生显著变化(P0.05);减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤小鼠氧化应激,且呈浓度依赖性增强,同时降低Keap1的表达(P0.01);升高Nrf2、NQO1和HO1的表达(P0.01);抑制LPS诱导的NF-κB的表达和NF-κB的磷酸化。结论 SAB可以减轻LPS诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤。     

乌司他丁下调脂多糖诱导小鼠急性肺损伤肺组织中miR-21表达

目的乌司他丁对脂多糖(LPS)诱导小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)肺组织miR-21、程序性细胞死亡因子4(PDCD4)的表达及炎性反应的影响。方法将小鼠按随机数字表分为对照组、LPS组、低和高剂量乌司他丁干预组(UTI-L group,UTI-H group),每组10只。造模后72 h,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察肺组织病理改变;吉姆萨染色计数支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中多形核白细胞(PMN)分类计数;BCA法测BALF中蛋白含量;酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法测其中白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量;髓过氧化物酶(MPO)试剂盒测MPO活性;Western blot测肺组织PDCD4蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR测肺组织miR-21和PDCD4 mRNA转录水平。结果与对照组比,LPS组表现出典型的ALI病理改变,肺部炎性反应明显,肺湿干重比(W/D)增加(P0.05);BALF中PMN百分比、IL-1β含量、TNF-α含量和MPO活性明显增高(P0.05);伴随肺miR-21水平增高(P0.05),PDCD4蛋白表达降低(P0.05)。与LPS组比,乌司他丁干预后小鼠肺部ALI病理改变减轻,肺湿干重比(W/D)降低(P0.05);BALF中PMN计数、IL-1β、TNF-α含量和MPO活性降低(P0.05);伴随肺miR-21水平降低及PDCD4蛋白表达增加(P0.05),且作用呈剂量相关性。结论乌司他丁可下调miR-21,可能在转录后水平调控PDCD4 mRNA的翻译,增加PDCD4蛋白表达,发挥对脂多糖诱导的急性肺损伤的保护作用。     

白藜芦醇减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

目的观察白藜芦醇在脂多糖(LPS)诱导的急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠中的作用,以及白藜芦醇对小鼠肺组织NOD样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)表达的影响。方法将小鼠分为对照组,ALI模型组(经气管滴注5 mg/kg的LPS建立小鼠ALI模型),白藜芦醇干预组(经腹腔注射30 mg/kg白藜芦醇,2 h后,经气管滴注5 mg/kg的LPS)。检测小鼠呼吸功能;HE染色及病理评分观察小鼠肺组织形态的变化;检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白、总细胞数及中性粒细胞数目,并观察中性粒细胞的活化; ELISA检测BALF中IL-1β和IL-18的蛋白水平;real-time PCR检测小鼠肺组织IL-1β、IL-18、nlrp3、asc及pro-caspase-1 mRNA的表达;Western blot检测肺组织IκB的蛋白表达。结果白藜芦醇可改善ALI小鼠的呼吸功能;减轻LPS诱导的肺部病理损伤;降低ALI小鼠BALF中IL-1β和IL-18的蛋白水平(P0.05);减少ALI小鼠肺组织NLRP3、ASC、pro-caspase-1的表达,增加IκB的蛋白表达(P0.05)。结论白藜芦醇可能抑制NLPR3炎性反应小体活化后产物的表达,最终可减轻LPS诱导的小鼠ALI。     

山柰酚通过下调NF-κB信号通路减轻猪源甲型H9N2流感病毒所致小鼠急性肺损伤

目的:探讨山柰酚是否通过下调转录因子NF-κB信号通路的表达而保护感染猪源甲型H9N2流感病毒引起急性肺损伤的小鼠。方法:猪源甲型H9N2流感病毒感染BALB/c小鼠建立急性肺损伤模型,山柰酚干预后检测肺湿重与干重比,观察肺组织的病理学变化,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液内炎性细胞数量以及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)含量同时检测肺组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量,Western blot检测小鼠肺内NF-κB P65的表达,ELISA检测小鼠肺组织匀浆细胞核提取物中NF-κB P65和NF-κB P50的核转位。结果:山柰酚能降低小鼠死亡率,改善肺组织的病理学变化和肺水肿程度,并能降低肺内巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和中性粒细胞等炎性细胞的数量同时降低TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β和MDA的含量,抑制MPO的活性并升高SOD的活性。另外,山柰酚可以下调NF-κB P65的表达增加细胞核提取物中NF-κB P65和NF-κB P50的核转位。结论:山柰酚通过下调NF-κB信号通路的表达从而降低猪源甲型H9N2流感病毒所致急性肺损伤小鼠的炎症程度和氧化应激损伤,最终减轻流感病毒所致的急性肺损伤。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.