3476例农村育龄妇女孕产期保健服务需求状况调查

目的:了解九江市农村育龄妇女孕产期保健服务需求的现状,探讨农村育龄妇女孕产期保健服务需求的差异,为制定进一步改善孕产期保健服务的政策、措施提供参考。方法:采用分层-整群抽样方法随机抽取九江市3476名农村育龄妇女作为调查对象进行结构式访谈问卷调查。结果:农村育龄妇女孕产期保健意识普遍存在,孕期保健和住院分娩地点主要选择县、乡两级,然而农村育龄妇女孕期保健的目的主要是为了了解孩子的发育情况;半数以上不愿意接受医生指导的孕期常规筛查项目的调查对象认为没必要筛查;尚有17.3%的农村育龄妇女在停经4个月后才进行初次产检;1.4%的农村育龄妇女选择家庭、村级卫生所为分娩地点。结论:建议给予县、乡两级孕产期保健服务能力建设以持续和重点支持。建议采用进村入户发放传单、张贴标语、讲解典型事例、与家庭成员商谈等更深入细致的健康教育形式,消除农村孕产期保健知识的盲点。     

盘县地区未婚女性避孕情况及心理调查

目的:通过对县区各级医院、诊所、妇幼保健机构的调查,统计分析未婚女性避孕方法,药具的使用情况及分析不同文化阶层女性的心理。减少因无知造成意外怀孕及不洁性交引起生殖系统疾病对女性造成伤害。方法:采用表格式匿名问卷对贵州盘县地区346名未婚流动人口随机调查。结果:大部分有婚前性行为的未婚青年在过性生活时没有采取任何保护措施,其避孕知识、态度和实践方面的无知令人担忧。结论:对于未婚流动人口,提高他们的避孕知识水平和对避孕服务的可及性非常必要完善,推广避孕指导机制,实施推广相关健康教育势在必。     

重庆市北碚区育龄期妇女生殖健康调查与分析

目的对北碚区已婚育龄期妇女实行普查，了解该区已婚育龄期妇女生殖健康情况。方法采用妇科常规检查、阴道分泌物（悬滴法）、官颈刮片、盆腔X线透视和阴道B型超声检查等方法调查了北碚区已婚育龄期妇女90082例。结果调查对象中患妇科病人数为62859例，患病率为69．78％；农村妇女和城市妇女霉菌、滴虫及老年性阴道炎患病率之间的差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；农村妇女和城市妇女生殖器损伤性疾病患病率之间的差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；各年龄组各种疾病的患病率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05），阴道炎、盆腔炎、性传播疾病随年龄增加而下降；不同妊娠次数的患宫颈炎、会阴裂伤的患病率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。92．01％妇女曾在卫生保健机构咨询过可选择的避孕方法和适用时间。81．00％妇女使用一种或一种以上的避孕方式。结论已婚育龄妇女的妇科病患病率仍很高，在计划生育工作中应对其加强普查普治及生殖保健咨询；农村育龄妇女生殖健康服务基础薄弱，而农村妇女对生殖健康服务的需求迫切。     

34例人流综合反应的临床分析

目的：通过对某计划生育门诊进行人工流产的妇女发生人流综合反应相关的因素进行分析，尤其针对青春期少女和未婚妇女，探讨降低人流综合反应发生率的对策。方法对江苏省如东县计划生育指导站2008年1月~2010年12月于计划生育门诊就诊的350例人工流产手术妇女的临床资料进行分析，并比较已婚妇女、未婚妇女和青春期少女人流综合反应的情况。结果青春期少女人流综合反应发生率要明显高于未婚妇女和已婚妇女，未婚妇女人流综合反应的发生率高于已婚妇女，(=4.0065，<0.05)具有统计学上的意义。结论青春期少女人流综合反应发生率较高，医疗机构的医护人员应该严格遵守在人工流产手术过程中的操作规范，加强对受术者的心理疏导和规范护理[1]，以减少人流综合反应的发生率。并且开展无痛人流术是降低人流综合反应发生率的有效方法。要加强对青春期少女及未婚妇女生殖健康和避孕节育知识的宣传教育。     

2016~2018年苏州市育龄妇女HPV感染因素分析

目的 调查苏州市育龄妇女人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）感染情况及其影响因素。方法 以整群抽样方式选取2016年7月~2018年12月苏州市育龄妇女4275例为研究对象,进行HPV和TCT检查,并填写调查问卷,了解HPV感染情况。结果 4275例孕妇中存在HPV感染者964例（22.55%）;HPV发生与年龄、职业、在苏时间、文化程度、每周性生活频率、性伴侣数、避孕方式、性传播疾病史、CIN、吸烟等因素有关,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;Logistic回归分析显示:文化程度、性生活频率、避孕方式、吸烟、年龄、职业是苏州市育龄妇女HPV发生的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论 苏州市育龄妇女HPV感染率较高,文化程度、性生活频率、避孕方式、吸烟、年龄、职业是其发生的独立危险因素,需加强对育龄期女性HPV感染知识宣教,增强认知,定期体检,早发现、早治疗。     

食用棉油与小过期流产─附100例临床分析

棉酚是从棉籽油中提取出的一种多酚化合物，食用粗制棉油可导致男性不育，女性子宫萎缩、月经量减少，甚至闭经、不孕。本文对食用棉油小过期流产１００例进行观察，停用棉油并避孕３－６个月，再孕７９人，无有再次出现小过期流产的情况，故考虑食用棉油对小过期流产有一定影响。     

康桥镇村级卫生室医院感染管理现状调查

目的：了解康桥镇村级卫生室的医院感染管理现状,探讨村级卫生室医院感染管理对策,提出改进措施。方法采用统一的问卷调查和现场查看的方式,对康桥镇范围内的6个村级卫生站、16家村级卫生服务所的医院感染管理,包括组织管理制度、消毒设施及使用、手卫生、标准预防、医疗废物处置及一次性医疗用品的使用等进行调查和评价。结果22家村极卫生室组织管理制度不健全,消毒设施简陋,手卫生及医疗废物处置不规范,一次性医疗物品管理疏松,医务人员院感知识知晓率低。结论目前康桥镇范围内的22家村级卫生室医院感染管理工作较为薄弱。建议村级卫生室应健全医院感染管理制度,加大投入,强化村级卫生室医务人员业务培训,社区卫生服务中心应加强对村级卫生室医院感染管理的督察与处罚力度。     

佛山市南海区53 099名已婚妇女生殖系统疾病的普查

目的普查我区53099名已婚妇女生殖系统疾病,了解生殖健康的情况,并进行结果分析,探讨开展生殖健康指导、咨询和防治等服务措施.方法采用妇科常规检查;白带检查;盆腔B超检查和乳腺冷光透照等检查技术.结果普查的53 099名已婚妇女,患病人数为22 885人,患病率43.10%,检出前4位的病种依次为阴道炎、宫颈炎、乳腺疾病和生殖器官肿瘤.以上检查结果都给予相应的咨询与指导,并作进一步处理和诊治.结论开展已婚妇女生殖系统疾病的普查,进行生殖健康服务,对保障广大育龄妇女的生殖健康、优生优育具有重要意义.     

十堰市城区流动人口重复流产相关因素分析

目的：分析十堰市城区流动人口重复流产的相关因素。方法：对2013年6月~2014年6月来我院接受人工流产治疗服务的5698例女性进行调查,通过问卷调查的方式对流动人口重复流产的相关因素进行分析。结果：调查共获得5684份有效问卷,有效率为99.8%,被调查的5684例流产女性中,重复流产的女性占15.8%(898/5684)。流动人口重复流产的相关因素主要包括：户籍情况、文化程度、生育史、就业状态、避孕情况及对避孕方法的了解情况。结论：十堰市城区流动人口重复流产的发生率较高,与其户籍、认知水平及避孕行为等有密切关系,为提高本市流动人口的生殖健康认知水平,相关部门应提供及时有效的生殖健康教育和服务,以降低重复流产率。     

北京市项目社区男性计划生育状况及相关知识的调查

目的 调查北京市项目社区男性计划生育生殖健康的现状，为政府和主管部门加强开展社区计划生育生殖健康服务的决策提供依据。方法 采用意向性、抽样典型调查方法，对项目社区806住男性计划生育状况及相关知识进行问卷调查。结果 806位男性中，避孕率89．4％，占前3住的避孕方法（1）使用避孕套者为44．3％，（2）使用综合方法为20．4％（3）配偶使用IUD为15．5％。避孕知识的主要来源为医疗机构分别占已婚51．9％，未婚34．8％。最希望得到的避孕咨询本市占52．3％，外地户籍占45．6％。对妻子是否已取器等问题调查显示男性对配偶关心不够，对取器知识了解不够。结论 社区男性避孕率达到较高水平，文化程度不同采用方法上有所差异，采取长效稳定的避孕方法的比率偏低，避孕套作为安全有效的避孕防病措施的了解使用不够。应加强医疗机构特别是社区基层医疗机构在避孕咨询及避孕指导方面的影响作用。消弱负面影响。     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.