胸腰段微创椎弓根钉置入的应用解剖

背景：椎弓根螺钉技术已经广泛运用于各种脊柱外科手术,其一般采用经典的背部正中线手术路入,但近年来发现该手术路入会引起一些并发症。 目的：为棘突顶端定位法微创胸腰段椎弓根螺钉内固定技术提供解剖学基础。 方法：选用5具甲醛固定的正常人胸腰段标本,在放大10倍的解剖显微镜下对胸腰段脊柱后部结构进行逐层解剖,重点观测脊神经后支及其分支、脊柱节段动静脉的后支的来源、走行以及分布规律。 结果与结论：节段动脉主要分为肋间动脉,前支和后支。其后支在椎间孔的上外方绕向后下方,走行于脊神经的下方和下位脊椎上关节突的外方,分为内外两支穿行于腰部深层肌肉。节段静脉后支与同名动脉伴行。微创椎弓根螺钉内固定时,入钉点的安全范围在5 mm左右,连接棒经入钉点内侧置入为佳。说明棘突顶端定位法下的经皮椎弓根螺钉技术由于近似于垂直操作且无侧向牵拉,且从椎弓根中心点(入钉点)内侧插入已预弯的连接棒,损伤脊神经后支和血管的机会较少,是微创脊柱外科手术的一种重要技术手段。     

腰椎小关节周围脊神经后支内侧支分布的特点及其临床意义

目的通过对腰部关节突关节周围脊神经后支内侧支分布解剖观察,探讨去神经术中脊神经后支内侧支的定位和靶点的选择。方法对5具尸体的腰部关节突关节区域进行局部解剖,观察关节突关节周围肌肉的配布情况、脊神经后支的分支情况,脊神经后支内侧支的走行、分支和分布,与上关节突、横突和关节突关节的关系,测量了骨纤维管的内侧开口、关节突关节囊和上关节突距棘突边缘连线的距离。结果关节突关节及周围结构的解剖显示,脊神经后支分出的内侧支紧贴上关节突和横突根部走行,不易探查和解剖;脊神经后支内侧支从骨纤维管穿后,斜向内下方走行,较容易追踪。结论在脊神经后支内侧支从骨纤维管穿后进行去神经操作可以提高去神经术操作安全性和有效性。     

枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位

目的：明确枢椎椎弓根的解剖部位。方法：观测干燥成人枢椎标本，对新鲜枢椎行CT薄层扫描，寻找残存的枢椎上终板痕迹，以明确枢椎椎弓根的部位。结果：枢椎前结构的前下方为一三角形突起部位，皮质较厚，同典型颈椎椎体相似；三角形突起与上关节突锥形跨越约1．8～2．4mm。侧方椎弓上下关节突间部分，以横突孔后结节为界可分为前后两部分，前者内倾角大，后者内倾角小。结论：枢椎的椎体为位于前结构下方的三角形突起部分，椎弓根位于上关节突与椎体之间，侧方椎弓上下关节突问的连接部分，被横突孔后结节分为横突孔内界及峡部。     

枢椎椎弓根及峡部的临床解剖学观察

目的:明确枢椎椎弓根及峡部的解剖部位,指导枢椎后路螺钉的临床应用。方法:成人C2干燥骨标本30具,C3干燥骨标本10具,以横突孔周围结构为重点,进行枢椎形态比较学观察;测量枢椎椎弓根轴线在下关节突背侧的坐标点。结果:C2的下方结构与C3下方的表面解剖结构接近,枢椎上方结构与C3相比较,上关节突移向齿突的外下方,并使峡部拉长前移,其轴向角度为11.1°±2.4°;枢椎椎弓根轴向角度为42.6°±4.9°,椎弓根轴线-下关节突背侧关节突上缘的交点坐标O与下关节突上缘-中垂线交点O’基本重合。结论:枢椎上下关节突之间的部分,应为峡部和椎弓根的复合体,复合体的上部较为扁平的部分为峡部,其中下部分位于横突孔内后侧的半管柱状结构为椎弓根部,连接着椎体和下关节突。     

腰_5脊经前支骨纤维管的应用解剖学观察

本文选用成年尸体100侧,经过解剖,仔细清理第五腰椎、第五腰椎间盘和第一骶椎周围的软组织,暴露腰_5背神经前支骨纤维管,然后分离出腰_5脊神经前支及其有关的血管,确认它们之的毗邻关系,然后观察和测量了各个项目。结果如下:1.腰_5脊神经前支骨纤维管的位置和组成:此管位于椎间孔的前下方,贴附在相应腰椎下关节突、椎弓根和横突根部、骶骨的上关节突和骶翼的骨槽内,管全长由后上内斜行向前下外。从     

脊柱胸腰段薄层断层解剖及临床意义

目的：明确脊柱胸腰段冠状、矢状和横断面解剖学特点，探索薄层断层切片在观测各髓节及脊神经根走行过程的临床应用价值。方法：采用40具成人脊柱胸腰段标本经改良火棉胶包埋法处理，制作16具冠状、8具矢状和16具横位的0．25mm厚连续切片，观察脊神经根走行于侧椎管和椎间管不同区段的解剖关系和椎间孔韧带分布特征，并直接测量相关结构参数。结果：观测了脊柱胸腰段A、B、C、D经4区横断层面、经椎间管内口矢状层面、经两侧椎弓根中心冠状层面的形态和相关参数。结论：三种方位断层切片可较好显示诸多结构位置关系，对脊髓或脊神经源性疾病诊疗和正确辨认手术视野所见具有重要价值。     

腰椎融合术中椎弓根螺钉损伤关节突关节的研究进展

目的 探讨腰椎融合术中椎弓根螺钉损伤关节突关节的生物力学、发生率及相关影响因素的研究进展。方法 在PubMed、Springerlink、Medline、CNKI、万方数据等数据库中,以“腰椎融合术、椎弓根螺钉、关节突关节损伤”和“lumbar interbody fusion、pedicle screw、facet joint violation”为关键词,检索2003年1月—2015年12月有关腰椎融合术中椎弓根螺钉损伤关节突关节的相关研究成果,针对椎弓根螺钉损伤关节突关节的生物力学、发生率及相关影响因素的研究进行分析总结。结果 关节突关节是维持脊柱运动节段稳定的重要结构,其损伤可导致关节突关节挛缩、僵硬及骨性关节炎,从而加速邻近节段退变的发生。手术创伤是造成关节突关节损伤的重要因素,尤其是以术中植入椎弓根螺钉内置物损伤关节突关节为主。无论是开放置钉还是微创置钉,螺钉损伤关节突关节的发生率均较高。影响椎弓根螺钉损伤关节突关节的因素包括年龄、性别、体质量、融合节段、融合数量、手术方式、术中CT导航、置钉方位、置钉方法和螺钉类型等。结论 关节突关节损伤继而增生退变是导致邻近节段退变的重要危险因素,无论是开放还是微创置入椎弓根螺钉均可增加关节突关节损伤的发生,因此外科医师在置钉时需要注重关节突关节的保护,规避不良置钉影响因素。     

胸腰段脊柱手术与脊髓血供损伤的相关性研究

目的：为减少手术中对脊髓血供损伤和设计合理脊柱手术入路提供基础。方法：20俱尸体运用解剖、血管铸型及9例成年人常规进行超选择性脊柱脊髓血管造影等方法，对脊柱脊髓血管应用解剖较系统地研究，了解脊柱脊髓血供及代偿通路。结果：①节段动脉在肋横突关节内侧椎间孔部发出根髓动脉。②胸段毗邻的肋间动脉吻合主要是椎间孔周围和骶棘肌内两处；而腰段还有椎体侧面的髂腰肌和腰大肌中的吻合。③超选择性血管造影显示胸、腰段，毗邻的节段动脉之间及与对侧同名动脉之间有广泛吻合。胸段动脉多见以横向连接吻合，而腰段除此之外还可见明显的动脉上下2～3节段侧支吻合。结论：①脊柱前路矫形应在根髓动脉分支前，结扎多个节段血管，脊髓血供可以通过后方代偿，能避免累及脊髓根髓动脉产生脊髓损伤；②侧前入路应在根髓动脉分支后，经胸、腰段毗邻的动脉之间，椎间盘切除或椎间隙减压伤及根髓动脉出现脊髓损伤机率最小。③后入路截骨选择经过椎弓、椎体中部截骨损伤血管最少。     

内镜引导经后路第三和四颈椎椎弓根螺钉内固定的解剖学研究

目的研究颈后区的应用解剖,为临床内镜引导经后路第2、3颈椎(C2-3)椎弓根螺钉内固定术提供解剖学资料。方法选择教学用的成人尸体进行头颈部血管铸型;颈后区局部解剖;施行内镜引导经后路C2-3椎弓根螺钉内固定模拟手术。观察颈后区的血管构筑、脊神经后支的分布及其相互关系;经X线摄片观察。结果颈后区在后正中线外侧6.2mm以外椎外静脉丛吻合丰富;颈深动脉在后正中线5.5mm上行;椎动脉经C1横突孔穿出处距后正中线34.1mm;第1、2颈神经后支穿出部位距后正中线分别为11.5、32.1mm。结论临床内镜引导经后路C2-3椎弓根螺钉内固定术,内镜置入部宜选用在C2棘突水平距后正中线5mm处,螺钉进入点可选定在C2-3侧块距其外侧缘5mm,距下关节突下缘8mm处,螺钉进入的延长线与正中矢状切面的夹角应为40°～45°之间,并向头侧倾斜10°为宜,螺钉的长度为24～30mm,￠为5mm为佳,内镜引导经后路C2椎弓根螺钉内固定模拟手术获得满意效果。     

胸椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术的研究进展

人类曾用铁丝、钩棒等胸椎后路固定器械矫正脊柱畸形、维持脊柱稳定，并获得极大成功。但理论上讲，这些器械需涉及更多节段，通过至少一个完整的软组织，并用间接生物力学固定。椎弓根是脊柱最坚固的结构，可经受侧弯应力、旋转应力和伸屈应力。节段性胸椎椎弓根螺钉固定技术已经在世界范围内普及应用，成为脊柱外科后入路最常用的内固定方法。本文试从椎弓根螺钉内固定技术的历史、胸椎椎弓根的应用解剖、置钉技术、该技术相关的并发症及辅助技术进行综述。     

Danger of damaging the medial branches of the posterior rami of spinal nerves during a dorsomedian approach to the spine

Postoperative atrophy of the deep back muscles may be caused by denervation during a dorsomedian approach to the thoracolumbar spine; ensuing instability of the spine with poor clinical results, perhaps due to such muscle loss, has been observed in 11.7% of cases (Sihvonen et al., 1993, Spine 18:575--581). More specifically, this complication may be caused by damaging the medial branches of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves during lateral retraction of the muscles. To investigate the anatomic topography of the medial branches of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves, 18 carbol-formol-fixed specimens were dissected using an operation microscope; also, 3 fresh cadavers were cut in horizontal and vertical planes with a rotary cryotome to confirm the anatomic topography observed in the fixed specimens. In the thoracolumbar spine the medial branch of the posterior ramus of the spinal nerve is subject to ligamentous fixation by the strong fibers of the mammillo-accessory ligament, which extends between the mammillary process and accessory process infero lateral to the superior articular process. When the dorsomedian approach to the thoracolumbar spine is enlarged laterally to the articular processes by retracting the paraspinous muscles, the medial branches of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves are endangered. This may cause postoperative pain as well as dynamic instability beyond the corresponding segments. The results of our anatomic study suggest that the posterior surgical midline approach to the thoracolumbar spine should not be enlarged laterally to the articular processes to prevent injury to the medial branches of the posterior rami of the spinal nerves.     

Innervation of the canine thoracolumbar vertebral column

The pattern of innervation of the caudal thoracic and cranial lumbar vertebral column of the dog is described. Frozen sections stained with Schofield's silver impregnation method show that the dorsal longitudinal ligament is profusely innervated, while the anulus fibrosus contains a few nerves limited to its outermost layers; no nerves are present in the nucleus pulposus. Following injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the anulus fibrosus of the thoracolumbar intervertebral disc and subsequent removal and staining of dorsal root ganglia, the reaction product is found in ganglia as far as two segments cranially as well as caudally, demonstrating that the disc is innervated by nerves arising from several spinal cord segments. A meningeal ramus, which innervates the discs of man, could not be found by gross dissection. Dissections show each vertebral articular facet innervated by the medial branches of two contiguous spinal nerves, a pattern further confirmed by injections of HRP into facet joints with subsequent staining of dorsal root ganglia. The dorsal rami of spinal nerves often divide into medial, intermediate, and lateral branches rather than the traditionally described division into only medial and lateral branches.     

腰段脊柱的形态变化与腰腿痛的关系

本文对10具正常和10具腰椎退变尸体解剖观察及20例腰椎平片X线对照分析证实，椎间盘病变，椎体唇状骨质增生，关节突骨质增生，前后纵韧带的钙化使腰椎失稳，由于腰神经在椎间孔内系由内上向外下走行，故当椎间隙变窄，后纵韧带钙化和上关节突骨质增生均可使椎间孔径缩小并压迫脊神经根，引起腰腿痛。     

微创后路经皮椎弓根螺钉内固定修复单纯前中柱损伤的急性胸腰椎骨折：回顾性、自身前后对照临床试验方案

BACKGROUND: Posterior pedicle screw fixation is commonly used for thoracolumbar fracture. However, associated disadvantages include severe trauma, extensive bleeding, long rehabilitation time, and long postoperative duration of intractable lumbar stiffness and low back pain. Percutaneous pedicle screw external fixation can reduce injury caused by screw insertion into the paraspinal muscles; particularly in acute thoracolumbar vertebral compression fracture with simple anterior spinal column injury. We hypothesized that minimally invasive posterior percutaneous pedicle screw fixation for acute thoracolumbar vertebral fractures with simple anterior spinal column injury would exhibit good curative effects.     

颈神经后支的解剖及其临床意义

目的为临床诊治椎孔外颈神经后支卡压提供解剖学基础。方法对20具(40侧)成人尸体的颈神经后支起源、走行、分支、分布及其与颈椎周围组织的解剖关系进行观测。结果C     

枢椎各结构的解剖学部位研究

目的：明确枢椎各结构的解剖部位。方法：对57例干燥成人标本进行观察与测量，对8例新鲜枢椎标本进行CT薄层扫描，寻找残存的C1-2椎体间连接痕迹。以此为依据，明确枢椎各结构的具体部位。对20例志愿者的枢椎CT三维重建以及MRI图像进行分析，验证前述结论。结果：枢椎前结构的前下方为一三角形的突起部分，皮质较厚，同典型颈椎的椎体相似；两侧的三角形突起与上关节突之间为皮质凹陷区域；CT扫描见枢椎上终板残留位于三角形突起的上厅1．2～1．8mm处，呈圆饼形跨越约1．8～2．4mm同齿突的下终板残留结合在一起。位于椎弓侧方的上下关节突间部分以横突孔后结节为界可分为前后两部分，前者内倾角、上倾角大，后者小。前者外壁菲薄，多数有滋养血管孔存在，而后者内外侧皮质厚度较一致。结论：枢椎的椎体为位于前结构下方的三角形突起部分，椎弓根位于上关节突与椎体之间，椎弓侧方为上下关节突之间的连接部分，被横突孔后结节分为横突孔内界及峡部两个部分，后者为典型Hangman骨折的部位。     

比较不同方式置入椎弓根钉内固定修复胸腰椎爆裂骨折的生物相容性

BACKGROUND: During the repair of thoracolumbar fracture, pedicle screw fixation is a commonly used treatment method. In the process of fixation, the different approaches can be used.  OBJECTIVE: To compare effect and biocompatibility of pedicle screw by percutaneous approach, posterior median approach, and intervertebral space approach for thoracolumbar fracture.  METHODS: 118 cases of thoracolumbar fracture were included after pedicle screw fixation. All patients were divided into three groups according to the approach: posterior median approach group (38 cases), intervertebral space approach group (40 cases) and percutaneous approach group (40 cases). After 12 months of follow-up, perioperative conditions, pain score, vertebral height of anterior border, kyphosis correction effect, adverse events and biological compatibility were compared among three groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Operation time, intraoperative bleeding and time in bed after surgery were shorter or less in the percutaneous approach and intervertebral space approach groups than in the posterior median approach group. Postoperative drainage was better in percutaneous approach and intervertebral space approach groups than in the posterior median approach group (all P < 0.05). Except drainage in the percutaneous approach and intervertebral space approach groups, no significant difference in other indicators was found. (2) Patients received imaging examination at different time points. The percentage of anterior vertebral height and kyphosis were significantly improved immediately after treatment and in final follow-up (all P < 0.05). No significant difference was detected before treatment, immediately after treatment and in final follow-up. (3) Visual Analogue score was identical before treatment. Visual analogue score was lower in the percutaneous approach and intervertebral space approach groups than in the posterior median approach group at 24 hours and 3 days after treatment and in final follow-up (all P < 0.05). No significant difference was detectable at 24 hours and 3 days after treatment and in final follow-up between the percutaneous approach and intervertebral space approach groups. (4) No rejection or wound non-healing was seen at 12 months after treatment. Some patients suffered from mild low back pain, which was improved by active symptomatic treatment. (5) These findings suggest that intervertebral space approach percutaneous approach obtained satisfactory outcomes compared with posterior median approach for treatment of thoracolumbar spine fractures, and good biocompatibility was found.        

胸腰椎B型骨折经伤椎单节段与跨伤椎短节段固定的对比研究

背景：后路经伤椎单节段固定与跨伤椎短节段固定是治疗胸腰椎B型骨折常用的方法,但两种术式的近远期疗效及各自优缺点尚未明确。 目的：探讨后路经伤椎置钉单椎间椎弓根螺钉复位固定与传统跨伤椎短节段固定治疗创伤性B型胸腰椎骨折,治疗后脊柱稳定性及对固定相邻节段椎间盘退变的影响。 方法：回顾性分析完成随访的AO分型B型胸腰椎骨折患者80例,按照不同的内固定方式分为经伤椎单节段固定组(n=40)和跨伤椎短节段固定组(n=45)。分别对两组患者的疼痛目测类比评分疼痛分级、ASIA脊髓功能分级、椎体前缘压缩率、椎管受堵指数、后凸Cobb角、UCLA相邻节段退变分级进行测量。  结果与结论：两组在ASIA脊髓功能分级、椎管受堵指数、后凸Cobb角的疗效相当。而在手术时间、手术出血量、疼痛目测类比评分疼痛分级、椎体前缘压缩率、UCLA相邻节段退变分级,单节段组要优于短节段组。后路经伤椎单节段固定及传统的短节段固定在治疗胸腰椎B型骨折上都有显著的疗效,而单节段固定组在椎体前缘压缩率的改善及疼痛目测类比评分评分的改善情况要明显优于短节段组。此种手术方式还具有手术时间短、创伤小、减少固定节段以节省脊柱的活动节段,减少固定节段的相邻节段椎间盘退变的优点。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程全文链接：     

Anatomy of the human thoracolumbar Rami dorsales nervi spinalis

Medial, lateral, and intermedial ramifications have been described for the dorsal branch of the human spinal nerve (R. dorsalis n. spinalis, (RDNS)). Further branching has not been described. We report a ventral approach for dissecting the nerves around the thoracolumbar vertebral column to visualise the spreading of the nerves within the dorsal muscles and towards the skin. We defined three compartments of the deep back muscles in the thoracolumbar region: (A) the origin from the (1) transverse, (2) accessory, and (3) mammillary processes in the lumbar segments, (B) from the (1) ribs, (2)transverse and, (3) articular processes in the thoracolumbar segments. Each compartment was supplied by a ramification of the RDNS. The medial muscle compartment was reached by the descending medial branch of the RDNS. The lateral iliocostal compartment was innervated by an ascending lateral branch of the RDNS, and also by the descending distal branches of an intermedial branch of RDNS. This is a long nerve of the intermedial branch of the RDNS extended to the dorsal–caudal area, where the lateral and the intermedial nerve connected. This nerve, termed as the dorsal intermedial branch of the RDNS, innervated the skin in a more caudal region. Such nerve divided the lateral and the intermediate compartments. A short intermedial branch entered the intermediate segmental compartment from the ventral side. This is a ventral intermedial branch of the RDNS. The dorsal branches were often connected by a connecting branch of the RDNS. The lateral compartment represented the Iliocostalis. The medial and intermediate compartments comprised the Longissimus, part of the Iliocostalis, and additional dorsal muscles.