大脑深部静脉循环代偿能力的形态学分析

目的：对大脑深部静脉的循环代偿能力进行分析，为临床提供形态学资料。方法：在手术显微镜下对１７例（３４侧）成人大脑深部静脉进行观察。结果：大脑内静脉及其属支与其它脑静脉的吻合较少，而基底静脉及其属支与邻近的脑静脉有较丰富的吻合支存在。结论：大脑内静脉的代偿循环能力较弱，而基底静脉有较强的代偿循环代偿能力     

室间孔周围静脉的磁敏感加权成像

目的 显影室间孔区域静脉及属支,建立三维图像,构建该区静脉网络,探讨室间孔与周围静脉的空间位置关系。 方法 筛选60名健康志愿者行3.0 T MR头部扫描,利用最小密度投影（mIP）和交互式医学图像控制系统（Mimics）对原始图像进行后处理,构建室间孔周围静脉网络,对室间孔及周围静脉的解剖学形态进行观察分析。 结果 室间孔显示率为65%（78侧）;大脑内静脉（2.13±0.30）mm,100%（120侧）;透明隔前静脉（0.69±0.19）mm,100%（120侧）;丘纹上静脉（1.47±0.38）mm,98.3%（118侧）;脉络膜上静脉（0.40±0.18）mm,82.5%（99侧）。根据大脑内静脉属支汇入点与室间孔位置关系分为：ⅠA型,24.2%（29侧）,即透明隔前静脉汇入大脑内静脉点位于静脉角且紧邻室间孔的后缘;ⅠB型,13.3%（16侧）,即透明隔前静脉汇入大脑内静脉点远离静脉角且远离室间孔的后缘;ⅡA型,45%（54侧）,即透明隔前静脉汇入大脑内静脉点位于假静脉角且远离室间孔;ⅡB型,15.8%（19侧）,即透明隔前静脉汇入大脑内静脉点远离假静脉角和室间孔;Ⅲ型,1.7%（2侧）,即丘纹上静脉缺如型。 结论 磁敏感加权成像（SWI）技术能清晰成像室间孔及其周围静脉,结合Mimics技术可构建大脑内静脉及其属支、室间孔与主要静脉汇合点三维空间位置数据。大脑内静脉属支汇入点与室间孔位置关系分型对室间孔区手术入路选择有重大意义。     

丘纹静脉及其属支的可视化磁敏感加权成像

目的利用3.0T磁共振磁敏感加权成像(SWI)序列探索丘纹静脉及其属支的解剖形态,为丘纹静脉性脑血管疾病的诊治和神经外科微创手术提供依据。方法选取40名健康志愿者行3.0T磁共振系常规序列以及磁敏感加权成像序列头部扫描,利用最小密度投影(m Ips)技术对原始图像进行后处理,得到横断面、矢状面及冠状面3个断层的图像。将丘纹静脉分为Ⅰ型(静脉角)和Ⅱ型(假静脉角),同时将尾状核前静脉分为1型(支数为1)、2型(支数为2)以及A型(注入丘纹静脉)、B型(注入透明隔前静脉)、C型(注入两者夹角)。通过SWI序列的原始图像以及重建后图像,对丘纹静脉及其属支的解剖形态进行观察分析。结果丘纹静脉的引流区域包括尾状核、内囊、豆状核、外囊、屏状核、最外囊以及额顶叶脑髓质深部,但丘脑除外。丘纹静脉、尾状核前静脉、尾状核横静脉的显示率依次为92.5%、82.5%、58.75%。丘纹静脉Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型的显示率分别为79.7%、20.3%;并且右侧大脑Ⅰ型更多见(P0.05)。尾状核前静脉分型中以1支型(89.4%)和A型(69.7%)最常见。结论 SWI能清晰显示活体脑深部丘纹静脉及其细小属支的解剖形态。     

国人中脑静脉的显微解剖

本文报道采用动-静脉连续灌注法,区别动、静脉。经厚切片透明,在SXP-1手术显微镜下观察了27例(54侧)成人中脑浅层的脚间静脉、后交通静脉、大脑脚外侧静脉、旋大脑脚静脉、脑桥中脑沟静脉、中脑外侧静脉、结合臂静脉、小脑前中央静脉和四叠体静脉的形态、出现率、收集属支及汇流情况。还观察了10个中脑内部静脉的中脑前内侧、前外侧、外侧和后静脉的起始、行程、穿出点和汇流情况。同时作了3个中脑静脉造影作为对照,并结合临床进行了讨论。     

小儿大脑静脉角的应用解剖

为提供小儿大脑静脉角的应用解剖学资料,本文观察了75例小儿的丘纹上静脉、大脑内静脉和二者形成的大脑静脉角的形态,在三维坐标系内测量了大脑静脉角的空间位置及其与周围结构的关系,讨论了与之相关的临床应用问题。     

大脑内静脉系的超高场强磁敏感加权成像研究现状

目的观察大脑内静脉及其属支的分布、引流及吻合规律，探讨超高场强磁敏感加权成像（SWI）技术的临床应用及优点。方法查阅近几年来国内外关于大脑内静脉、大脑深静脉以及超高场强SWI的文献，进行归纳总结。结果超高场强SWI的主要特点是高信噪比、短时间成像和高分辨率，可对直径50μm以上的微小静脉显影。结论超高场强SWI在脑肿瘤及其他脑部疾病的诊治方面有很好的应用前景，将为脑部疾病的早发现、早治疗提供更准确的影像学依据。     

肝左静脉的解剖学类型及其临床意义

目的 :为肝移植和肝部分切除术提供解剖学资料。方法 :在 40例成人尸体肝膈面沿肝左肝静脉切除肝实质 ,显露肝左静脉 ;对肝左静脉及其属支进行了观测。结果 :肝左静脉长度 ( 3 0 .3± 1 .1 )mm ;主干直径 ( 1 1 .3±0 .2 6)mm ;主要属支直径为 ( 6.0± 0 .5 2 )mm ;肝左静脉主干在膈面距离下腔静脉汇入口 1 0、2 0、3 0mm处的深度分别是 ( 1 1 .5± 0 .49)、( 1 6± 0 .5 9)和 ( 1 9.1± 0 .64)mm ;肝左静脉在膈面与肝镰状韧带呈 ( 3 0 .2 9± 1 2 .3 3 )°角 ;肝左、中静脉共干的出现率仅为 3 0 % ;肝左静脉按其属支多少分为 6型。结论 :肝左静脉在肝实质内的位置和属支数目不恒定 ,以 3～ 4支最多。所观测的资料 ,对肝外科手术具有重要意义。     

大白鼠大脑大静脉及其侧副循环的研究

用脑血管树脂铸型技术，结合手术显微镜及扫描电镜观察研究了大白鼠脑静脉系，特别是大脑内静脉、大脑大静脉及其侧副循环，发现大白鼠双侧大脑内静脉与岩上窦和窦汇之间各有一静脉管道相连，扫描电镜下可见丰富的毛细血管注入大脑内静脉的小集合静脉；一些小静脉互相平行、盘绕，某些部位呈袢状；大脑大静脉的远位与近位属支间有重叠现象，两者间存在共同引流区，这些发现提示大脑内静脉具有极大的运载能力，当大脑大静脉阻塞后，在     

颅中窝脑静脉的显微解剖与影像学观察

目的通过颅中窝脑静脉的显微解剖、影像学观察及其对照研究,为经翼点和经眶颧手术人路中脑静脉的保护提供形态学基础。方法分别对30例（60侧）颈内静脉灌注蓝色乳胶的成人尸头湿标本、36例（60侧）DSA静脉相、25例（50侧）CT静脉造影（CTV）和25例（50侧）MR静脉造影（MRV）图像进行观测。结果以显微解剖观测结果作为评价标准,DSA、CTV和MRV分别能够观察到70％、52％和42％的颅中窝脑静脉;根据颅中窝静脉注入硬脑膜窦处位置的不同,其分为海绵窦型、蝶顶窦型、蝶岩窦型和岩上窦型,各型脑静脉能被影像学手段区分;影像学观测到的大脑中浅静脉数目和分型与显微解剖相比较,差异无统计学意义。结论术前影像学检查有助于经翼点和经眶颧手术入路的设计和术中脑静脉的保护。     

幕下小脑桥静脉的显微解剖与影像学观察及其临床意义

目的通过幕下小脑桥静脉的显微解剖、影像学观察及其对照研究,为幕下小脑上手术入路中桥静脉的保护提供形态学基础。方法分别对20例(40侧)上矢状窦和颈内静脉灌注蓝色乳胶的成人头颅湿标本、22例(40侧)DSA静脉相、20例(40侧)CTV和20例(40侧)MRV图像进行观测。结果以显微解剖结果作为对照标准,DSA、CTV和MRV分别观察到89%、40%和38%的桥静脉,测得的直径值分别大11%、17%和33%。桥静脉注入硬脑膜处的形态分为直接或经脑膜静脉(小脑幕窦)间接注入两种,脑膜静脉在影像学上表现为信号的不连续、缺失或者局部强度增加。桥静脉注入硬脑膜处主要分布在窦汇附近、小脑幕和岩上窦前部。结论术前影像学检查有助于幕下小脑上手术入路的设计和术中桥静脉的保护。     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

Uncombable Hair (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli et canaliculi) Syndrome: Brief Review and Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Diagnosis

Uncombable hair syndrome was first described some 3 decades ago as "cheveux incoiffables" and is also known as spun-glass hair and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Both inherited (autosomal dominant and recessive with variable levels of penetrance) and sporadic forms of uncombable hair syndrome have been described, both being characterized by scalp hair that is impossible to comb due to the haphazard arrangement of the hair bundles. A characteristic morphologic feature of hair in this syndrome is a triangular to reniform to heart shape on cross-sections, and a groove, canal or flattening along the entire length of the hair in at least 50%of hairs examined by scanning electron microscopy. Most individuals are affected early in childhood and the hair takeson a spun-glassappearance with the hair becoming dry, curly, glossy, lighter in color, and progressively uncombable. Only the scalp hair is affected. Several conditions are associated with uncombable hair, such as ectodermal dysplasia, retinal dysplasia/ pigmentary dystrophy, juvenile cataract, digit abnormalities, tooth enamel anomalies, oligodontia, and phalangoepiphyseal dysplasia. Other syndromes with hair abnormalities may also mimic uncombable hair syndrome clinically and these include, Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia; loose anagen hair syndrome; ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodatyly, cleft lip/ palate (EEC) syndrome; and familial tricho-odonto-onchyial ectodermal dysplasia with syndactyly. Unlike other conditions with an uncombable hair component, uncombable hair syndrome alone (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli etcanaliculi) is not associated with physical, neurologic, or mental abnormalities. In most cases of uncombable hair syndrome, the hair is grossly abnormal in infancy and early childhood, but may have improved manageability later in life. Scanning electron microscopy of hair samples provides definitive evidence for diagnosis of clinically suspected uncombable hair syndrome and eliminates other hair abnormalities from the differential diagnosis.     

A comparative study of cholinergic systems of the neocortex and hippocampus in rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia

Synaptic structures in the neocortex and hippocampus of the intact brain were compared between rats with low and high resistance to hypobaric hypoxia. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, Na,K-ATPase, and the portion of protein in the light and heavy synaptosome fractions and subfractions were measured. A discrepancy in cholinergic metabolism molecular mechanisms between high and low resistance animals have been found in the heavy somatosoma fraction from the neocortex. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na,K-ATPase in the synaptolemmal subfraction of low resistant rats were much lower than in high resistant rats. This implies a less effective synaptic transmission in proper cholinergic neurons in the low resistance animals and, therefore, specifically changed neuron functioning in the circulation control. No differences in the cholinergic components of either neocortical light synaptosome fraction or hippocampal light and heavy synaptosome fractions were found between low and high resistance rats. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 521–525, May, 1998     

BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy

This guideline advises on the management of patients with cow's milk allergy. Cow's milk allergy presents in the first year of life with estimated population prevalence between 2% and 3%. The clinical manifestations of cow's milk allergy are very variable in type and severity making it the most difficult food allergy to diagnose. A careful age‐ and disease‐specific history with relevant allergy tests including detection of milk‐specific IgE (by skin prick test or serum assay), diagnostic elimination diet, and oral challenge will aid in diagnosis in most cases. Treatment is advice on cow's milk avoidance and suitable substitute milks. Cow's milk allergy often resolves. Reintroduction can be achieved by the graded exposure, either at home or supervised in hospital depending on severity, using a milk ladder. Where cow's milk allergy persists, novel treatment options may include oral tolerance induction, although most authors do not currently recommend it for routine clinical practice. Cow's milk allergy must be distinguished from primary lactose intolerance. This guideline was prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and is intended for clinicians in secondary and tertiary care. The recommendations are evidence based, but where evidence is lacking the panel of experts in the committee reached consensus. Grades of recommendation are shown throughout. The document encompasses epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.