太行山猕猴跟骨性别判别

目的:通过建立判别函数,用猕猴跟骨变量进行性别鉴定.方法:测量太行山猕猴跟骨标本31例(雌19,雄12)的14项变量.运用SPSS13 0进行判别分析.结果:成年猕猴跟骨的性差明显,14项变量中有9项变量性别之间差异有统计学意义.全模型法和逐步法判别分析结果不同,性别正确判别率的范围是90 3%～100 0%.结论:用跟骨某些变量建立判别函数可以有效鉴定猕猴的性别,比较结果表明灵长类(猕猴)和人类性别判别函数具有一定种群特异性.     

猕猴下颌骨的性别判别分析

本文测量了１８ 例（雄４，雌１４）成年太行山猕猴下颌骨的１２ 项变量。结果显示：太行山猕猴下颌骨变量有其自身特征。用Ｏｔｔｅｓｔａｔ方法对有关变量建立性别判别函数式，其判别率达８６．８６％     

成年猕猴盆骨的性别逐步判别分析

目的：探讨盆骨有关变量在性差判别中的作用。方法：对24例(♀15，♂9)成年太行山猕猴盆骨15项变量时行测量，进行单变量性别判别分析和多变量逐步判别分析。结果：有6项变量性别间差异显著。选择盆骨有关变量建立的性别判别函数式，正确判别率为87．5％～100．00％。结论：用猕猴盆骨变量时行性别判别具有较高的应用价值。     

猕猴跖骨性别逐步判别分析

目的:根据猕猴跖骨形态变量建立判别函数来鉴定性别.方法:测量37例太行山猕猴跖骨的9个形态学变量.数据用SPSS 19.0统计软件进行多变量判别分析.结果:跖骨长度等变量在性别之间有明显差异.用全模型法跖骨性别正确判别率范围为85.3％～94.6％,用逐步判别法跖骨性别正确判别率范围为82.4％～91.2％.在跖骨9个形态学变量中长度变量首先被挑选出来,说明长度变量在性别判别中起重要作用.用判别函数判别性别时跖骨左、右侧无差异.结论:用每根跖骨形态学变量建立多元判别函数可以有效地区分猕猴性别,对灵长类跖骨标本的性别鉴定有一定的理论意义和应用价值.     

年龄和性别对伴随负电位的影响

目的：观察年龄和性别对事件相关电位中的伴随负电位（CNV）的影响。方法：用本实验室自制P300／CNV刺激器与日本产诱发电位仪Neuropack2-MEB7102K连机,采用声-光刺激模式,测定正常自愿者的CNV。结果：CNV的潜伏期、波幅在不同年龄组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;CNV潜伏期,在不同性别之间比较差异也无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但CNV-B波波幅女性大于男性,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：年龄和性别对CNV各潜伏期均无明显影响;年龄对CNV-B波幅也无明显影响,但性别对CNV—B波波幅有影响。     

四川汉族大学生耳郭参数的测量分析

目的 ：分析四川汉族大学生群体耳郭的性别差异性和对称性，探索耳郭在性别推断中的应用价值。方法 ：根据人体测量学方法获取141名个体耳郭数据，采用Wilconxon检验分析耳郭对称性，运用Mann-Whitney U检验筛选出有性别差异的指标，分别进行Fisher判别分析和构建多层感知器神经网络模型。结果 ：容貌耳长、容貌耳宽、耳垂长和耳垂宽和耳垂指数5项指标性别差异具有统计学意义，性别差异最大和最小的指标分别是耳垂宽和耳垂指数。侧别差异有统计学意义的指标包括女性耳垂长、女性耳垂耳郭指数、男性容貌耳长和男性耳垂长。以耳垂宽建立的一元判别函数准确率最高（左侧为92.2%，右侧为94.1%）。全指标判别函数法的总体判别准确率为89.1%。基于耳郭多项指标的多层感知器神经网络模型预测准确率为95.1%。结论 ：四川汉族大学生群体左、右侧耳郭形态无差异，存在性别差异。基于多层感知器神经网络模型预测四川汉族大学生群体耳郭性别具有较高的可行性和准确性，可作为一种备选方法用于性别推断。     

指骨的X线测量及其性别判别关系

目的：对指骨各指节的长度及宽度进行X线测量，为法医学及人类学提供判别率较高的性别判别式。方法：随机选择健康汉族大学生186人(男90人，女96人)，进行双手后前位X线拍片，分别测量各掌骨长与中点宽，将所得数据应用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果：男性指骨左右示指近节宽、中指近节宽及环指近节宽侧别差异有显著性意义，女性侧别差异无显著性意义；除小指近节指骨宽外，性别差异均有显著性意义。应用Fisher法提出8个性别逐步判别式，判别率在86．0％-91．9％之间。结论：以上判别式对法医学及人类学的性别鉴定简单实用，具有较高参考价值。     

髋骨坐耻臼三角区的测量及其性别判别分析

目的：积累国人资料,探讨髋骨性别判别分析。方法：对耻弓最小宽、臼耻指数等１０项指标进行测量和计算（在传统方法基础上增加髋臼径、坐骨长Ⅱ及耻骨长Ⅱ）;选取其中６项指标用ＳＰＳＳ软件包进行Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ法性别判别分析。结果：得出５个单因素及４个多因素判别分析式,其中单因素判别分析的正确判别率为５１．２％～８５．４％,多因素性别判别分析的正确判别率为８４．８％～８７．８％。结论：新测量方法的判别率高于传统     

愈痫灵颗粒对戊四氮致痫大鼠水迷宫成绩的影响

目的：通过水迷宫实验观察愈痫灵颗粒（YXLG）对戊四氮（PTZ）致痫大鼠学习、记忆能力的影响。方法：选取70只清洁级SD大鼠,从中随机选取10只作为空白对照组,其余大鼠用PTZ造模。将符合模型标准的大鼠随机分为3组：即YXLG组、丙戊酸钠组和模型组。以大鼠水迷宫实验的学习、记忆成绩来评价YXLG对致痫大鼠学习、记忆能力的影响。结果：与空白对照组比较,模型组学习成绩差,具有显著意义（P〈0．01）,记忆成绩差,具有统计学意义（P〈O．05）,提示癫痫可导致大鼠学习、记忆能力的下降。与模型组比较,YXLG组学习成绩差,具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）,记忆成绩差,具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;YXLG组与空白对照组比较,两指标差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,提示YXLG可明显改善癫痫模型大鼠学习、记忆能力损害。结论：癫痫大鼠存在学习、记忆能力下降,YXLG可以改善癫痫大鼠的学习、记忆能力。     

掌骨的X线测量及其与身高的性别判别分析

目的：探讨掌骨的侧别与性别差异及性别判别方法，积累有关解剖学资料。方法：随机选择健康汉族大学生，进行双手后前位x线拍片，分别测量各掌骨长与中点宽，同时测量身高，将所得数据用SPSS软件进行统计学分析处理。结果：男性第2、4、5掌骨宽度以及女性第3、4、5掌骨宽度左右手侧差有显著性意义，男女性别差异亦有显著意义；同时应用Fisher法分析得出4个判别式，判别率分别为87．6％和89．8％。结论：所得性别判别式对法医学性别判别应用价值较大，为体质人类学和法医学提供了有关解剖学资料。     

Geometric morphometric analysis of craniofacial variation,ontogeny and modularity in a cross‐sectional sample of modern humans

This investigation aimed to quantify craniofacial variation in a sample of modern humans. In all, 187 consecutive orthodontic patients were collected, of which 79 were male (mean age 13.3, SD 3.7, range 7.5–40.8) and 99 were female (mean age 12.3, SD 1.9, range 8.7–19.1). The male and female subgroups were tested for differences in mean shapes and ontogenetic trajectories, and shape variability was characterized using principal component analysis. The hypothesis of modularity was tested for six different modularity scenarios. The results showed that there were subtle but significant differences in the male and female Procrustes mean shapes. Males were significantly larger. Mild sexual ontogenetic allometric divergence was noted. Principal component analysis indicated that, of the four retained biologically interpretable components, the two most important sources of variability were (i) vertical shape variation (i.e. dolichofacial vs. brachyfacial growth patterns) and (ii) sagittal relationships (maxillary prognatism vs. mandibular retrognathism, and vice versa). The mandible and maxilla were found to constitute one module, independent of the skull base. Additionally, we were able to confirm the presence of an anterior and posterior craniofacial columnar module, separated by the pterygomaxillary plane, as proposed by Enlow. These modules can be further subdivided into four sub-modules, involving the posterior skull base, the ethmomaxillary complex, a pharyngeal module, and the anterior part of the jaws.     

下颌骨的测量、相关和性别判别

对成年男、女性下颌骨备100例测量了18项指标,进行逐步回归分析和二类判别分析建立了28个逐步回归方程及性别判别方程式。     

踝关节面的测量及其性别的判别分析

目的：为积累国人资料和探讨踝关节面的性别差异。方法：用电子数显游标卡尺对东北出土的９３副距骨（男５１,女４２）、７２副胫骨（男３６,女３６）和７６副排骨（男３６,女４０）的踝关节面进行了１４例径线的测量和用米格纸测量各关节面面积８项,用ＳＰＳＳ软件计算出构成踝关节各关节面的面积指数并进行了侧别、性别比较和多因素判别分析。结果：各测量项目均无侧别差异,但大多具有非常显著的性别差异;４个判别分析式的判     

颞骨性别判别分析

用通过整套骨骼形态鉴定出性别的东北地区成人干颞骨１６６例进行５项测量，应用Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ判别分析，建立８个判别函数式，判别符合率男性为７９．７８％，女性为８１．１７％，男女合计正判率达８０．４２％，并将该结果与国内外颅脑判别分析的有关资料进行了对比。     

Quantification of mandibular sexual dimorphism during adolescence

The present study investigates how sexual dimorphism in the human mandible develops in three‐dimensionally during adolescence. A cross‐sectional sample of mandibular meshes of 268 males and 386 females, aged between 8.5 and 19.5 years of age, were derived from cone beam computed tomography and were analysed using geometric morphometric methods. Growth trajectories of the mandible in males and females were modelled separately using a recently developed non‐linear kernel regression framework. Growth rate and direction at a dense array of points all over the mandibular surface were visualized within each group and compared between groups. We found that mandibular sexual dimorphism already exists at 9 years of age, but this is mostly in size not in shape. The differential growth rate and duration between the sexes during pubertal growth largely explained by adult sexual dimorphism: the growth direction in both males and females is similar but the male mandible changed more quickly and over a longer period than the female mandible, where the growth rate peaked and declined earlier. This results in increasing dimorphism in form, which is evident in both size and shape. The development of dimorphic features, concentrated in the chin and ramus, were further visualized. The dense morphometric approach provides detailed three‐dimensional quantitative assessment of the development of sexual dimorphism of the mandible.     

Morphological variation in great ape and modern human mandibles

Adult mandibles of 317 modern humans and 91 great apes were selected that showed no pathology. Adult mandibles of Pan troglodytes troglodytes , Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus and Gorilla gorilla gorilla and from 2 modern human populations (Zulu and Europeans from Spitalfields) were reliably sexed. Thirteen measurements were defined and included mandibular height, length and breadth in representative positions. Univariate statistical techniques and multivariate (principal component analysis and discriminant analysis) statistical techniques were used to investigate interspecific variability and sexual dimorphism in human and great ape mandibles, and intraspecific variability among the modern human mandibles. Analysis of interspecific differences revealed some pairs of variables with a tight linear relationship and others where Homo and the great apes pulled apart from one another due to shape differences. Homo and Pan are least sexually dimorphic in the mandible, Pan less so than Homo sapiens , but both the magnitude of sexual dimorphism and the distribution of sexually dimorphic measurements varied both among and between modern humans and great apes. Intraspecific variation among the 10 populations of modern humans was less than that generally reported in studies of crania (74.3% of mandibles were correctly classified into 1 of 10 populations using discriminant functions based on 13 variables as compared with 93% of crania from 17 populations based on 70 variables in one extensive study of crania). A subrecent European population (Poundbury) emerged as more different from a recent European population (Spitalfields) than other more diverse modern populations were from each other, suggesting considerable morphological plasticity in the mandible through time. This study forms a sound basis on which to explore mandibular variation in Neanderthals, early Homo sapiens and other more ancient fossil hominids.     

Specific effects of beta-endorphin infused into the amygdala on sexual behaviour in the male rat.

Bilateral intra-amygdaloid infusions of 0, 20, 60, 120 and 200 pmol beta-endorphin were administered to sexually experienced male rats in a Latin-square design. Sixty, 120 and 200 pmol beta-endorphin significantly decreased preintromission investigation rate and increased intromission latency with an oestrous female. No other effects on the male rats' sexual behaviour were produced. beta-Endorphin-induced effects on preintromission investigation and intromission latency were naloxone reversible (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Similar doses of intra-amygdaloid beta-endorphin had no effect on aggressive interaction with another, strange, male behaviour and similar doses of intra-amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor had no effect on sexual behaviour. Thus, there was both behavioural and chemical specificity of intra-amygdaloid beta-endorphin-induced effects on male sexual behaviour. Bilateral 60 pmol beta-endorphin infusions into the caudate-putamen had no effects on male sexual behaviour, demonstrating anatomical specificity of the intra-amygdaloid-induced effects. Basolateral excitotoxic lesions did not prevent the behavioural effects of intra-amygdaloid beta-endorphin infusions. These results demonstrate that intra-amygdaloid beta-endorphin specifically suppresses the precopulatory phase of male rat sexual behaviour but leaves the execution of the copulatory series intact once it has been initiated. This effect appears to be mediated via the corticomedial amygdaloid region. The change in precopulatory behaviour suggests that beta-endorphin may interfere with the processing of sensory information from the female, thus delaying appropriate initiation of the copulatory series.     

Sexual dysfunction before antidepressant therapy in major depression

BACKGROUND: Decreased sexual interest and function both occur as a consequence of antidepressant medication use, and are especially associated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs). However, few investigators have reported the base rate for disturbances in sexual desire, arousal and orgasm or ejaculation in patients with major depression (MD) prior to antidepressant treatment. The purpose of this report is to define the frequency of sexual dysfunction (SD) in 134 patients with MD and examine the relationship between SD and demographic, clinical and personality variables. METHOD: A consecutive series of 55 male and 79 female MD patients diagnosed by SCID-DSM IV assessment completed a series of psychometric measures including a Sexual Function Questionnaire, which asked about change in sexual interest and function as well as sexual activity during the preceding month. RESULTS: Only 50% of women and 75% of men reported sexual activity during the preceding month. Over 40% of men and 50% of women reported decreased sexual interest. Reduced levels of arousal were more common in both men and women (40-50%) than ejaculatory or orgasm difficulties (15-20%). In women, problems with arousal and orgasm correlated with higher neuroticism and lower extraversion. There was no relationship between SD and personality measures in men. While age at onset of depression and number of prior episodes showed a modest correlation with SD measures, there were no correlations with severity of depression or specific symptoms clusters. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: Although limited by a relatively small sample of drug free patients with MD, and by the absence of a non-depressed comparison sample, these results emphasize the importance of factors beyond specific drug effects in the assessment of antidepressant related sexual dysfunction.