双侧钉棒及同侧单钉棒置入内固定的生物力学比较

背景：腰椎失稳、腰椎滑脱等腰椎退行性疾病常常需要实施腰椎融合,其目标是稳定脊柱,但究竟采取何种内固定方式仍存在争论。 目的：比较单侧与双侧经椎间孔减压椎体间融合治疗腰椎退行性病变的生物力学差异。 方法：人新鲜尸体腰椎标本6具,L4~5模拟微创经椎间孔减压椎体间融合,根据不同的内固定组合方式分为2组,即双侧钉棒组及同侧单钉棒组。在生物力学试验机上测量各种固定方式不同工况下的运动范围(ROM值),并进行比较。 结果与结论：以完整的腰椎运动单元为参照,两固定组的ROM值均低于对照组(P < 0.05)。其中双侧钉棒组在各工况下ROM值均显著低于同侧单钉棒组(P < 0.05)。提示在生物力学实验中,单侧椎弓根螺钉固定椎间融合生物力学性能优良,刚度适中,腰椎可获得可靠的稳定性。但与双侧钉棒固定比较,单钉棒方式仍然存在差距。     

椎弓根钉固定与椎体成形术治疗爆裂型骨折的生物力学研究

目的:评价用椎弓根钉系统固定并同时经椎弓根人工骨椎体成形术治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的生物力学效果,为临床术式选择提供生物力学依据.方法:采用12具国人新鲜脊柱标本(T11～L3),预损伤后压缩法模拟失去前柱支持,完全不稳的L1椎体爆裂性骨折.实验分完整状态组、椎弓根钉同定组和椎弓根钉同定并椎体成形术组.测试标本前屈,后伸,左、右侧弯及左、右轴向旋转状态下同定节段(T11～L3)的运动范围(ROM)以及极限载荷,并计算刚度,进行统计学处理,比较各组间差异.结果:椎弓根钉同定并椎体成形术与单纯椎弓根钉固定两种手术方式进行比较.在屈伸、左右侧弯时,二者运动范围之间的差异无统计学意义,而在轴向旋转时,前者[左旋:(72.42±16.33)%,右旋:(70.30±1 1.58)%]运动范围小于后者[左旋:(106.92±12.0)%,右旋:(105.02±14.31)%](p＜0.05).极限载荷和刚度之间比较,前者均大于后者(P＜0.05).结论:采用椎弓根钉固定并椎体成形术治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折,能够提高生物力学稳定性.稳定效果要优于单纯的后路短节段椎弓根螺钉内同定,同时也可以增加固定节段承受的极限载荷和刚度.     

第Ⅲ代经口寰枢椎复位钢板系统三维稳定性评价

目的　对比经口寰枢椎复位钢板固定系统(TARP)与后路椎弓根钉棒固定系统的三维生物力学稳定性,为临床应用提供实验依据。 方法 6具新鲜上颈椎尸体标本（C0~3）,随机分为正常组、　TARP组、后路钉棒组。每组标本均利用美国魔神运动分析技术公司步态分析系统（Motion Analysis, co. 6Eagle系统）测量屈伸、侧屈、旋转各个方向的运动范围（ROM）,并进行统计学分析。 结果　前路TARP钢板组与后路椎弓根钉棒组在屈伸、侧屈、旋转各个方向上与完整标本差异显著。前路TARP钢板组与后路椎弓根钉棒组在屈伸、侧屈、旋转各个方向均无显著差异。 结论　前路TARP固定系统具有与后路椎弓根钉棒固定系统相当的三维稳定性,具有良好的生物力学性能,前路TARP系统可作为寰枢椎可靠内固定的选择方法之一。     

C2、3椎弓根侧块钢板内固定术治疗Hangman骨折的生物力学评价

目的:评价C2、3椎弓根侧块钢板内固定术治疗不稳定型Hangman骨折的生物力学性能.方法:6具新鲜C0～C4颈椎标本,在脊柱三维运动实验机上依次按照:①对照组(正常状态);②损伤组(按Levine-Edwards诊断标准制成Ⅲ型Hangman骨折模型);③C2、3前路AO锁定钢板内固定组;④C2、3椎弓根侧块钢板内固定组顺序测试其三维运动范围(ROM)并进行对比.结果:内固定组ROM值均小于损伤组,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05);C2、3椎弓根侧块钢板内固定组各ROM值明显小于C2、2前路钢板固定组,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:C2、3椎弓根侧块钢板固定的三维稳定性明显强于C2、3前路钢板固定,具有良好的生物力学性能.     

一种新型动力内固定系统联合经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨治疗单节段胸腰段爆裂骨折的生物力学研究

目的测试新型动力内固定系统联合经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨的稳定性效果。方法选取人新鲜尸体胸腰段标本制作L_2椎体爆裂骨折的模型,测试新型动力内固定系统联合经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨的稳定性效果。结果动力内固定联合经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨与骨折状态相比,屈伸及侧屈方向的ROM均显著减小;旋转方向的ROM虽也显著减小,但明显大于完整状态。结论新型动力内固定系统联合经伤椎椎弓根椎体内植骨能够维持胸腰段爆裂骨折在屈伸及侧屈方向的稳定性,但在旋转方向上不足以提供足够的稳定性。     

单侧椎弓根钉棒固定单节段腰椎及其邻近节段生物力学研究

目的分析单侧椎弓根钉棒固定对单节段腰椎的生物力学稳定性及其对邻近节段活动度的影响。方法新鲜成人尸体腰椎标本6具,测定L4～5不稳固定节段及其上下邻近节段屈伸、左右侧弯、左右旋转6个方向ROM,按4组顺序依次测试:A组(完整组);B组(模拟L4～5不稳组);C组(单侧椎弓根钉棒固定+椎间单枚cage);D组(双侧椎弓根钉棒固定+椎间单枚cage)。结果L4～5节段除左侧弯外,C组与D组相比各运动方向ROM差异无统计学意义(P0.05);L3～4、L5～S1节段除左、右侧弯外,C组与D组相比各运动方向ROM差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单侧椎弓根钉棒固定对单节段腰椎在大部分运动方向上具有与双侧固定相似的即刻稳定性,邻近节段侧弯活动度较双侧固定后更少。     

原位及复位融合腰椎滑脱的三维有限元分析

背景：由于脊柱结构复杂,对复位或原位融合后融合的腰椎节段应力分布变化特点的精确生物力学分析一直是个难点。 目的：通过建立L₄/₅节段退变性滑脱原位椎间融合椎弓根钉内固定和复位椎间融合椎弓根钉内固定的三维有限元模型来比较腰椎滑脱原位融合和复位融合两种手术方式在各种载荷下的生物力学变化及其对腰椎稳定的影响。 方法：根据健康成年男性的下腰椎CT数据,利用mimics,Catia和Patran,Marc等软件建立起L₄/₅节段的三维有限元模型,利用此模型模拟退变性腰椎滑脱,在此基础上建立L₄/₅节段原位椎间融合椎弓根钉内固定和复位椎间融合内固定模型,分析两模型在各种载荷下的应力分布特点,并比较异同。 结果与结论：L₄/₅节段退变性滑脱原位椎间融合椎弓根钉内固定和复位椎间融合椎弓根钉内固定三维有限元模型在前屈后伸侧屈旋转负荷下,该节段各部结构,包括椎体,椎弓根钉内固定器和椎间融合器上的应力变化没有显著差异。两模型都显示椎间融合器和椎弓根螺钉内固定器上分布的应力最大。结果表明退变性腰椎滑脱,行原位椎间融合内固定和复位椎间融合内固定后,复位与否对该节段生物力学没有显著影响。     

经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折的护理

脊柱胸腰段骨折约占脊柱骨折的1/2,传统治疗方法为后路短节段跨伤椎4钉内固定术。近年来,具有更大生物力学稳定性的附加伤椎固定的三椎体6钉椎弓根螺钉内固定技术逐渐应用于临床并取得了较满意的治疗效果[1]。我科2007年9月至2010年9月对29例胸腰椎骨折患者行附加伤椎固定的三椎体6钉内固定术,现总结其临床护理体会,     

经胸腰段伤椎单节段椎弓根螺钉固定后的生物力学特性

背景：临床常采用经伤椎椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸腰椎骨折,研究已证实经伤椎双侧椎弓根螺钉固定后脊柱稳定性加强,但也有研究认为经伤椎单节段椎弓根螺钉固定足以增加脊柱的稳定性,但此结论缺乏生物力学结果支持。 目的：观察胸腰段椎体骨折经伤椎单节段固定的相关生物力学特性。 方法：取扬州大学医学院解剖教研室提供8具中国人新鲜胸腰段标本(T₁₁ -L₃),锯条横断2/3椎体,制成完整胸腰段椎体实验标本,将8具标本等分成跨伤椎固定组和单节段经伤椎固定组,分别在跨伤椎临近椎体四钉固定和临近椎体四钉固定+经伤椎单侧椎弓根固定。 结果与结论：胸腰段椎体骨折后经跨伤椎固定与经单节段伤椎固定的载荷-应变关系相差12%、载荷-位移关系相差11%、强度相差18%、轴向刚度相差11%、扭转力相差11%及拔出力相差1.8%,两组差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),说明经伤椎单节段固定胸腰段椎体骨折的生物力学性能更好。     

手术矫正脊柱后凸畸形的生物力学分析

目的探讨脊柱截骨矫正后凸畸形的生物力学特点。方法12具新鲜猪胸腰椎段脊柱标本,随机分成截骨组和对照组,每组6具,截骨组标本截骨两处并行椎弓根钉固定,在生理负荷下进行前屈、后伸、左右侧屈和顺逆时针轴向旋转6种运动范围的测试,记录载荷值大小,并行统计学分析。结果生理负荷下截骨组屈伸、侧屈和轴向旋转运动稳定性与对照组无差异性。结论脊柱截骨后采用椎弓根钉固定后的稳定性能够达到对照组水平。     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.