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1.
目的分析3起发生在老人院内的诺如病毒胃肠炎局部暴发疫情的流行特征,为今后预防类似事件的发生提供参考依据。方法收集2007年佛山市老人院诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情现场流行病学调查报告.采用描述性流行病学方法对疫情调查处理情况进行分析。结果2007年佛山市共报告3起老人院诺如病毒胃肠炎暴发疫情,共发病56例,无死亡病例;疫情集中发生在2~3月份;每起疫情均从部分患者粪便标本中检测诺如病毒Ⅱ型核酸;3起疫情主要以人-人密切接触的途径传播。结论早发现、早报告、早处理疫情.以及日常加强院内卫生,强化护工的规范操作,是预防和控制诺如病毒胃肠炎在老人院发生的关键。  相似文献   

2.
目的 了解河北省卢龙地区2008 -2009年5岁以下住院儿童中诺如病毒的分子流行病学特征.方法 收集2008年10月至2009年8月325例5岁以下腹泻住院患儿粪便标本和流行病学资料,采用酶联免疫吸附试验( ELISA)检测轮状病毒抗原,利用多重RT-PCR方法检测诺如病毒,并对部分诺如病毒阳性株进行序列测定和系统进化分析.结果 诺如病毒的检出率为11.3% (37/325),仅次于轮状病毒的检出率(48.6%),高于腺病毒(6.5%)和星状病毒(4.3%),主要感染2岁以下儿童,季节高峰在11月,系统进化分析表明诺如病毒流行优势株为GⅡ-4/2006b变异株,并发现一株未见报道的新型GⅡ-4变异株.结论 诺如病毒是引起2008 -2009年卢龙地区的急性胃肠炎的重要病原之一,GⅡ-4/2006b变异株仍是流行优势株,要进一步监测新型GⅡ-4变异株的流行.  相似文献   

3.
目的 了解贵阳地区GⅡ.4型诺如病毒变异株的组成及其点突变.方法 监测2010年6-11月于贵阳地区哨点医院就诊的急性胃肠炎病例,收集粪便标本,采用荧光定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(real-time RT-PCR)初步鉴定,随机选取部分GⅡ型诺如病毒阳性标本,采用一步法RT-PCR对其VP1基因区克隆及测序,基因序列与国内外流行的GⅡ.4型诺如病毒进行系统进化及氨基酸位点的突变分析.结果 检测标本426份,有267份(62.68%)GⅡ型诺如病毒阳性,测序获得了9份GⅡ.4型诺如病毒VP1基因组序列,贵州省2010年流行的GⅡ.4型诺如病毒包括2个变异株(GⅡ.42008a和GⅡ.4 2008b新型变异株),亚型组闻的VP1基因的同源性为95.90% ~ 96.72%,亚型组内同源性为99.45% ~ 100%,有2个氨基酸位点易发生突变.结论 贵阳地区2010年夏秋季急性胃肠炎以诺如病毒GⅡ型为主,并且变异株具有多样性.  相似文献   

4.
目的 探讨北京市春季诺如病毒性腹泻的流行病学规律及病原学特点.方法 对2007年1月至4月北京市各级各类医院报告的451例病毒性腹泻病例采集便标本,应用ELISA方法进行诺如病毒抗原检测.应用逆转录聚合酶链反应进行RNA检测,对9例阳性标本的PCR产物进行克降测序.结果 ELISA检测诺如病毒阳性166例,阳性率35.48%.166例病人主要集中在1月、2月,以20~29岁年龄组最多,男性多于女性,城区多于郊区.但在病毒性腹泻病例中,诺如病毒阳性率分布无时间、人群和空间差异.该9株病毒均为GⅡ/4型诺如病毒变异株,组内核苷酸同源性为97.0%~99.6%.系统发生树表明北京地Ⅸ的流行株与同时期世界上流行的诺如病毒株属于同一型别的GⅡ/4变异株.结论 北京市春季诺如病毒性腹泻主要山GⅡ/4变异株引起,与同期世界上流行株有共同的来源,各人群均存在感染的风险,应该加强相应的预防控制措施,并有必要在围外发生流行时建立预警机制.  相似文献   

5.
目的了解一起诺如病毒感染性腹泻暴发的特点和流行原因,探讨暴发疫情调查处理的经验,为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法对开平市月山镇一起诺如病毒暴发疫情用流行病学方法进行分析。结果该镇水井片11月25日至12月5日共发生感染性腹泻238例,罹患率4.18%;患者各年龄组均有发病,青壮年居多;患者大多呈腹泻、呕吐等胃肠炎症状,病情较轻;对搜索到的575户2347人进行发病聚集性分析,发现有明显的家庭聚集性;不同村委会发病差异有统计学意义。部分病人粪便标本经检测诺如病毒阳性。疫情经加强饮用水消毒、病人隔离治疗、开展爱国卫生运动和健康教育等综合措施后得到控制。结论本起暴发疫情由诺如病毒感染引起,供水系统受到一过性污染是引起水源性暴发的主要原因。加强饮用水的消毒与管理,开展健康教育是控制疫情的关键。  相似文献   

6.
目的 研究感染性腹泻疫情中诺如病毒的分子流行病学特点.方法 对2008-2010年湖州地区的感染性腹泻疫情标本共119份进行诺如病毒核酸检测,并选取部分阳性扩增产物经序列测定分析诺如病毒的基因型.结果 119份感染性腹泻标本荧光定量PCR检测阳性50份,其中GⅠ型9份,GⅡ型35份,GⅠ和GⅡ混合感染6份.对12份PCR扩增阳性产物进行序列分析显示:5株GⅠ型诺如病毒毒株分属于GⅠ/2和GⅠ/3两种基因型;7株GⅡ型诺如病毒毒株中除1株属于新基因型GⅡb外,其余6株均属于GⅡ/4基因型.结论 诺如病毒是引起湖州地区感染性腹泻疫情最重要的病原菌之一,且湖州地区的诺如病毒存在很高的遗传多样性,同时也存在基因型别的差异.  相似文献   

7.
目的 对2013-2015年北京市东城区诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情的流行病学特征和病原学特征进行分析.方法 采取面对面问卷调查的方式,对2013年1月至2015年12月北京市东城区报告的诺如病毒感染聚集性疫情开展流行病学调查,描述性分析疫情流行病学特征;采集病例及环境标本进行诺如病毒实时荧光PCR检测和基因序列分析,掌握疫情病原学特征.结果 2013-2015年共报告20起聚集性疫情,每起疫情发病人数在8-78例之间,罹患率在6.3-61.5%之间.三年报告起数呈逐年递增趋势,34月和10-12月报告17起,占总起数的85.0%.疫情主要发生在小学、幼儿园、集体单位和医院病房.采集患者便标本、密接便标本和环境涂抹标本260份,检出诺如病毒GⅡ型核酸阳性122份,阳性率为46.9%.对14起疫情的阳性标本基因序列分析结果:GⅡ.17型6起,GⅡ.6型3起,GⅡ.4Sydney-2012型2起,GⅡ.2、GⅡ.3、GⅡ.7型各1起.结论 2013-2015年北京市东城区诺如病毒聚集性疫情春季和秋冬季高发,应加强学校和托幼机构疫情的监测,加强集体单位食堂员工以及医院护理人员的监测与管理.  相似文献   

8.
目的 调查深圳市某幼儿园发生的一起急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的病原体,并分析病原体的分子流行病学特征.方法 收集患病幼儿及相关人员的粪便标本16份,剩余食物6份,采用国家卫生行业标准规定方法检测肠道致病菌、实时荧光RT-PCR法检测诺如病毒、札如病毒、轮状病毒核酸,逆转录RT-PCR法对病毒衣壳区和聚合酶区序列进行扩增,对PCR产物进行序列测定.序列用Clustalx软件进行多重比对、Mega 5.0软件绘制系统进化树.结果 16份样本中检出11例札如病毒核酸阳性,对其中3例阳性标本进行札如病毒衣壳区和聚合酶区序列测定,3株札如病毒与GII.3型参考株AY603425衣壳区核苷酸同源性为86.3%,聚合酶区核苷酸同源性为90.2%,3株札如病毒与GII.3型参考株AY603425、AB455793同属于GII.3型遗传分支.结论 此起急性胃肠炎爆发是由GII.3型札如病毒导致,GII.3型引起的急性胃肠炎暴发属广东省首次报道.  相似文献   

9.
目的 了解2008-2009年北京地区成人腹泻样本中诺如病毒(Norovirus,NoV)GⅡ.12型毒株的基因特征.方法 用三对引物对11株GⅡ.12型诺如病毒毒株RdRp,、ORF2、ORF3及ORF1/OFF2重叠区分别扩增,PCR产物纯化、克隆、测序,通过DNAStar、MEGA、SimPlot等生物软件进行比对、系统进化分析及重组分析.结果 根据系统进化分析,11株在RdRp区属于GⅡ.g,在ORF2和ORF3区均属于GⅡ.12.SimPlot分析进一步证实了11株均为GⅡ.g/GⅡ.12重组株.结论 北京地区流行的GⅡ.12型诺如病毒与世界其他地区流行的GⅡ.12型诺如病毒毒株均属同一毒株,确定了北京地区GⅡ.12型诺如病毒毒株的基因特征.  相似文献   

10.
目的了解南京地区婴幼儿杯状病毒腹泻的感染状况、临床表现以及分子流行病学特征。方法采集2010年7月至2011年6月南京医科大学附属南京儿童医院5岁以下腹泻患儿粪便标本及儿童保健中心健康婴幼儿粪便标本各428份。采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT—PCR)检测杯状病毒,测序确定其基因型别。结果428份腹泻样本中有63份为杯状病毒阳性,检出率为14.72%。其中诺如病毒GⅡ型58例,未检出诺如病毒GI型,札如病毒5例,以诺如病毒GⅡ-42006b型为主要流行株。428份健康对照组标本杯状病毒检出19例,诺如病毒6例,札如病毒11例,2例为诺如病毒GⅡ型和札如病毒混合感染。结论南京地区婴幼儿中存在不同基因型杯状病毒感染,流行毒株以GⅡ-2006b为主。  相似文献   

11.
Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.  相似文献   

12.
Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc2 (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.  相似文献   

13.
About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread epidemics of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a panhypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of substrate beriberi and substrate pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse endemic disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for primates. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.  相似文献   

14.
Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.  相似文献   

15.
16.
There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.  相似文献   

17.
Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.  相似文献   

18.
Newton H 《Medical history》2011,55(2):153-182
Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.  相似文献   

19.
The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.  相似文献   

20.
HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.  相似文献   

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