贵阳城区儿童少年行为问题与家庭背景研究

目的 :为了解贵阳城区儿童少年行为问题的现状 ,探讨行为问题儿童与家庭因素的关系。方法 :采用Achnbach’s儿童行为量表及“儿童行为问题相关因素问卷”对贵阳城区 136 5名 6～ 16岁儿童少年进行调查 ,并对调查结果进行了现状分析及相关因素的单元和多元比较。结果 :检出有行为问题的儿童少年 2 0 7名 ,检出率 15 16 % ,显著高于全国调查结果 (p <0 0 5 )。中学组检出率高于小学组 ,与其他城市及全国相比差异有显著性 (p<0 0 5 )。性别差异不显著。检出率高的因子是忧郁、社会退缩、多动、攻击等。影响儿童少年行为问题的家庭因素依次是 :家长对孩子心理健康的重视程度、母亲文化、家庭经济收入、家长对子女心理健康的认识、父母的婚姻状况等。结论 :贵阳城区儿童少年行为问题检出率高于全国水平 ,大年龄组尤为突出。家庭环境是影响儿童少年行为发展的重要因素     

泉州市1560学龄前儿童的社会心理现状分析

目的：了解学龄前儿童心理发育现状，主要存在的行为问题，提出干预措施。方法：采用Achenbach儿童行为量表中国标准化版对市区5所幼儿园，市效5个学前班儿童进行表格式调查。结果：发现顽固性不良习惯26.47%，行为问题检出率为20.83%。骄惯、任性、缺少锻炼现象较普遍。分析了影响因素可能为父母对子女的期望值、教养方法、教育态度、父母间的关系等。结论：应早期注意儿童心理发育，树立健康育儿观念，增加锻炼，特别是劳动和体育锻炼，减轻儿童的心理压力，促使儿童身心健康成长。     

ADHD儿童行为与教育子女方式问题的相关分析

目的:探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的父母教育子女方式的特点及其与ADHD儿童行为问题的关系.方法:选用子女教育心理控制源量表(PLOC)、Conners父母症状问卷(PSQ)分别对30例ADHD及正常儿童进行评定.结果:ADHD儿童的父母在PLOC量表中教育成效、父母的责任、父母对命运/机遇的信念、父母对子女行为控制的评分高于对照组(P<0.05).PLOC的某些因素与ADHD儿童行为问题存在相关关系.结论:ADHD儿童有较多的行为问题,可能与父母教育方式有关.     

武汉市儿童少年行为问题的检出率及相关因素

目的:调查武汉市4~16岁儿童少年行为问题的检出率及相关因素。方法:分层随机抽取武汉市16所学校(幼儿园、小学、初中和高中各4所)的2361名在校4~16岁儿童少年,完成Achenbach儿童行为量表(A chenbach's Child Behavior Checklist,CBCL)、儿童躯体虐待问卷和自编其他危险因素问卷,采用Log istic回归筛选行为问题的相关因素。结果:武汉市儿童少年行为问题的检出率为12.7%(95%C I:11.3~14.1),行为问题儿童少年的求医率为3.0%(95%C I:2.31~3.69)。儿童少年行为问题发生的危险因素[OR(95%C I)]依次为:寄养家庭[5.80(1.38~24.50)],同学关系不好[5.58(1.73~18.0)],独生子女[4.02(3.07~4.96)],近一年躯体虐待[3.60(2.96~4.23)],父母有人经常饮酒[2.23(1.64~3.02)],同学关系一般[2.08(1.59~2.73)],居住在城乡结合部[1.80(1.33~2.43)],非重点学校[1.49(1.13~1.96)],大家庭[1.43(1.05~1.94)]。结论:武汉市儿童少年行为问题检出率高;儿童少年行为问题的预防需要从家庭、父母、学校和减少对儿童少年的躯体虐待着手。     

10—16岁儿童少年行为问题的双生子研究

目的:调查遗传因素和环境因素对10-16岁儿童少年行为问题的影响程度,为儿童少年行为问题的防治提供依据.方法:采用多级随机抽样的方法选取64对双生子,使用Achenbach儿童行为量表评定行为问题,估算遗传因素及环境因素对儿童少年行为问题的影响程度.结果:10-16岁儿童少年总的行为问题的遗传度为0.33,共享环境的影响程度为0.57,非共享环境的影响程度为0.10.其中退缩行为、躯体主诉、注意缺陷及违纪行为的遗传度超过0.6,共享环境对焦虑/抑郁、社交问题及攻击行为的影响程度在0.41～0.64之间.结论:遗传因素和环境因素对儿童少年的行为问题均有影响,但环境因素影响程度更大,尤其是共享环境因素.     

情绪障碍儿童行为与父母教育子女方式的关系

目的探讨情绪障碍儿童的行为问题与情绪障碍儿童的父母教育子女方式特点的关系。方法选用子女教育心理控制源量表（PLOC）、Conners父母症状问卷（PSQ）、父母养育方式问卷（EMBU）,分别对82例情绪障碍儿童和82例正常儿童进行评定。结果情绪障碍儿童的父母在PLOC量表中教育成效、父母的责任、父母对命运/机遇的信念,父母对子女行为控制的评分高于对照组（P〈0.05）。PLOC的某些因素与情绪障碍儿童行为问题存在相关性。情绪障碍儿童父母双方都存在管教过严、惩罚严厉、过度干涉和保护过多,而关心理解和支持不够等消极的养育方式。结论情绪障碍儿童行为问题与父母教育方式有关。     

内地与经济特区儿童行为问题相关因素分析

采用中国标准化的Ａｃｈｅｎｂａｃｈ′ｓ儿童行为量表，对武汉市９７５名、深圳市２０４６名４－１６岁儿童进行了心理行为调查。结果显示：１．武汉市和深圳市儿童行为问题检出率为１１．５％和１３．３％，以学龄前儿童居多，分别为２０．８％和１９．６％。２．两市影响儿童行为问题相关因素表明，父母关系不和谐、居住周围社会风气不好、无安静学习环境、父母管教态度不一致、方法简单、粗暴的与儿童行为问题显著相关。３．两市各年龄组行为因子间差异无显著性。     

136例4-6岁儿童行为问题危险因素研究

为了探讨学龄前期儿童行为问题发生危险因素，本文以4－6岁2138名儿童为调查对象，采用Achenbach行为量表（简称CBCL），对其中136例有行为问题儿童进行单因素分析。结果提示母孕期不利因素、母亲文化程度、父母教育方式、教育态度及双亲关系等，都是儿童行为问题的高危因素，说明防治儿童行为问题，必须从围生期着手，同时也应引起儿科工作者、教育工作者及家长的高度重视。     

小学生“问题儿童”及其相关因素城乡对比研究

目的 了解大庆地区城区、乡村"问题儿童"的存在情况及可能与此相关的因素.方法 采用中国标准化版的Achenbach儿童行为量表及自编的小学生家长一般情况问卷对大庆地区城区及乡村小学生进行检查.结果 在校小学生行为问题栓出率为15.72%.城乡间差异不显著.但社交能力,行为问题的多动,焦虑,攻击性,抑郁,退缩及不成熟因子间差异显著,显示与学生父母的文化程度、父母间是否和睦、对教育学生的态度是否一致、单亲家庭及对学生的期望值过高等有关.讨论减轻学生的压力以减少行为问题的发生     

中小学生心理健康影响因素的研究

本研究以Achenbach's儿童行为量表中国标准化版、艾森克问卷为主要工具，对农村中小学生及老师、家长进行调查，结果表明，中小学生心理健康问题查出率为15.40％。采用逐步回归分析方法，影响中小学生心理健康的主要因素，排序为：教育方法和态度、与父母一方或双方的关系、父母间关系、学校气氛、家长的文化程度、学生个性、教师人格、家庭结构、母亲妊娠及围产期情况、家长的身心健康、与经常生活在一起的其他家庭成员的关系。     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

The cyclic-AMP concentration in plasma and in muscle in response to exercise and beta-blockade in man

At rest the cAMP concentration in (muscle samples of) the quadriceps femoris ranged from 1.55 to 3.00 μmol per kg dry muscle and in plasma from 15.3 to 32.3 nmol per 1. Blockade of the beta adrenoreceptors with propranolol resulted in a significant decrease in the concentration in muscle at rest, the magnitude of the fall being related to the inital level. Similarly in plasma there was a trend towards lower levels of cAMP in those with the highest pretreatment levels, but the overall change was not statistically significant. There was no relation between the concentrations in muscle and plasma, before or after beta-blockade. Maximum dynamic exercise for 4–8 min resulted in an approximate doubling in the cAMP concentration in both muscle and blood. The increase in plasma was closely related to that in muscle. Beta-blockade inhibited totally the rise in cAMP in muscle during exercise but was marginally less effective in preventing the increase in blood. No increase in plasma or muscle cAMP levels during 40–70 s isometric contraction were observed.     

生物材料在多尺度力治疗学中应用的2022年度研究进展

随着对生物力学与力学生物学机制理解的深入,力学如何应用于疾病治疗受到越来越多的关注,由此产生了力治疗学这一新兴领域。 生物材料与力治疗学的结合,为疾病的力学治疗提供了多样化的干预途径与丰富的技术手段。 本文结合 2022 年度生物材料在力治疗学中应用的最新进展,着眼于多尺度的力治疗途径分析,从器官与组织、微组织、细胞与亚细胞和分子 4 个尺度,探讨生物材料如何服务于力治疗学应用,以期助力多学科交叉研究发展、推动力治疗研究的转化与应用。     

Cystic echinococcosis in equids in Italy

Between March 2003 and February 2007, the livers and the lungs of 2,231 horses from various Italian regions were examined for cystic echinococcosis presence at the time of slaughter. Hydatid cysts were found in six horses, namely four from Sardinia, one from Sicily, and one from Tuscany. The location, number, morphology, and fertility of the cysts found were determined. DNA was extracted from the germinal layers and protoscoleces of the fertile cysts and polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed in order to strain type DNA isolates for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and 12S partial genes. The PCR products were then purified and sequenced in forward and reverse. Hydatid materials obtained from positive animals were identified as Echinococcus granulosus s.s. (old G1, sheep strain) and Echinococcus equinus (old G4, horse strain) for ND1, CO1, and 12S partial genes. This allowed us to record the presence of the E. equinus in Italy for the first time with molecular tools and also to report new data on the epidemiological situation of this parasite in Italy.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.