抗CD_3在肾移植急性排异中的临床应用

<正> 近年研究证实,细胞免疫在肾移植急性排异反应(AR)机理中起着重要作用。T细胞系AR主要免疫反应介质,K细胞介导ADCC。目前临床虽广泛应用肾上腺皮质激素、硫唑嘌呤以及环孢霉素A治疗肾移植后AR,但疗效有时难以令人满意,且常易发生抵抗性和/或过度免疫抑制,甚至继发感染合并肿瘤发生,其中环孢霉素A肾毒性已被人     

肾移植术后血清IL-18的动态监测及临床意义

目的:观察肾移植术后发生急性排斥反应、感染、环孢霉素A(CsA)中毒时血清白介素-18(IL-18)的变化, 探讨IL-18在急性排斥反应中的早期诊断及鉴别诊断的意义.方法:采用 ELISA法对90例肾移植患者手术前后的血清IL-18水平进行动态监测.结果:肾移植患者术前血清IL-18水平与健康对照组比较明显升高(P<0.01), 术后第1天明显升高, 10 d左右基本降至术前水平.发生急性排斥反应时, 血清IL-18持续升高, 经甲基强的松龙(MP)冲击有效后迅速下降, 治疗无效者, 血清IL-18持续在高水平.并发感染时, IL-18也显著升高, 与急性排斥反应组相比差别无显著性意义;而CsA中毒时, IL-18变化不明显.结论:动态监测IL-18有助于用于急性排斥反应的早期诊断和鉴别诊断.     

超声在观察移植肾中远期并发症中的应用

超声检查是移植肾最佳的无创性检测手段,对移植肾动脉狭窄、动静脉瘘和假性动脉瘤、环孢霉素和他克莫司(强效免疫抑制剂)的毒性、排斥反应(急性排斥反应、慢性排斥反应)、尿路梗阻、肿瘤、肾移植后淋巴增殖性疾病等中远期并发症的监测有良好的准确性。超声造影使移植肾血流动力学和血流灌注研究达到微循环水平,从而实现超声移植肾功能性成像。     

快速简便高效液相色谱法测定血中环孢霉素A

用反相高效液相色谱法测定血中环孢霉素A浓度。该法具有灵敏、准确、快速、经济等特点。环孢霉素A和内标环孢霉素C的保留时间分别为8.6分和7.6分。样品萃取过程不需进行酸、碱处理。标准血样提取的最低检测浓度为10μg/L血浆。经提取的标准曲线相关系数为0.9999。方法回收率为97％,日内日问测定变异系数CV,均小于5％。     

他克莫司血药浓度的方法学评价

评价德灵公司均相酶法他克莫司（Tacrolimus）试剂盒检测他克莫司血药浓度的可靠性。用本方法在日立7600分析仪上对其检测他克莫司血药浓度的精密度、线性、回收率、相关性等指标进行评价。本方法的评价表明,在他克莫司质控浓度为5.0ng/mL和15.0ng/mL时,批内变异系数分别为14.17%、10.66%,批间变异系数分别为12.56%、9.92%。平均回收率95.98%,在1.5~30ng/mL范围内,线性良好。与微粒子酶联免疫吸附法测定相关性良好（r=0.93）。结论：该方法操作简便、快速、准确,多通道检测,适用于临床上对肝肾移植患者他克莫司药物谷值浓度的监测。     

快速、简便高效液相色谱法测定血中环孢霉素A

环孢霉素A(CyclosporinA)是一新的,强有效的免疫抑制剂。业已证明:在预防器官移植后排斥反应方面,包括心、肝、肾和骨髓移植等,是十分有效的。CyA又是毒性药物,有效治疗浓度范围狭窄,必须对它进行血药浓度监测,确定其药物动力学规律,以便制定合理给药方案。为阐明其药物动力学特点并为临床提供较满意的测定方法,我们对测定人血浆中CyA的高效液相色谱法进行了研究。     

T淋巴细胞亚群检测在肾移植排斥反应与环孢霉素A中毒鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨外周血淋巴细胞亚群检测在人类同种异体肾移植术后急性排斥反应与免疫抑制剂环孢霉素A（cyclosporine A，CSA）中毒的诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值。方法采用四色流式细胞技术对26例肾移植术后肾功能正常、11例急性排斥反应、10例环孢霉素A中毒患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群中CD3^＋、CD3^＋CD4^＋、CD3^＋CD8^＋细胞的百分比进行检测。结果肾功能正常组、急性排斥反应组与环孢霉素A中毒组外周血淋巴细胞中CD3^＋细胞的百分比分别为71．83％±9．65％、73．29％±8．85％、72．06％±12．04％，3组比较差异无统计学意义；CD3^＋CD4^＋细胞的百分比分别为38．69％±9．21％、49．58％±8．41％、40．15％±9．98％，急性排斥反应组与正常组和CSA中毒组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）；CD3^＋CD8^＋细胞百分比分别为29.28％±9．02％、19．18％±5.35％、30．86％±9．19％，急性排斥反应组与正常组和CSA中毒组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）；CD3^＋CD4^＋／CD3^＋CD8^＋分别为1．76±0．97、2．92±0．71、1．81±0．92，急性排斥反应组与正常组和CSA中毒组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论检测外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化，对肾移植术后急性排斥反应和环孢霉素A中毒有鉴别诊断的价值。     

树突状细胞共刺激分子表达与免疫抑制剂的干预

背景：以往关于器官移植免疫抑制和抗排斥反应的研究,多关注T淋巴细胞介导的免疫反应及免疫抑制剂对T淋巴细胞的作用,树突状细胞作用尚不清楚,且对于免疫抑制剂对树突状细胞影响的表现及机制亦不尽相同。 目的：比较不同免疫抑制剂对树突状细胞共刺激分子表达及功能的影响,探讨其免疫抑制作用机制。 方法：在诱导C57BL/6小鼠骨髓细胞定向分化为树突状细胞时分别加入20 μg/L雷帕霉素、0.04mg/L霉酚酸酯、10 μg/L他克莫司和1 mg/L环孢霉素A。 结果与结论：流式细胞仪检测结果显示,各组CD40表达为：雷帕霉素<他克莫司<环孢霉素A<霉酚酸酯(P < 0.01);CD86表达分别为：雷帕霉素<他克莫司<环孢霉素A =霉酚酸酯(P < 0.01);CD80、CD11c及主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ的表达各组差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。单向混合淋巴细胞反应结果显示,各组树突状细胞共刺激T细胞增殖能力表现为：雷帕霉素<霉酚酸酯<他克莫司=环孢霉素A (P < 0.05)。结果证实,雷帕霉素、他克莫司、环孢霉素A、霉酚酸酯均通过抑制树突状细胞共刺激分子CD40及CD86表达而发挥免疫抑制作用,以雷帕霉素最为显著;虽然以上药物对树突状细胞抗原递呈能力主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ的表达均无明显抑制性,但均能抑制树突状细胞刺激T细胞增殖的能力,雷帕霉素的抑增殖能力最强。    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

三种免疫抑制药对分化的巨噬细胞表型和功能的影响

目的 探讨3种免疫抑制药(雷帕霉素、环孢霉素A和紫杉醇)在骨髓前体细胞分化过程中对分化的巨噬细胞表型和功能的影响.方法 取60只C57BL/6小鼠颈椎脱臼致死,无菌操作制备骨髓前体细胞,在细胞培养体系中分别加入雷帕霉素(100μmol/L)、环孢霉素A(1mg/L)和紫杉醇(20μg/L)和巨噬细胞集落刺激因子,通过混...     

ACCESS化学发光仪残余试剂的回收价值研究

探讨ACCESS化学发光仪(以下简称发光仪)剩余试剂的回收再利用价值.收集残余试剂并按要求储存,用发光仪对回收残余试剂进行精密度、回收率、线性评价和质控血清的检测试验,并与原装试剂进行对比分析.结果表明,回收试剂的批内、批间精密度均小于10%,回收率均在90%~110%,质控血清检测结果偏倚与原装试剂无显著性差异(P＞...     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.