细胞因子白细胞介素-1α、S100β 在阿尔茨海默病不同类型老年斑中的表达

目的 探讨小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞及其所产生的炎性介质白细胞介素(IL)-1α、S100β在阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer's disease,AD）不同类型的老年斑形成和进展中的意义。方法 从北京医院病理科1982至2008年尸检资料中选出AD 34例,所有脑标本的海马部切片均进行IL-1α/β-淀粉蛋白、S100β/β-淀粉蛋白免疫组织化学双标记染色。结果 IL-1α/β-淀粉蛋白及S100 β/ β-淀粉蛋白免疫组织化学双标记染色均显示老年斑有4种类型,即弥漫性非神经突斑、弥漫性神经突斑、有致密核心的神经突斑、有致密核心的非神经突斑。在4种类型的老年斑中,与弥漫性神经突斑相关的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞数量最多,分别为(7.29±3.04)和(6.49±2.20)个/ mm2,与弥漫性非神经突斑、有致密核心的神经突斑及有致密核心的非神经突斑的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的数量,分别为(3.24±1.53)和(4.14±1.77)个/mm2,(2.09±1.37)和(2.25±0.83)个/ mm2,(1.38±0.90)和(0.58±0.36)个/mm2,与弥漫性神经突斑相关的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞数量均高于其他类型的老年斑(P＜0.05)。结论 小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞及其所产生的炎性介质IL-1α、S100β可能在AD弥漫性非神经突斑转化为弥漫性神经突斑的过程中具有一定意义。     

脂多糖对大鼠中脑和桥脑内Fos、GFAP、OX42表达的影响

目的 探讨单次腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS),中脑和桥脑神经元、星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞的可塑性变化。方法 抗Fos蛋白、抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、抗特异性标记小胶质细胞(OX42)和抗Fos／GFAP双重免疫组织化学标记法。结果 Fos阳性神经元分布于上丘、中脑导水管周围灰质、臂旁核和蓝斑。Fos蛋白在注射后30min。表达,1～3h为高峰。GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞胞体变大,突起增粗,细胞密度增加,30min出现表达,1h为高峰,3h后减少。OX42阳性小胶质细胞首先于脑室周围灰质表达,注射后6h达到高峰,胞体变大,全脑分布。相应于Fos阳性神经元分布区域,GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞和OX42阳性小胶质细胞深染和密集。结论 上丘、臂旁核、蓝斑内神经元、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞可能参与神经免疫调节,臂旁核可能为此调节通路的中继站之一。     

缺血再灌注对大鼠神经元与星形胶质细胞的影响

应用免疫组织化学单标记法分别观察大鼠在大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注时胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和Fos蛋白在大脑皮质内表达的时间规律,并用免疫组织化学双重标记法观察GFAP和Fos蛋白表达的相互关系。结果发现在缺血1h再灌注2h时,大脑皮层的星形胶质细胞被激活,细胞体积增大,突起粗大,呈GFAP阳性。星形胶质细胞的反应直至48h依然强烈。被激活的星形胶质细胞和神经元表达Fos蛋白,并呈现时程变化规律。结果提示星形胶质细胞可能和神经元一起参与了大脑皮层缺血再灌注后的变化。     

大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内星形胶质细胞对疼痛刺激的反应及与神经元的关系

目的 研究大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核(Sp5C)星形胶质细胞对唇下注射福尔马林所致疼痛的反应及其与神经元的关系。方法 用免疫组织化学方法，显示注射后不同时间Sp5C星形胶质细胞与神经元内抗磷脂酶C(PLC)、抗Fos和抗胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫组织化学产物的表达和分布。结果 正常大鼠Sp5C无免疫组织化学阳性染色，唇下注射福尔马林后，Sp5C内的星形胶质细胞出现抗PLC、抗Fos和抗GFAP阳性染色，神经元出现抗PLC和抗Fos阳性染色，且有相同的亚核分布，关系密切。抗PLC和抗Fos免疫组织化学阳性先出现于星形胶质细胞，而后在神经元出现表达。结论 Sp5C内星形胶质细胞可能参与中枢神经系统对疼痛刺激的调节，并主动调节神经元的活动。     

P>猫皮层第一体感区髓质胶质反应的年龄相关性变化/P>

目的 比较青年猫与老年猫大脑皮层第一躯体感觉区(SI区)髓质中胶质细胞和S100蛋白免疫阳性细胞和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)免疫阳性细胞的年龄相关性形态学变化, 探讨该变化的原因及其在老年性躯体感觉功能衰退中的意义.方法 选青年猫与老年猫各4只,用改良的Holzer结晶紫染色显示SI区髓质中所有胶质细胞,并用成年动物Golgi法显示其形态;免疫组织化学法(SABC法)显示S100蛋白免疫阳性(S100-IR)细胞及GFAP免疫阳性(GFAP-IR)细胞.光镜下观察细胞形态,用BI-2000医学图像分析系统计数SI区髓质中的胶质细胞、S100-IR细胞及GFAP-IR细胞的数量,测定S100及GFAP表达的平均吸光度值和阳性细胞面积比.结果 与青年猫相比,老年猫SI区髓质中胶质细胞、S100-IR细胞及GFAP-IR细胞密度显著增加(P<0.01),S100-IR细胞及GFAP-IR细胞占胶质细胞的比例均增加,免疫组织化学染色平均吸光度值及阳性细胞面积比也显著增大(P<0.01);星形胶质细胞胞体膨大,突起稠密、粗大.结论 衰老过程中,猫SI区髓质中存在明显的反应性胶质化, 其中星形胶质细胞对衰老更为敏感.     

豚鼠胃和小肠5—羟色胺及其受体免疫组织化学双标记研究

实验用邻片免疫组织化学双标记法，对豚鼠胃和小肠５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）及５－ＨＴ受体进行双标记研究。结果显示，胃底腺壁细胞，小肠的绒毛上皮细胞和小肠腺上皮细胞均呈５－ＨＴ受体阳性，５－ＨＴ阳性内分泌细胞散在分布于５－ＨＴ受体阳性的细胞间，一些５－ＨＴ阳性的内分泌细胞同样呈５－ＨＴ受体阳性。胃及小肠肌层的平滑肌细胞呈５－ＨＴ阴性反应但呈５－ＨＴ受体阳性反应，肌间神经丛的神经纤维呈５－ＨＴ阳性，神经元胞     

雷公藤内酯醇对大鼠大脑皮质内注射β-淀粉样蛋白后星形胶质细胞及胆碱能纤维的影响

目的:探讨雷公藤内酯醇(TP)对大鼠大脑皮质内注射β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)后星形胶质细胞及胆碱能纤维的影响.方法:采用GFAP免疫组织化学方法、AChE组织化学方法检测各组大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞和胆碱能纤维的表达.结果:Aβ组大鼠大脑皮质GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数量、平均面积和平均光密度明显高于对照组,用药组大鼠大脑皮质GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞数量、平均面积和平均光密度较Aβ组明显减少;Aβ组大鼠大脑皮质胆碱能纤维密度明显低于对照组,用药组大鼠大脑皮质胆碱能纤维密度较Aβ组明显升高.结论:TP能抑制Aβ诱导的星形胶质细胞的活化,减轻Aβ所致的胆碱能纤维损害.     

ATP通过P2Y1受体引发脊髓背角星形胶质细胞[Ca2+]i升高和GFAP表达上调

目的 观察体外培养的背角星形胶质细胞P2Y1受体激活对其[Ca2 ]i的变化和GFAP表达的影响.方法 培养并纯化脊髓背角星形胶质细胞,采用免疫组织化学染色观察背角星形胶质细胞P2Y1受体及GFAP的表达,激光共聚焦技术观察星形胶质细胞[Ca2 ]i的变化.结果 体外培养的大鼠脊髓背角星形胶质细胞大多表达P2Y1受体;P2Y受体激动剂ATP、ADP、ADP-βs剂量依赖性促进星形胶质细胞[Ca2 ]i升高;10 μg/mL的ATP、ADP和ADP-βs显著增加胞内[Ca2 ]i,此作用可被特异性P2Y1受体拮抗剂MRS2179所阻断,并具量效关系.免疫组织化学染色结果显示,100 μg/mL的ATP、ADP和ADP-βs作用下,星形胶质细胞GFAP表达上升,此效应可被100 μg/mL的MRS2179所抑制.结论 体外培养的大鼠脊髓背角星形胶质细胞表达P2Y1受体;P2Y1受体介导了ATP、ADP及ADP-βs促进星形胶质细胞[Ca2]i升高和GFAP表达增强的过程.     

神经元核心抗原和神经元特异性烯醇化酶在人胚胎小肠发育阶段的表达

 目的：探讨神经元核心抗原（neuronal nuclear antigen,NeuN）和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase, NSE)在人胚胎小肠发育阶段的分布规律及其表达意义。方法：应用免疫组织化学法检测第2~4月龄段共16例人胚胎小肠壁细胞NeuN和NSE的表达、分布状况。结果：第2~4月胎龄段,NSE在人胚胎小肠肌间神经丛内的神经元及神经纤维均呈强阳性表达,在黏膜下层,随着胎龄的增大,NSE阳性表达细胞和纤维数量逐渐增多,在肠腺内均有少量散在分布的NSE阳性细胞;在黏膜层的腺体和上皮组织内均有散在的NeuN阳性细胞分布,随着胎龄的增大,NeuN阳性细胞数量增多;在肌间神经丛,第3月龄段开始,有少量NeuN阳性细胞,随着胎龄的增大, NeuN阳性细胞数量逐渐增多;在黏膜下层,未见NeuN阳性细胞分布。结论: 人胚胎小肠发育阶段,NeuN和NSE在小肠壁的阳性表达和分布不一致,均参与小肠壁神经元及神经内分泌细胞的发育过程。     

大鼠生后中枢神经系统S100B和胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的变化

目的 探讨SD大鼠生后中枢神经系统发育过程中S100B和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达变化.方法 24只雄性SD大鼠分为生后7d、14d、21d和成年4组,用免疫组织化学方法对脑、脊髓切片进行S100B、GFAP抗体染色,观察不同时间点不同部位中两种阳性细胞平均数.结果 生后7d到成年,前额皮质、海马、纹状体、黑质和脊髓S100B阳性标记的密度和数量逐渐减少,生后2～3周时渐趋于稳定;脑内GFAP阳性星形胶质细胞(AST)随年龄增大逐渐增多,突起增粗增长,生后21d GFAP阳性细胞数量已接近成年;相反,脊髓GFAP阳性标记数则随年龄增长呈现由多到少的趋势;海马CAl区生后各年龄段GFAP和S100B免疫荧光双标显示,生后1周至成年S100B阳性细胞的数量明显减少,尤以分子层明显;随年龄增长,双标阳性细胞的比例逐渐增高,多集中分布于锥体细胞层和多形层.结论 大鼠中枢神经系统中S100B和GFAP两种星形胶质细胞蛋白存在不同的表达模式;同时S100B和GFAP蛋白的表达在发育过程中可能受不同机制的调节,并可能代表星形胶质细胞的不同亚型.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

电磁辐射生物效应的机理研究述评

电磁辐射好似一束带刺儿的玫瑰,她所奉献的物质文明绚丽多彩,日新月异;但人类在享用的同时,也必须提防被刺儿扎着。随着社会的发展,环境中的电磁辐射剂量（能量密度）会呈几何级数式增长。有人把电磁污染称为除空气、水、噪声污染以外的第四类污染。而且是看不见、听...