椎板不同切除范围对腰椎生物力学影响的有限元分析

建立全腰椎有限元模型,模拟三种后路手术方式,分析不同椎板切除范围对腰椎生物力学的影响。综合利用三维重建自编软件和Hyper Mesh软件,建立腰椎(L1-L5)有限元模型并与前人所作体外实验数据比较,验证本模型的有效性。在此基础上模拟全椎板切除、半椎板切除及椎板开窗减压术,比较减压节段的运动范围及相应椎间盘的应力改变。L3-4、L4-5节段后部结构切除后,腰椎运动范围与椎板切除大小成正比,纤维环应力最大变化发生在前屈、后伸和左右旋转运动时,而在侧屈运动时无明显的变化。腰椎运动范围的增加与腰椎后部结构的切除程度有关。在彻底减压的同时,最大程度的保留腰椎后部结构,可以减小术后椎间盘应力,减轻关节突等结构的进一步退变。     

后路椎间融合对不同程度小关节切除腰椎稳定性的影响

目的:探讨后路椎问融合对不同程度小关节切除腰椎稳定性的影响.方法:采用6具无脊柱疾患的尸体脊柱标本(L1～S5),利用最大载荷为10Nm的力偶对其中L4～5节段的完整状态、腰椎不稳状态、双侧小关节切除1/3、1/2、全切除+Cage固定或全切除+Cage+TSRH等6种状态进行前屈、后伸,左、右侧弯和左、右轴向旋转运动试验,而后进行统计学处理.结果:对于L4～5节段,双侧小关节切除1/3、1/2或全切除后,加后路椎间融合器后前屈、左右侧弯运动范围较完整均显著降低,分别为4.50±2.43、2.61±0.82、3.21±1.41,4.70±1.47、3.43±0.75、4.13±0.81,5.98±2.67、3.89±0.70、4.53±1.33(P＜0.01);另外,加用TSRH内固定组后该节段的前屈、后伸、左右侧弯及右轴向旋转运动范围分别下降至1.49±0.58,1.60±0.98,1.21±0.34,1.29±0.41,1.60±0.87,1.53±0.98(P＜0.01).结论:单纯后路椎间融合器可增加不同程度小关节切除节段的稳定性,且小关节切除越少,脊柱稳定性越好.对于小关节切除太多者,可加用椎弓根内同定增加其稳定性.     

椎板切除对腰椎融合后邻近节段生物力学的影响

目的从生物力学角度研究后路不同程度椎板切除对腰椎融合手术后邻近节段的影响。方法在完整腰椎有限元模型基础上,建立3种椎板切除程度不同的手术模型:双侧小关节切除(Bi-TLIF)、半椎板切除(PLIF)、全椎板切除(LAM-PLIF)。对不同模型在生理载荷下的生物力学响应进行研究,对比手术模型椎间活动度、椎间盘内压以及小关节接触力相对于正常模型的变化。生理载荷采用400 N随动载荷+7.5 N·m力矩的方式施加在L1节段上终板上,加载过程中对骶髂关节面上的6个自由度保持约束。结果前屈状态下,手术组Bi-TLIF、PLIF、LAM-PLIF相邻节段L3～4生物力学变化明显,其椎间活动度比正常组依次增大1.0%、9.3%和24.5%,而椎间盘内压依次增大1.4%、4.3%、10.0%,在其他姿态下影响不明显。对于小关节接触力,Bi-TLIF、PLIF在L3～4节段有明显增加,而在L5～S1节段则不明显。结论椎板切除会增加腰椎融合手术后的邻近节段椎间活动度、椎间盘内压以及小关节接触力,这些生物力学变化可能会增大邻近节段退变的风险。椎板切除范围越大,对邻近节段产生的影响越大。因此,更多地保留后部结构复合体,对于减少腰椎融合后邻椎病的发生具有积极的意义。     

后路椎间融合器对不同节段腰椎稳定性的影响

目的:探讨后路椎间融合器对L4~5、L5~S1节段稳定性的影响。方法:采用6具无脊柱疾患的尸体脊柱标本(L1～S5),利用最大载荷为10Nm的力偶对其中L4~5、L5~S1节段的完整状态、腰椎不稳状态、双侧小关节切除1/3、1/2或全切除 Cage固定等5种状态进行前屈、后伸,左、右侧弯和左、右轴向旋转运动试验,而后进行统计学处理。结果:对于L4~5节段,双侧小关节切除1/3、1/2或全切除后,加后路椎间融合器前屈、左右侧弯运动范围较完整均显著降低,分别为4.50±2.43、2.61±0.82、3.21±1.41,4.70±1.47、3.43±0.75、4.13±0.81,5.98±2.67、3.89±0.70、4.53±1.33(P<0.01);对于L5~S1节段,在双侧小关节内侧分别切除1/3时,后路椎间融合器能降低其前屈、右侧弯运动范围,分别为4.70±2.50、2.32±0.99(P<0.01);切除1/2小关节时,其前屈运动范围降低,为6.02±2.15(P<0.05);但切除全部小关节时,前屈、后伸、左侧弯、右侧弯和左轴向旋转运动范围降低,分别为2.59±0.27、2.69±1.10、1.08±0.76、1.02±0.69(P<0.01)和1.15±0.30(P<0.05)。结论:后路螺纹椎间融合器对L4~5、L5~S1节段均有一定的稳定作用,但其对前者的稳定作用更为明显;在L5-S1节段应用后路螺纹椎间融合器时,小关节切除不能超过1/3,否则,必须附加后路器械固定。     

新型腰椎后路动态稳定系统的三维有限元分析

目的对新型腰椎后路动态稳定系统进行三维有限元分析,研究其在稳定节段及邻近节段的生物力学影响,为下腰痛的脊柱内植物的设计和应用提供参考。方法基于正常腰椎有限元模型,构建腰椎不稳损伤模型,即腰椎切除腰4和腰5之间的双侧小关节、腰4椎板下1/2、后纵韧带,形成脊柱失稳模型,分别在失稳模型上进行坚强内固定系统和后路动态稳定系统,比较两种术式对手术节段和临近阶段的活动度、各个节段的弯曲刚度、椎间盘应力水平、前纵韧带应力水平及小关节韧带拉力的变化情况。结果对内固定桥接节段(腰4/腰5)应用新型腰椎后路动态稳定系统和坚强内固定系统后,在屈伸、侧屈、轴向旋转方向上的活动度均明显减小,但坚强固定后活动度减小更明显,应用动态稳定系统活动度更接近于正常腰椎节段;腰4/腰5椎间盘最大应力均减小,但坚强固定后活动度减小更明显,应用动态稳定系统活动度更接近于正常腰椎节段;对邻近节段(腰3/腰4、腰5/S1)应用新型腰椎后路动态稳定系统和坚强内固定系统后,在屈伸、侧屈、轴向旋转方向上的活动度均有所增大,但坚强固定后活动度增加更明显,应用动态稳定系统邻近节段活动度更接近于正常腰椎节段;邻近节段椎间盘最大应力均增大,但坚强固定后增大更明显,应用动态稳定系统更接近于正常腰椎节段;应用腰椎内固定后,邻近节段的小关节应力峰值增大,并且应用腰椎坚强内固定模型的小关节应力增大更多;应用腰椎动态固定的模型邻近关节应力峰值更加接近完整腰椎模型。结论新型腰椎后路动态稳定系统对比坚强内固定系统能够使失稳节段的活动更加接近于正常,减小邻近节段的活动度增加,减小邻近节段椎间盘及小关节压力,说明新型腰椎动态稳定系统达到设计要求。     

两种术式髓核摘除对腰椎生物力学影响的有限元分析

目的评价两种术式髓核摘除对腰椎节段稳定性和纤维环应力的影响。方法在L4-5节段三维有限元模型上分别模拟骨性椎板开窗髓核摘除和椎板间隙开窗髓核摘除,施加不同类型载荷,观察节段间旋转角度和纤维环最大应力的改变。结果骨性椎板开窗髓核摘除后,腰椎节段在前屈和后伸载荷下旋转角度分别增加31%和28%,纤维环最大应力分别增加16%和6%;椎板间隙开窗髓核摘除后,腰椎节段在前屈和后伸载荷下旋转角度分别增加33%和39%,纤维环最大应力分别增加17%和0.2%。两种术式髓核摘除后,纤维环的应力分布均没有发生改变。结论和椎板间隙开窗相比,骨性椎板开窗髓核摘除能更好地保持腰椎的后伸稳定性,但后伸时纤维环承受的应力明显增大。     

单侧多节段后部结构切除对腰椎旋转稳定性影响的生物力学研究

目的：研究多节段脊柱后部结构对腰椎旋转稳定性的影响。方法：选用７具成人新鲜尸体脊柱标本（Ｌ１～Ｓ１），采用单侧多节段逐步切除腰椎后部结构的方法，形成７种状态，从单侧多节段开窗至全椎板及双侧小关节切除等。通过脊柱三维运动试验机施加１０Ｎｍ的扭转载荷，使脊柱产生左、右轴向旋转运动。结果：全椎板加双侧小关节部分切除后，腰椎旋转稳定性受到显著影响。结论：除小关节骨性结构及关节囊外，椎板及后部韧带结构对维持腰椎旋转稳定性亦有重要作用     

提拉旋转斜扳法操作时腰椎椎间盘应力及应变的有限元研究

目的　通过有限元分析方法,观察提拉旋转斜扳法操作时椎间盘应力及应变发生的变化规律,探寻手法治疗腰椎疾患的科学性和安全性。 方法　在构建的L4~5节段腰椎模型上模拟加载提拉旋转斜扳手法,观察手法作用过程中椎间盘应力的分布及变化,髓核及纤维环的位移及应变。 结果　椎间盘应力变化从右后方开始出现,以弧形向周围传递扩散,应力的变化呈递减分布。椎间盘应变最小的位置在髓核偏后,以此为中心呈圆弧状向周围递增。应变最大的位置主要发生于纤维环,特别是椎间盘右侧外缘。 结论　手法操作中应力主要集中于后侧关节突关节,椎间盘的应力变化相对较小,提示手法治疗是安全的。纤维环后外侧在操作中有较明显的应变,局部的位移变化可能是手法疗效的机制之一。     

在不同状态下胸腰段小关节应力分析

目的：研究在不同运动状态下胸腰段小关节的应力分析.方法：建立T10～L3节段有限元模型,选取屈曲、旋转、屈曲加旋转3种运动状态,分别对T10～L3活动节段有限元模型施加载荷,分析比较各节段小关节的应力分布情况.结果：在屈曲状态下,各节段小关节的应力很小;在旋转和屈曲加旋转状态下,各节段一侧小关节应力较大,其下关节面的应力比上关节面的要大,而且T12与L1一侧小关节应力比其它节段的应力相对较大.结论：旋转和屈曲加旋转状态下胸腰段小关节应力较大,T12及L1的小关节应力比其它节段的较大,可能是胸腰段小关节容易损伤和T12与L1的小关节比其它节段的小关节容易损伤的力学机制;为探讨胸腰段的损伤机制提供参考.     

腰椎间盘突出症力学特征的仿真计算方法

目的建立腰椎间盘突出症力学特征的数值计算分析模型,为腰椎间盘突出症的力学机理提供一种检测评估方法。方法利用健康成人L4～5腰椎运动节段CT影像,采用Mimics 10.01医学图像处理软件和Geomagic10.0逆向工程软件分别建立L4～5腰椎运动节段的椎骨和椎间盘,并在Ansys软件中附加腰椎相关韧带及通过改变椎间盘突出后对应的材料属性,建立腰椎L4～5运动节段有限元模型,构建正常模型和腰椎间盘突出模型;运用有限元方法模拟正常椎间盘和突出椎间盘在轴向压力、前弯、侧弯、旋转和后伸5种载荷下的生物力学特征参数。结果椎间盘突出后,椎间盘的应力分布及传递载荷的能力改变,应力集中于纤维环后外侧;在相同的载荷情况下,突出的椎间盘的最大形变量比正常椎间盘的大;椎间盘突出模型的小关节突接触力比正常模型的小关节突接触力大。结论椎间盘突出后,椎间盘的承载功能下降,关节突的应力水平升高,小关节的负荷增加,从而导致腰椎稳度下降。     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

Uncombable Hair (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli et canaliculi) Syndrome: Brief Review and Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Diagnosis

Uncombable hair syndrome was first described some 3 decades ago as "cheveux incoiffables" and is also known as spun-glass hair and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Both inherited (autosomal dominant and recessive with variable levels of penetrance) and sporadic forms of uncombable hair syndrome have been described, both being characterized by scalp hair that is impossible to comb due to the haphazard arrangement of the hair bundles. A characteristic morphologic feature of hair in this syndrome is a triangular to reniform to heart shape on cross-sections, and a groove, canal or flattening along the entire length of the hair in at least 50%of hairs examined by scanning electron microscopy. Most individuals are affected early in childhood and the hair takeson a spun-glassappearance with the hair becoming dry, curly, glossy, lighter in color, and progressively uncombable. Only the scalp hair is affected. Several conditions are associated with uncombable hair, such as ectodermal dysplasia, retinal dysplasia/ pigmentary dystrophy, juvenile cataract, digit abnormalities, tooth enamel anomalies, oligodontia, and phalangoepiphyseal dysplasia. Other syndromes with hair abnormalities may also mimic uncombable hair syndrome clinically and these include, Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia; loose anagen hair syndrome; ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodatyly, cleft lip/ palate (EEC) syndrome; and familial tricho-odonto-onchyial ectodermal dysplasia with syndactyly. Unlike other conditions with an uncombable hair component, uncombable hair syndrome alone (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli etcanaliculi) is not associated with physical, neurologic, or mental abnormalities. In most cases of uncombable hair syndrome, the hair is grossly abnormal in infancy and early childhood, but may have improved manageability later in life. Scanning electron microscopy of hair samples provides definitive evidence for diagnosis of clinically suspected uncombable hair syndrome and eliminates other hair abnormalities from the differential diagnosis.     

A comparative study of cholinergic systems of the neocortex and hippocampus in rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia

Synaptic structures in the neocortex and hippocampus of the intact brain were compared between rats with low and high resistance to hypobaric hypoxia. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, Na,K-ATPase, and the portion of protein in the light and heavy synaptosome fractions and subfractions were measured. A discrepancy in cholinergic metabolism molecular mechanisms between high and low resistance animals have been found in the heavy somatosoma fraction from the neocortex. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na,K-ATPase in the synaptolemmal subfraction of low resistant rats were much lower than in high resistant rats. This implies a less effective synaptic transmission in proper cholinergic neurons in the low resistance animals and, therefore, specifically changed neuron functioning in the circulation control. No differences in the cholinergic components of either neocortical light synaptosome fraction or hippocampal light and heavy synaptosome fractions were found between low and high resistance rats. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 521–525, May, 1998     

BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy

This guideline advises on the management of patients with cow's milk allergy. Cow's milk allergy presents in the first year of life with estimated population prevalence between 2% and 3%. The clinical manifestations of cow's milk allergy are very variable in type and severity making it the most difficult food allergy to diagnose. A careful age‐ and disease‐specific history with relevant allergy tests including detection of milk‐specific IgE (by skin prick test or serum assay), diagnostic elimination diet, and oral challenge will aid in diagnosis in most cases. Treatment is advice on cow's milk avoidance and suitable substitute milks. Cow's milk allergy often resolves. Reintroduction can be achieved by the graded exposure, either at home or supervised in hospital depending on severity, using a milk ladder. Where cow's milk allergy persists, novel treatment options may include oral tolerance induction, although most authors do not currently recommend it for routine clinical practice. Cow's milk allergy must be distinguished from primary lactose intolerance. This guideline was prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and is intended for clinicians in secondary and tertiary care. The recommendations are evidence based, but where evidence is lacking the panel of experts in the committee reached consensus. Grades of recommendation are shown throughout. The document encompasses epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.