米非司酮对分泌早期人子宫内膜超微结构的影响

目的:探讨米非司酮对分泌早期人子宫内膜超微结构的影响。方法:子宫内膜组织取自10例排卵后1周内因非子宫内膜原因的疾病而接受子宫切除的育龄妇女。任选5例在手术前24 h口服米非司酮25 mg(米非司酮组), 其余5例未服药者为对照组。子宫内膜组织经常规电镜样品制备后, 进行电镜观察。结果:与对照组相比, 米非司酮组的子宫内膜出现下列明显的形态改变:(1)在腺上皮未见核仁管道系统及巨大线粒体, 核下糖原聚集少见, 但是, 巨大溶酶体常见; (2)腺上皮细胞间隙窄直, 侧膜褶迭少见; (3)基质细胞常出现溶解或核固缩, 并有红细胞渗出。结论:米非司酮引起的上述子宫内膜分泌早期形态改变势必造成胚泡植入的困难, 因而达到紧急避孕的效果。     

长期低剂量米非司酮对大鼠卵巢超微结构和内分泌功能的影响

目的：观察不同时间、不同小剂量米非司酮(RU486)对大鼠卵巢超微结构形态和功能的影响,研究其避孕机制。方法：实验组大鼠分别给不同剂量药35、92d,动态测定血清中雌孕激素水平,透射电镜观察卵巢,扫描电镜观察子宫内膜上皮。结果：各实验组血清雌二醇水平较对照组下降,血清孕酮水平较对照组升高,随时间延长加剧,呈剂量依赖性。多数卵泡闭锁,部分形成间质腺,基质中成纤维细胞、胶原纤维增多,其超微病理改变随用药时间延长加重;大鼠子宫内膜纤毛上皮明显减少,腺上皮分泌抑制。结论：小剂量RU486对卵泡发育有抑制作用,能影响卵巢分泌类固醇激素,并对卵巢皮质细胞有一定程度损伤,长期使用可能对子宫上皮直接抑制。     

超剂量米非司酮对大鼠输卵管和卵巢皮质细胞超微结构的影响

材料与方法 :给实验组大鼠灌服溶于色拉油的米非司酮 ,三组分别给药 7d、14d、2 8d,每天 30 m g/只 ,灌流取材 ,光镜选区 ,电镜下观察超剂量米非司酮对输卵管和卵巢皮质细胞超微结构的病理改变。结果与讨论 :输卵管粘膜上皮呈矮立方形 ,微绒毛减少 ,纤毛细胞消失 ,分泌细胞的高尔基复合体、RER发育不良 ,核糖体减少 ,固有层中成纤维细胞胞质中出现胶原纤维束及大残余体 ,间质中胶原纤维增多 ,固有层、外膜内可见较多的嗜酸性粒细胞 ;卵巢皮质内未见典型的生长卵泡和成熟卵泡 ,有较多的闭锁卵泡和间质腺 ,腺细胞内含大量脂滴、空泡及溶酶体…     

大鼠脑脊髓不同部位室管膜上皮细胞表面的超微结构特征--扫描电镜观察

目的 研究大鼠脑脊髓室管膜上皮细胞的区域性结构特征，并初步探讨其功能。方法 采用扫描电子显微镜观察法。结果 侧脑室壁室管膜上皮细胞游离端呈不规则多边形，可见纤毛及微绒毛，偶见分泌泡。侧脑室脉络丛上皮细胞游离端呈不规则多角形、梭形或三角形，微绒毛、分泌泡丰富，纤毛少见，可见“丛上细胞”。第Ⅲ脑室室管膜上皮细胞具明显区域性，脑室底部上皮细胞微绒毛短小、散在，有少量分泌粒，无纤毛；侧壁分泌泡较多，纤毛丰富；均可见“丛上细胞”。第Ⅲ脑室脉络丛上皮细胞可见大量细长微绒毛，分泌泡及“丛上细胞”较少。室问孔室管膜上皮呈梭形，长轴与室间孔平行，游离面罕见微绒毛，“丛上细胞”较多。穹窿下器及终板处室管膜细胞纤毛少见，而正中隆起处可见大量纤毛及微绒毛，并可见单个散在的纤毛上皮细胞。中脑导水管壁具有平行走向的纵嵴，游离面可见大量纤毛、微绒毛及分泌泡。第Ⅳ脑室室管膜上皮具大量长纤毛及微绒毛，分泌泡罕见。第Ⅳ脑室脉络丛上皮游离面呈多型性，可见短小密集的微绒毛及处于不同分泌周期的分泌泡，以及形态各异的“丛上细胞”，偶见纤毛上皮细胞及特殊的单鞭毛上皮细胞。脊髓中央管结构较简单，游离面可见大量长纤毛、微绒毛及分泌泡。结论 大鼠脑脊髓室管膜不同部位上皮细胞游离面超微结构差异，可能与其功能不同有关。分泌泡、纤毛及微绒毛的大小及多寡，可能是脑脊液的分泌、流动及代谢活性中分别有区域性不同的形态学基础。     

对正常动情周期大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞黄体化过程的电镜观察

用透射电镜和扫描电镜技术,对大鼠在动情周期中卵巢颗粒细胞的超微结构进行了超薄切片、割断扫描及冷冻复型观察。结果表明,从早期生长卵泡到成熟卵泡,颗粒细胞的核、细胞器及细胞连接均有改变,并发现颗粒细胞在排卵前已发生黄体化,胞质内出现管状嵴线粒体,滑面内质网(SER)广泛发育,出现电子密度较高的类脂滴。扫描电镜下可见细胞表面高度皱褶并伸出球形突起,细胞表面浮有絮状物。与动情期末(排卵后)功能黄体的颗粒细胞相比,明显不同,尤其是颗粒黄体细胞向细胞间隙突出大量球形泡,部分泡已破裂,并皱缩变扁。表明动情前期末颗粒细胞已开始合成并分泌类固醇激素,动情期末颗粒黄体细胞大量分泌类固醇激素。扫描电镜下所见的微顶浆分泌方式可能是大鼠卵巢类固醇激素分泌方式之一。     

生殖周期中大鼠输卵管漏斗部粘膜上皮超微结构的变化

目的　探讨大鼠输卵管漏斗部上皮的周期性形态变化。方法　用体重 2 0 0 - 2 5 0 g的雌性SD大鼠 4 0只 ,根据阴道细胞学检查结果将其平分为四组 :动情前期 (PE)、动情期 (E)、动情后期 (ME)及动情间期(DE)组 ,用扫描电镜、透射电镜和PAS反应的方法观察漏斗部粘膜上皮在动情周期中的动态变化。结果　大鼠输卵管漏斗部粘膜上皮主要由纤毛细胞和无纤毛细胞组成。粘膜表面可见密集的纤毛 ,纤毛细胞比较集中分布于皱襞顶部 ,纤毛高度与摆动朝向一致 ,无纤毛细胞零星散在于纤毛细胞间。在动情周期 ,漏斗部的纤毛细胞未见明显的去复纤毛的改变 ;无纤毛细胞顶部表面也无明显的分化和去分化的变化 ,微绒毛在各期都很密集。另在粘膜腔面可见广泛的分泌物 ,分泌物于动情前期和动情期较明显。但无纤毛细胞内未见典型的分泌颗粒 ,PAS反应阳性产物于上皮细胞内和腔面均未查及。结论　大鼠输卵管漏斗部上皮的周期性变化是与其拾取和输送卵经漏斗口进入壶腹部的功能相适应的 ,该变化不同于其他动物可能与大鼠生殖周期短有关 ;漏斗部分泌细胞的功能有待探讨     

子宫内膜异位症中箈络细胞的识别及形态特征（英文）

目的:研究箈络细胞(telocytes)在人卵巢子宫内膜异位症组织中的分布和形态结构特征。方法:取卵巢囊肿患者组织标本,通过苏木精-伊红染色,诊断为卵巢子宫内膜异位症。同时,在透射电子显微镜下对该组织进行观察。结果:通过观察苏木精-伊红染色后的卵巢囊肿病灶组织,发现存在异位子宫内膜,进而确诊为卵巢子宫内膜异位症。透射电子显微术结果显示卵巢子宫内膜异位症中的确存在箈络细胞。箈络细胞胞体小,向外延伸极其细长的念珠状突起,突起部分别由膨大的粗段与细段交替组成;粗段包含许多细胞器,如内质网和线粒体;且明显可见自噬小体和脂滴。此外,箈络细胞通过突起直接接触或分泌囊泡间接联系而形成网络结构。结论:我们通过透射电子显微术证实子宫内膜异位症病灶中确实存在箈络细胞,并描述了其形态学特征。本研究为卵巢子宫内膜异位症提供了新的细胞成分,加深了对卵巢子宫内膜异位症病理方面的认识。     

米非司酮对大鼠异位子宫内膜细胞中BCL-2/BAX表达的影响

米非司酮因对孕激素和皮质醇受体有高度的亲和力,临床上普遍用于抗早孕药物流产、紧急避孕、催经等,而治疗子宫内膜异位症(ectop ic endom etrium,EMT)还在研究阶段。米非司酮可以诱导早孕蜕膜细胞及离体异位子宫内膜细胞凋亡[1],但对大鼠异位子宫内膜的细胞凋亡国内外均未见报道。本实验建立大鼠EMT动物模型,从基因水平探讨其治疗EMT的机制。1材料与方法1·1实验动物及模型制备:雌性SD大鼠32只,体重(200±50)g,参照文献造模[2]。3周后剖腹探查,除假手术组外,可见其余动物的移植子宫内膜均成活。1·2分组:造模成功后分为3组,假手术组(…     

生殖周期中大鼠输卵管粘膜上皮纤毛细胞超微结构的变化

大鼠输卵管粘膜上皮纤毛细胞游离面纤毛密集而整齐，生殖周期中未见明显的去纤毛，复纤毛的变化；细胞内线粒体丰富，核上区线粒体的电子密度较其它部位高，在动情间期，细胞内线粒体电子密度明显降低；细胞内线粒体退变地动情期，于动情后期加剧；溶酶体始见于动情期，动情后期及动情间期呈增多趋势；     

大鼠视上核神经分泌细胞的衰老形态变化

本文选用青年(3个月)、成年(10—12个月)和老年(28—30个月)雄性Wistar大鼠,对其下丘脑视上核神经分泌细胞分别作了光镜和电镜观察与测定。结果表明:老年大鼠视上核前部的神经分泌细胞密度与细胞核体积明显低于青年和成年大鼠,提示老年大鼠视上核有神经元消失和细胞活性降低的表现;神经分泌细胞核周质内的醛复红阳性颗粒未测出三个年龄组大鼠间的差异,含醛复红阳性颗粒的胞突在老年时却显示增粗和膨大;老年动物神经分泌细胞超微结构的主要变化为神经分泌颗粒和脂褐素增加,尤以后者为甚。老年大鼠少数神经分泌细胞还表现有粗面内质网和核蛋白体减少,排列紊乱,池囊扩张和脱颗粒,高尔基复合体池囊变窄或扩张,胞质和胞突内有自噬体样物质出现等衰老改变;多数细胞胞质内的其他结构同青年和成年大鼠者相似。此外。老年大鼠视上核神经毡结构中有多层膜包绕胞突,终末和突触等的鞘样结构出现增多。本研究表明大鼠衰老时视上核神经分泌细胞活性降低。     

超剂量RU_(486)对大鼠肾上腺和甲状腺细胞超微结构的影响

用电镜方法观察了超剂量ＲＵ４８６对大鼠肾上腺和甲状腺细胞超微结构的影响。实验大鼠给药７ｄ、１４ｄ、２８ｄ,每天３０ｍｇ／ｍｌ／只。结果：肾上腺皮质束状带细胞溶酶体增多增大,胞质内和细胞间出现髓样小体,巨噬细胞胞质中形成巨大残余样结构,其超微结构改变随用药时间延长加重。球状带、网状带、髓质细胞以及甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞、滤泡旁细胞超微结构与对照组无显著差别。提示超剂量ＲＵ４８６对大鼠肾上腺皮质束状带细胞有一定损害,但对肾上腺其它部位及甲状腺影响不明显。     

肥大细胞和嗜酸粒细胞在大鼠异位子宫内膜中的变化

目的:观察腹腔子宫内膜异位症(endometriosis,EMT)模型大鼠造模早期异位组织中肥大细胞和嗜酸粒细胞的变化,探讨它们与子宫内膜异位症发生、发展的关系。方法:建立大鼠EMT动物模型,光、电镜观察术后不同天数异位内膜的形态变化以及肥大细胞和嗜酸粒细胞的分布和数量变化。结果:术后第3天起模型大鼠异位内膜中见一些肥大细胞沿血管分布,8天后见大量肥大细胞浸润,基质中纤维增多,呈环形板层状。9天后基质中嗜酸粒细胞增多。结论:肥大细胞和嗜酸粒细胞的分布和数量变化与异位子宫内膜存活有关。     

Placental protein 14 in endometrium during menstrual cycle and effect of early luteal phase mifepristone administration on its expression in implantation stage endometrium in the rhesus monkey

Placental protein 14 (PP14) is a glycoprotein which is secreted by secretory phase endometrium and decidua in women. Despite the suggestion that PP14 is involved in the process of endometrial maturation for blastocyst implantation, our understanding in this regard is poor. In the present study, the concentrations and distribution patterns of immunodetectable PP14 in the endometrium during proliferative and secretory phases of normal ovulatory menstrual cycles, as well as in implantation stage endometrium in naturally mated ovulatory cycles with or without early luteal phase mifepristone treatment, were investigated using the rhesus monkey as a primate model. Immunopositive PP14 was observed mainly in epithelial cells of glands and it was detected in one major immunopositive band at Mr 28 kDa in tissue homogenate and spent medium. The area of immunopositive precipitation of PP14 in glands was minimal in follicular phase endometrium, and was higher (P < 0.01) in early, mid- and late luteal phase endometrium compared with that in pre- and periovulatory phases of the cycle, but there was no change in its area profile in the glandular compartment throughout the luteal phase. Immunopositivity for PP14 in luminal contents of gland displayed an increasing profile from early to late secretory phases. Thus, the concentrations and the distribution of immunodetectable PP14 in luteal phase endometrium of the rhesus monkey showed marked similarity with those of human endometrium during the natural menstrual cycle. Although there was no marked change in the band characterstics for the protein in implantation stage endometrium following early luteal phase mifepristone treatment, it was markedly decreased (P < 0.01) in tissue homogenate and in vitro spent medium along with a lesser (P < 0.02) degree of immunoprecipitation in the glands in implantation stage samples of mifepristone treatment group compared with that in control group samples. Thus, the contragestional effect of early luteal phase mifepristone treatment appears to be associated with a decrease in the concentration of immunodetectable PP14 in implantation stage endometrial glands and its secretion in the rhesus monkey. It remains to be seen whether this decline is caused from direct antiprogesterone action on endometrial glands during progesterone dominance, or secondarily from associated retarded development of endometrium.      

针刺对胚胎着床障碍大鼠CD4+CD25+Foxp3+调节性T细胞的影响

 目的：观察针刺对胚胎着床障碍大鼠CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞的影响。方法：144只孕鼠随机分为对照组（N）、米非司酮组（M）、米非司酮+针刺组（A）和米非司酮+黄体酮组（W）,每组随机再分为6 d组、8 d组和10 d组。其中M组、A组和W组妊娠1 d给予米非司酮-麻油溶液造模,N组则给予等量麻油溶液。同时,每天下午A组固定并行针刺三阴交和后三里,N组和M组仅固定,W组肌肉注射黄体酮,直到处死当天结束。统计孕鼠胚胎着床数,用流式细胞术检测外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞和子宫内膜的CD4+Foxp3+Treg细胞的比例,Western blotting和real-time PCR测定着床点的子宫内膜Foxp3的表达。结果：与N组相比,M组的着床胚胎数、外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞和子宫内膜CD4+Foxp3+Treg细胞的比例、着床点子宫内膜Foxp3蛋白和mRNA的表达均明显下降（P<005）;与M组相比,A组和W组的着床胚胎数、外周血CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞和子宫内膜CD4+Foxp3+Treg细胞的比例以及着床点子宫内膜Foxp3蛋白和mRNA的表达均有不同程度地升高。结论: 针刺改善胚胎着床障碍大鼠的胚胎着床可能与CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg细胞的调节密切相关。     

The effect of mifepristone on the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, prolactin and progesterone receptor mRNA and protein during the implantation phase in human endometrium

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) and prolactin are recognized as crucial signals for the initiation and maintainance of decidualization. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of mifepristone on the expression of IGFBP-1, prolactin and progesterone receptors (PR) during the implantation phase in human endometrium. Eight fertile women were studied during control and treatment cycles. Treatment with 200 mg of mifepristone was administered on day LH +2. Endometrial samples were collected on day LH +6 to +8. Expression of IGFBP-1, prolactin and PR was identified using immunohistochemistry, and mRNA levels were determined with RT-PCR. In control specimens, IGFBP-1 and prolactin were localized to the cytoplasm of the endometrial glandular and to a lesser extent in stromal cells. In the same samples, PR immunoreactivity was detected in the nucleus of the endometrial stromal cells, and was absent from the glandular cells. After mifepristone treatment, there was a significant increase in the immunostaining and mRNA expression for IGFBP-1 and PR. Prolactin expression increased only slightly after treatment. These results support the view that administration of mifepristone in the early luteal phase does not simply retard endometrial development. Our findings provide further insight into the regulation of IGFBP-1 and prolactin by PR in the human endometrium in vivo.     

米非司酮对体外培养人子宫内膜的损伤作用

目的　探讨米非司酮对体外培养人子宫内膜的损伤作用。方法　取 5位育龄妇女增殖期的子宫内膜组织并分成两份。一部分用含 15 %胎牛血清及 1%青霉素和链霉素的DMEM培养液培养 (对照组 ) ,另一部分在另加 2 5 μg/ml米非司酮的培养液培养 (米非司酮组 )。 10 0h后取出组织制备电镜样品并观察。结果　对照组的子宫内膜腺上皮出现核仁管道系统(NCS)、巨大线粒体及糖原沉积等分泌期的 3大形态特征。米非司酮组则不仅未见上述特征 ,还出现了线粒体空泡化、腺细胞成片坏死及间质水肿的现象。结论　 (1)NCS在人子宫内膜的形成与孕激素无直接关系 ;(2 )在缺乏孕激素的作用下 ,增殖期的子宫内膜仍然可转化为分泌期的形态 ;(3)米非司酮可直接造成人子宫内膜的损伤。     

Endometrial angiogenesis throughout the human menstrual cycle

BACKGROUND: The timing and mechanisms of new blood vessel formation in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle are still largely unknown. In the present study we used the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as an in-vivo assay for angiogenesis to assess the angiogenic potential of endometrium obtained at different stages of the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Endometrial fragments were explanted onto the CAM and, after 4 days of incubation, slides of the treated area were taken in ovo through a microscope for computerized image analysis. The vascular density index (VDI), a stereological estimate of vessel number and length, was obtained by counting the intersections of vessels with five concentric circles of a circular grid superimposed on the computerized image. RESULTS: We demonstrated that human endometrium has angiogenic potential throughout the menstrual cycle. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in angiogenic response between the stages of the menstrual cycle (P = 0.01). The VDIs of the early proliferative, early and late secretory stage were significantly higher than the VDI of the late proliferative phase. CONCLUSIONS: Elongation of existing vessels during the early proliferative phase as well as growth and coiling of the spiral vessels during the secretory phase may demand far higher angiogenic activity than outgrowth and maintenance of vessels during the late proliferative phase.     

Effects of mifepristone on proliferation and apoptosis of human endometrium in new users of medroxyprogesterone acetate

BACKGROUND: Mifepristone has been demonstrated to decrease breakthrough bleeding (BTB) in users of progestin-only contraceptives. METHODS: Endometrial biopsies were collected from 50 normal cycling women who were new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) randomized to receive either mifepristone or placebo before, during and after treatment. Proliferation, apoptosis and sex steroid receptors were evaluated by either immunohistochemistry or TUNEL assay. RESULTS: Administration of mifepristone to DMPA-exposed endometrium for 1 week significantly increased endometrial expression of Ki-67 (MKI67), estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and progesterone receptors A and B (PRAB) and decreased the number of TUNEL-positive and caspase-3 (CASP3)-active cells in the endometrial stroma. However, after 10 weeks of mifepristone treatment, no significant difference in proliferation, apoptosis and the expression of ERalpha or PRAB could be detected between the endometrium treated with DMPA alone and endometrium treated with mifepristone and DMPA. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of mifepristone to DMPA users significantly increases endometrial proliferation and decreases endometrial stromal apoptosis in the short term. Prolonged exposure to mifepristone does not counteract the inhibitory effects of progestin therapy on endometrial proliferation. Estrogen and progesterone receptors may play an important role in these effects.