跟骨形态的观测及临床意义

目的 研究跟骨的解剖学特点,为跟骨骨折的手术治疗提供解剖学依据.方法 观测60侧男性成人跟骨的解剖学形态;观测跟骨骨密质、骨小梁的分布情况;对手术治疗跟骨骨折有意义的骨性标志进行测量.结果 跟骨的长、宽、高分别为:(71.5±4.2)mm,(41.4±2.4)mm和(42.3±2.8)mm.跟骨前部、沟部、后部的宽度分...     

跟骨载距突的解剖特点及其临床意义

目的 :探讨跟骨载距突的解剖特点及其临床意义。方法 :对 10 8侧成人跟骨干燥标本和 2 6侧成人足部标本进行解剖学观察。结合观察测量结果 ,分析 45例跟骨骨折患者的X线片和CT片中的载距突移位情况。结果 :载距突的长、宽、高分别为 (2 3 .6± 3 .0 )mm ,(15 .3± 2 .2 )mm和 (9.5± 1.2 )mm。在 45例跟骨骨折患者中 ,无一发生载距突移位。在跟骨载距突的周围 ,有牢固的肌腱、韧带和关节囊附着 ,故当跟骨骨折时 ,这些结构可限制载距突移位。结论 :载距突周围的解剖特点决定了载距突在跟骨骨折中不会发生移位 ,故临床上可利用稳定的载距突骨块作为跟骨骨折行内固定术时的固定点。     

跟骨的解剖分部及其临床意义

目的研究跟骨解剖学分部的特点和临床意义.方法[HTSS〗将跟骨按其解剖学特点分为前部、体部、结节部、载距突部和丘部5个部,并在54对108侧跟骨干燥标本上对各区进行骨性测量.结果跟骨各区在骨的质量、大小、形态和结构方面各有其解剖特征和功能.跟骨前部长、高和宽分别为(19.8±2.2)、(24.5±3.2)、(22.4±3.2)mm;跟骨水平长(68.6±6.4)mm;跟骨载距突长、宽、高分别为(23.6±3.0)、(23.6±3.0)、(9.5±1.2)mm;跟骨丘部宽、高和底长分别为(27.5±2.6)、(16.4±1.2)和(40.9±5.1)mm.结论[HTSS〗跟骨解剖分部与跟骨骨折线的形成有关,并有利于对跟骨骨折和病损进行恰当的解剖学描述.     

跟骨、距骨的计算机三维重建及其解剖学测量

目的:建立跟骨、距骨数字化计算机三维模型,测量相关解剖数据,为踝部的手术设计提供解剖学参数.方法:正常成人志愿者40例,男性20例,女性20例,进行CT扫描,扫描层厚5 mm,以1.25mm层厚、0.6 mm层间隔进行重建,重建后的图像用Mimics软件进行处理,进行三维测量.测量指标包括距骨与跟骨的相关解部学参数.结果:重建的跟骨、距骨数字化虚拟可视模型能够从多角度、多平而进行观察及测量,距骨上关节而前中后宽度,弧形关节面半径,跟骨长度,跟骨前部、沟部及后部的高度和宽度,载距突的长、宽、高的测量值男性大于女性,同性别间左右两侧比较无明显差异,Gissane's角的测量值同性别间、左右两侧及男女间同侧比较无明显差异.结论:本研究获取的踝部解剖学数据可能对跟距骨手术器械的设计、手术方案的制定有一定参考意义.     

螺旋CT三维重建测量国人跟骨数据的临床意义

背景:跟骨为不规则骨,具有复杂的三维立体结构,过往多基于X射线平片进行测量研究,利用螺旋CT三维成像技术进行跟骨相关解剖测量具有明显的技术优势与良好的应用前景,但目前报道较少。目的:利用螺旋CT三维重建测量国人跟骨的解剖数据并探讨其临床意义。方法:收集100例成人正常跟骨CT扫描数据,男50例,女50例,将其重建后进一步测量跟骨长、宽、高及Bohler’s角及Gissane’s角,将测量数据与西方人数据进行对比。结果与结论:中国男性组跟骨长、宽及高分别为(74.60±5.06),(29.71±2.93),(45.23±4.46)mm;女性组为(71.48±5.36),(26.65±3.01),(42.23±4.49)mm,男性组显著大于女性组(P0.05)。男性组Gissane’s角度为(123.3±8.5)°,女性组为(122.7±8.9)°,差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。男性组Bohler’s角为(35.98±4.34)°,女性组为(38.31±4.43)°,男性组显著小于女性组(P0.05)。国人跟骨全长、宽度及高度显著小于西方人数据(P0.05)。中国成人Bohler’s角及Gissane’s角测量数据与西方人比较差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。提示中国女性成人跟骨长、宽、高较男性小,跟骨Bohler’s角明显大于男性,不同性别间Gissane’s角无明显差异。与西方人相关数据比较,中国成人的跟骨长、宽、高明显偏小,跟骨Bohler’s角及Gissane’s角则无明显差异。     

有关跟骨骨折复位与内固定的应用解剖

目的 :为跟骨骨折的内固定设计提供解剖学基础。方法 :对 5 4对 10 8侧成人跟骨干燥标本的一些与其骨折内固定有关的骨性标志进行测量。结果 :跟骨的长度为 68.6± 6.4mm ;跟骨前部、跟骨沟部及跟骨后部的宽度分别为 2 2 .3± 3 .2mm ,2 4.4± 2 .9mm和 3 0 .3± 3 .2mm。载距突的长、宽、高分别为2 3 .6± 3 .0mm ,15 .3± 2 .2mm和 9.5± 1.2mm ,载距突与跟骨水平面存在 2 7.7°± 6.8°的上翻角。Gissane′s角为 116.7°± 8.0°。结论 :本文结果对跟骨骨折的复位和固定具有指导意义。     

跟骨的测量与观察及其临床意义

目的:研究跟骨的解剖学特点,,为跟骨骨折治疗提供参考.方法:观察102副成人正常跟骨的形态特征和骨小梁分布情况,测量跟骨的各项指标.结果:跟骨最大长、跟骨体中部高、跟骨中部宽、跟骨体中部周长、跟骨前部高、跟骨前部宽、跟骨体中部后距、载距突长、载距突宽、载距突最厚处高的测量值男性大于女性,同性别间左右两侧比较无明显差异,男女间同侧比较有显著性差异; 长屈肌沟宽的测量值同性别间左右两侧及男女间同侧比较无明显差异.Bohler角的测量值同性别间左右两侧比较无明显差异,男女间同侧比较有显著性差异;Gissane角的测量值同性别间左右两侧及男女间同侧比较无明显差异.结论:本次测量结果可为恢复跟骨骨折的形态提供参考依据.     

跟骨前部与载距突关系的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的　研究跟骨前部与载距突的解剖关系, 探讨自跟骨前部外侧壁向载距突置钉的可行性和方法。 方法　观察跟骨前部与载距突的解剖形态。用解剖测量法、数字化X线摄影法和多层螺旋计算机断层扫描法,测量36只跟骨标本的前部和载距突数据,确定自跟骨前部外侧壁向载距突进钉点和方向。在标本上模拟置钉,评价置钉的安全性。 结果　跟骨前部与载距突具有密切的解剖关系。跟骨前部长(22.27±2.96)mm,宽(23.60±1.99)mm,高（25.25±3.03)mm。载距突长(24.24±2.27)mm,宽(15.44±1.41)mm,高　(10.96±1.25)mm,前倾角（39.13±5.28）°,外倾角（27.78±4.36）°。自跟骨前部外侧壁取两点向载距突置钉,前点进钉方向为上斜角（21.37±3.35）°,后斜角（22.39±3.13）°,有效固定长度（43.16±2.12）mm;后点进钉方向为上斜角（33.60±4.15）°,后斜角（10.09±1.03）°,有效固定长度（44.69±2.32）mm。模拟置钉,无螺钉穿透跟骨前部上面的骨皮质。 结论 载距突是跟骨骨折螺钉置入的理想位置,自跟骨前部外侧壁可以向载距突安全地置钉,跟骨前部与载距突的相互关系决定螺钉进钉方向和长度。这些数据为跟骨骨折内固定手术提供了可靠的解剖学依据。     

跟骨的形态结构特点及其临床意义

目的：为跟骨骨折的治疗提供形态学的依据和标准。方法：观察成人正常跟骨的形态特征和骨小梁分布情况，测量跟贩的长、宽、高和Ｂｏｈｌｅｒ’ｓ角、Ｂｉｓｓａｎｅ‘ｓ角等。结果：（１）骨形态结构较复杂，骨皮汪，骨松质多，跟骨前部跟骨沟下方骨小梁稀疏，后梁侧骨小梁密集。（２）正常跟骨各指标左右俩则无明显差异，而不同性别暗除Ｇｉｓｓａｎｅ’ｓ角外，其他各项指标均有显著差异；有高／长的比值〉１／２。结论：（１）跟     

跟骨解剖锁定钢板在跟骨骨折中的临床应用

目的探讨跟骨解剖锁定钢板在跟骨关节内骨折治疗中的疗效。方法自2010年8月~2013年2月对我院27例32足Sanders II.I I.IV型跟骨关节内骨折节内骨折采用跟骨解剖锁定钢板切开复位内固定治疗。本组病例术前及术后常规测量B?hler角和Gis ane角,用其作为跟骨关节内骨折的复位评价标准,足踝部功能评分按Maryland系统进行评分。结果本组病例均获得随访,随访时间12~26个月,平均随访时间18个月,骨折愈合良好,足踝部功能按Maryland系统评分,Sanders I 型优良率为88%,SandersI I型中优良率为82.0%,SandersIV型中优良率为64%。结论跟骨解剖锁定钢板是治疗跟骨关节内骨折的一种有效治疗方法。     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

Uncombable Hair (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli et canaliculi) Syndrome: Brief Review and Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Diagnosis

Uncombable hair syndrome was first described some 3 decades ago as "cheveux incoiffables" and is also known as spun-glass hair and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Both inherited (autosomal dominant and recessive with variable levels of penetrance) and sporadic forms of uncombable hair syndrome have been described, both being characterized by scalp hair that is impossible to comb due to the haphazard arrangement of the hair bundles. A characteristic morphologic feature of hair in this syndrome is a triangular to reniform to heart shape on cross-sections, and a groove, canal or flattening along the entire length of the hair in at least 50%of hairs examined by scanning electron microscopy. Most individuals are affected early in childhood and the hair takeson a spun-glassappearance with the hair becoming dry, curly, glossy, lighter in color, and progressively uncombable. Only the scalp hair is affected. Several conditions are associated with uncombable hair, such as ectodermal dysplasia, retinal dysplasia/ pigmentary dystrophy, juvenile cataract, digit abnormalities, tooth enamel anomalies, oligodontia, and phalangoepiphyseal dysplasia. Other syndromes with hair abnormalities may also mimic uncombable hair syndrome clinically and these include, Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia; loose anagen hair syndrome; ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodatyly, cleft lip/ palate (EEC) syndrome; and familial tricho-odonto-onchyial ectodermal dysplasia with syndactyly. Unlike other conditions with an uncombable hair component, uncombable hair syndrome alone (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli etcanaliculi) is not associated with physical, neurologic, or mental abnormalities. In most cases of uncombable hair syndrome, the hair is grossly abnormal in infancy and early childhood, but may have improved manageability later in life. Scanning electron microscopy of hair samples provides definitive evidence for diagnosis of clinically suspected uncombable hair syndrome and eliminates other hair abnormalities from the differential diagnosis.     

A comparative study of cholinergic systems of the neocortex and hippocampus in rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia

Synaptic structures in the neocortex and hippocampus of the intact brain were compared between rats with low and high resistance to hypobaric hypoxia. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, Na,K-ATPase, and the portion of protein in the light and heavy synaptosome fractions and subfractions were measured. A discrepancy in cholinergic metabolism molecular mechanisms between high and low resistance animals have been found in the heavy somatosoma fraction from the neocortex. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na,K-ATPase in the synaptolemmal subfraction of low resistant rats were much lower than in high resistant rats. This implies a less effective synaptic transmission in proper cholinergic neurons in the low resistance animals and, therefore, specifically changed neuron functioning in the circulation control. No differences in the cholinergic components of either neocortical light synaptosome fraction or hippocampal light and heavy synaptosome fractions were found between low and high resistance rats. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 521–525, May, 1998     

BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy

This guideline advises on the management of patients with cow's milk allergy. Cow's milk allergy presents in the first year of life with estimated population prevalence between 2% and 3%. The clinical manifestations of cow's milk allergy are very variable in type and severity making it the most difficult food allergy to diagnose. A careful age‐ and disease‐specific history with relevant allergy tests including detection of milk‐specific IgE (by skin prick test or serum assay), diagnostic elimination diet, and oral challenge will aid in diagnosis in most cases. Treatment is advice on cow's milk avoidance and suitable substitute milks. Cow's milk allergy often resolves. Reintroduction can be achieved by the graded exposure, either at home or supervised in hospital depending on severity, using a milk ladder. Where cow's milk allergy persists, novel treatment options may include oral tolerance induction, although most authors do not currently recommend it for routine clinical practice. Cow's milk allergy must be distinguished from primary lactose intolerance. This guideline was prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and is intended for clinicians in secondary and tertiary care. The recommendations are evidence based, but where evidence is lacking the panel of experts in the committee reached consensus. Grades of recommendation are shown throughout. The document encompasses epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.