基于CT图像下颈椎C4-C6节段三维有限元模型的建立及验证

选取下颈椎C4-C6活动节段的CT图像数据建立三维模型,其中包括颈椎C4-C6节段完整的各节椎体、椎间盘、终板、关节和5种韧带等结构模型。模拟前屈、后伸、左右侧弯、左右轴向旋转6种工况下的生物力学特性,经与离体实验和有限元结果对比分析证明,验证模型的可靠性。相同条件下,模型的关节活动度和应力分布特征与他人研究结果相似。该有限元模型可以分析颈椎生物力学特性,并为下颈椎临床诊断和植入物的力学性能研究奠定良好的基础。     

动态稳定器植入术后颈椎生物力学的有限元分析

本文研究动态稳定器(DCI)植入术对下颈椎邻近节段的关节活动度(ROM)、椎间盘与椎体的生物力学特性及力传导模式的影响。首先采用DCI植入和椎间植骨融合两种术式建立颈椎C5、6节段退变治疗的有限元模型,分析两种术式下C3~7段颈椎在前屈、后伸、侧弯和旋转时的ROM及椎间盘和椎体的应力分布情况。结果表明DCI植入后手术节段ROM保留效果明显(减小幅度25%),对邻近节段运动学特性影响较小。植骨融合后手术节段的ROM丧失86%~91%,邻近节段的ROM和椎间盘、椎体应力均显著增加,C5椎体应力增加达171.21%。因此DCI植入对颈椎ROM和应力影响较小,本文结果可为DCI植入与植骨融合的临床手术提供理论依据。     

颈椎人工椎间盘置换有限元分析

目的　建立C4~5节段PrestigeTM-LP颈椎人工椎间盘植入后的三维有限元模型,进行手术节段的运动分析。 方法 采用对成年男性的新鲜尸体的颈椎标本进行CT三维扫描方法建立C4~5节段和PrestigeTM-LP人工间盘有限元,模拟完成C4~5人工椎间盘置换手术。测量生理加载下手术节段前屈/后伸、侧弯及轴向旋转运动角度。结果 有限元模型对颈椎的结构,包括椎体间韧带、颈椎关节突关节、钩椎关节等均进行了精确的重建,并较好地模拟手术操作进行PrestigeTM-LP人工间盘植入。运动加载后运动角度,前屈5.7°,后伸3.5°,侧弯5.0°,旋转11.3°,与文献报道结果较为接近。 结论　有限元模型具有精确度高,手术模拟真实的特点,可作为颈椎人工椎间盘生物力学研究的一种较好途径。PrestigeTM-LP颈椎人工椎间盘置换可较好地保留手术节段的运动功能。     

有限元分析颈椎棘突骨折内固定有效性

通过对颈椎棘突骨折(累及椎板)内固定治疗有限元模型的建立和分析,明确此种治疗方式对颈椎棘突骨折的有效性。先建立正常全颈椎(C0-T1)的有限元模型并与文献报告进行对比验证,模型验证后,在正常模型基础上建立颈椎棘突骨折(累及椎板)模型,并模拟直型接骨板行内固定治疗,测量并比较颈椎棘突骨折模型及手术内固定模型和原始正常模型在前屈、后伸、左右侧弯、左右旋转6种条件下活动度改变。以及颈椎各结构的应力变化。结果表明,在正常模型上结合临床病例建立的颈椎棘突骨折(累及椎板)外观逼真,生物力学相似度良好。骨折模型部分节段,主要为C7-T1的活动度(前屈+后伸9.20°,左右侧弯5.83°,左右旋转13.12°)较正常模型(前屈+后伸7.11°,左右侧弯4.92°,左右旋转9.59°)增大,尤其是旋转活动度,模拟植入内固定后稳定性增加(前屈+后伸4.07°,左右侧弯2.21°,左右旋转2.91°),且内固定钢板应力分析提示,承受最大应力值在安全范围。颈椎棘突骨折(累及椎板)及内固定模型可以较好地模拟临床实际病例,通过有限元分析预示,此型骨折存在潜在不稳的可能性,探讨微型棘突钢板在骨折手术治疗中的应用,具有一定的临床参考价值。     

体位对颈椎旋转手法整复神经根型颈椎病关节突关节骨错缝的有限元分析北大核心

背景:颈椎旋转手法的操作体位主要包括前屈位、中立位、后伸位和旋转方向,关于选用哪种体位实施颈椎旋转手法更有利于整复关节突关节骨错缝治疗神经根型颈椎病,目前尚不清晰。目的:比较不同体位实施颈椎旋转手法整复关节突关节骨错缝治疗神经根型颈椎病的生物力学差异。方法:建立并验证C_(5)-C_(6)正常三维有限元模型,分别模拟前屈、中立、后伸体位往右侧旋转实施颈椎旋转手法,比较不同体位实施颈椎旋转手法时C_(5)双侧下关节突的前后方向和上下方向位移分布。选取整复侧C_(5)下关节突的相同结点作为位移值参考点,比较不同体位实施颈椎旋转手法时整复侧C_(5)下关节突的前后方向和上下方向位移值。结果与结论:①在前屈、中立和后伸3种体位实施颈椎旋转手法,旋转侧C_(5)下关节突均向后下滑动,旋转对侧C_(5)下关节突均向前上滑动,所以C_(5)下关节突的滑动趋势与旋转方向有明显相关性,而与前屈、中立和后伸体位没有明显相关性;②在前屈、中立、后伸体位实施颈椎旋转手法,旋转对侧C_(5)下关节突的向前位移值分别是1.32,1.22和0.77 mm,向上位移值分别是1.49,1.29和0.29 mm;③结果显示,前屈位实施颈椎旋转手法使旋转对侧下关节突的前上位移值最大,说明前屈位往健侧旋转实施颈椎旋转手法可能更有利于整复关节突关节骨错缝治疗神经根型颈椎病。     

前路椎体次全切除减压融合术治疗下颈椎的有限元分析

目的建立人体下颈椎C3~7节段前路椎体次全切除钛网植骨融合术的三维有限元模型,分析术后椎体稳定性及内固定器械的应力分布。方法建立前路椎体C5节段次全切除钛网植骨钢板螺钉内固定颈椎C3~7节段有限元模型,同时建立C3~7节段下颈椎原始模型。对术后模型分别施加0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 N·m扭矩,分析前屈、后伸、侧弯及轴向旋转时关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)、关节突关节最大应力与内固定器械整体应力分布情况。结果前路椎体次全切除减压融合术(cervical corpectomy and fusion,ACCF)后,C5重建节段ROM随扭矩的增大而增加,与无损模型在1.0 N·m、预载荷50 N工况下相比,C5重建节段、C3~4,C6~7和C3~7节段ROM分别下降81%、62%、58%和80%;C5重建节段后方关节突关节最大应力减小,临近节段关节突关节应力显著升高;钛网应力主要分布于运动受压侧,螺钉根部承受较大载荷。结论 ACCF术式会较大提升颈椎稳定性,降低手术节段后方关节突关节应力,对于减缓因脊髓型颈椎病引起的脊髓压迫有较好疗效。研究结果可为ACCF手术的临床应用研究提供理论依据。     

半限制型人工颈椎间盘置换与植骨融合术后下颈椎生物力学特性的有限元分析

目的研究Discover、Prodisc-C人工椎间盘置换术与植骨融合术后下颈椎活动度(range of motion,ROM)、椎间盘应力、韧带张力的生物力学特性以及植入假体力学性能的改变。方法建立C5~6椎间盘退变3种手术方案:Discover、Prodisc-C人工椎间盘置换和自体髂骨植骨融合有限元模型,同时建立C4~7节段下颈椎原始模型。分析术后下颈椎C4~7节段在矢状面、冠状面及横断面上椎体的生物力学特性变化。结果术后手术节段关节ROM变化:Discover模型增加12.7%~73.1%,Prodisc-C模型增加74%~98%,植骨融合模型下降55.8%~71.8%。Discover置换后上邻近椎间盘应力无明显增加,下邻近椎间盘应力在前屈、后伸、轴向旋转工况下减少33.2%~54.2%,囊韧带张力增幅比Prodisc-C置换后减少30%~40%。Discover假体最大应力(36.72 MPa)出现在前屈工况下,小于Prodisc-C假体的最大应力(42.66 MPa)。结论人工椎间盘置换术可以保留手术节段的运动性能,Discover作为新一代人工椎间盘假体,在减少韧带负担和维持脊柱稳定性方面有所进步。研究结果可为颈椎前路融合手术和人工颈椎间盘置换术的临床研究提供理论依据。     

正常人下颈椎C_(4～7)节段三维有限元模型的建立与验证

本研究基于计算机断层扫描(CT)图像数据建立并验证正常人颈椎C4~7三维有限元模型,为研究中医手法治疗颈椎慢性疾病的生物力学机制提供模型平台。基于受试者颈部CT图像,依次运用Mimics 17.0、Geomagic12.0及Abaqus 6.13等软件创建正常人C4~7节段有限元模型。在模型上分别模拟前屈、后伸、左右侧弯和左右旋转工况,计算椎体间相对动度(ROM),将计算的结果与文献结果进行对比分析,并观察模型在1Nm载荷下6种工况下模型的主要应力分布情况。本研究成功建立了正常人颈椎C4~7三维有限元模型,共包含591 459单元、121 446节点,模拟了椎体、椎间盘、韧带、关节等几何结构与材料特性。模型在前后屈伸、左右侧弯和左右旋转6种工况下的ROM与实验研究数据基本一致,在1Nm扭矩或弯矩载荷下,模型主要应力分布基本反映了正常人颈椎生理活动时的主要应力分布情况。本研究建立的正常人颈椎C4~7三维有限元模型精确逼真,符合颈椎的生物力学特性,可用于研究中医手法治疗颈椎慢性疾病的生物力学分析。     

基于有限元方法的不同球-窝设计参数的人工颈椎间盘生物力学分析

本文采用三维有限元方法评价不同球-窝曲率半径的ProDisc人工颈椎间盘在植入颈椎后的生物力学差异,为人工椎间盘的设计改进和临床应用提供生物力学参考依据。首先建立C5-C6节段的三维有限元模型并验证,同时建立曲率半径分别为4、5和6mm的人工颈椎间盘有限元模型并分别植入C5-C6节段,对所有置换模型都施加74N的轴向压缩预载荷和1.8Nm的前屈/后伸、左右侧弯和轴向旋转力矩,进行有限元计算。计算结果显示球窝结构的曲率半径会改变植入节段的屈伸关节活动度,而在其他载荷下差异不明显。增大曲率半径可改善聚乙烯内衬应力集中现象,但同时也会伴随小关节力、韧带张力增大的不良结果。因此,人工椎间盘的设计应综合考虑保留运动节段的关节活动度同时又不致小关节、韧带、聚乙烯等的应力过大,以免影响长期临床效果。     

横韧带损伤上颈椎C0-C3不稳定节段的三维有限元分析

目的建立寰椎横韧带损伤上颈椎C0-C3不稳定节段的三维有限元模型,探究横韧带损伤对上颈椎关节活动度ROM(the range of motion)和椎骨应力分布的影响。方法基于CT图像数据结合临床寰椎横韧带损伤特征,建立人体寰椎横韧带损伤上颈椎不稳定的三维有限元模型,比较分析横韧带损伤后上颈椎在不同工况下的关节活动度及椎骨应力分布情况。结果横韧带损伤后上颈椎寰枢关节在前屈、后伸、侧弯和轴向旋转等工况下的关节活动度均比正常组有不同程度的增大,增值分别为:3.5°、 4.8°、 1.1°和4.7°;屈伸时横韧带损伤后模型最大应力均比无损模型的大。结论寰椎横韧带损伤后上颈椎模型相比正常模型稳定性差,符合横韧带损伤后的真实情况,建立的有限元模型可用于上颈椎生物力学特性的分析。     

Finite element modeling of multi-level cervical spinal segments (C3-C6) and biomechanical analysis of an elastomer-type prosthetic disc

A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model for the multi-level lower cervical spinal segment C3-C6 has been developed using computed tomography (CT) data, and applied to study of the effects of the fusion and the artificial disc prosthesis on the biomechanical behavior of the lower cervical spine. The NURBS computer adided dedsig (CAD) data used in this study for modeling the vertebrae facilitate adding surface patch layouts for seamless attachment of the soft tissues, such as intervertebral discs onto the vertebrae. A FE model was completed by generating mesh out of this geometry. Its accuracy was validated by comparing with previously published experimental and numerical results for the flexion-extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending moments. An implantation of an elastomer-type disc prosthesis or fused graft between C4-C5 vertebrae was considered in the FE model by modifying the intact disc. It is shown that the fusion reduced the mobility at its level by about 50-70% for the considered loading cases. It is numerically demonstrated that an elastomer with Young's modulus of 5.9 MPa for the artificial disc prosthesis well restores the biomechanical behavior of the intact spine.     

聚醚醚酮/羟基磷灰石/碳纤维复合材料的生物力学分析

目的利用有限元分析法比较聚醚醚酮/羟基磷灰石/碳纤维复合材料（75PEEK/10HA/15CF）与钛合金的生物力学。方法建立C4～C6有限元模型,于C5～C6间植入75PEEK/10HA/15CF或钛合金人工椎间盘和椎间融合器,计算在前屈、后伸、侧弯和旋转时临近椎体、椎间盘的wonMises应力变化和C5～C6节段的活动度及植入物上的应力分布。结果在正常情况下,钛合金人工椎间盘置换模型在前屈时C5椎体、C4~5椎间盘平均won Mises应力改变率分别为75PEEK/10HA/15CF人工椎间盘模型的1.50倍和1.67倍;在侧弯时C6椎体的平均won Mises应力改变率为75PEEK/10HA/15CF人工椎间盘置换模型的1.33倍。融合器模型,在前屈时C5椎体、C4~5椎间盘应力改变率前者为后者的1.48倍和1.87倍;在侧弯时C6椎体应力改变率,前者为后者的1.67倍。钛合金植入物的最大应力为75PEEK/10HA/15CF的4.5倍,并出现应力集中。结论与钛合金相比,75PEEK/10HA/15CF能更好地将负荷传递,增加融合率,能有效地减少临近椎体的应力,减少植入物沉降的发生。     

Evaluation of the role of ligaments, facets and disc nucleus in lower cervical spine under compression and sagittal moments using finite element method.

Cervical spinal instability due to ligamentous injury, degenerated disc and facetectomy is a subject of great controversy. There is no analytical investigation reported on the biomechanical response of cervical spine in these respects. Parametric study on the roles of ligaments, facets, and disc nucleus of human lower cervical spine (C4-C6) was conducted for the very first time using noninvasive finite element method.A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of the human lower cervical spine, consisted of 11,187 nodes and 7730 elements modeling the bony vertebrae, articulating facets, intervertebral disc, and associated ligaments, was developed and validated against the published data under three load configurations: axial compression; flexion; and extension. The FE model was further modified accordingly to investigate the role of disc, facets and ligaments in preserving cervical spine motion segment stability in these load configurations. The passive FE model predicted the nonlinear force displacement response of the human cervical spine, with increasing stiffness at higher loads. It also predicted that ligaments, facets or disc nucleus are crucial to maintain the cervical spine stability, in terms of sagittal rotational movement or redistribution of load. FE method of analysis is an invaluable application that can supplement experimental research in understanding the clinical biomechanics of the human cervical spine.     

Progressive disc degeneration at C5-C6 segment affects the mechanics between disc heights and posterior facets above and below the degenerated segment: A flexion-extension investigation using a poroelastic C3-T1 finite element model

Disc degeneration (DD) is often accompanied by a height reduction of the anterior and posterior discs (AD and PD, respectively), and this affect the way in which articulating posterior facets (PFs) come into contact during physiological motions. Any increase in the contact between overlapping articulating facet surfaces increases PF loading. Development of adjacent segment disease is a significant clinical concern. It still is not clear how degenerative motion changes in AD and PD heights affect the mechanics of adjacent segment discs and facets. We hypothesized that changes in axial height patterns (in the AD and PD) at the degenerated C5-C6 disc-segment would affect axial height patterns (in the AD and PD) above and below the degenerated disc-segment. A previously validated poroelastic three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of a normal C3-T1 segment was used. Two additional C3-T1 models were built with moderate and severe DD at C5-C6. The three FE models were evaluated in flexion and extension. With progressive C5-C6 DD, AD and PD flexibility (axial deformation or elongation per unit load) at C5-C6 decrease with a compensatory corresponding flexibility increase in adjacent segments (normal), whereas PF loading increased at all segments only during extension. Changes in AD and PD flexibility and PF loading were higher at inferior segments than at superior segments. This study confirmed the hypothesis that the anterior and posterior discs and articulating facets of cervical spine segments are affected during flexion and extension motions when a disc-segment degenerates. Motion changes involving a higher PD height loss, both at the degenerated and adjacent segments, would further increase PF loading along the posterior spinal column - a possible mechanism for the dysfunctioning of the facet joints. The current data should be compared to other multi-segmental cervical spine experiments.     

不同扭矩作用下腰椎有限元模型分析

应用有限元方法研究扭矩作用下腰椎内部结构的应力变化。用ABAQUS6.1有限元软件建立腰椎L4-5有限元模型。对模型加载不同的扭矩。结果为随着作用扭矩的增大以及旋转角度的加大,作用在小关节上的力量也加大。椎间盘内轴向有效应力加大,髓核内压力,纤维环的应力和应变增加。     

Cervical spine biomechanics following implantation of a disc prosthesis

This study presents a finite element model of the C4-C7 segment in healthy conditions and after implantation of a disc prosthesis at a single level, in order to investigate of the influence of disc arthroplasty on the biomechanics of the cervical spine. A nonlinear finite element model of the C4-C7 segment in intact conditions was developed and run in flexion and extension. A detailed model of the Bryan disc prosthesis, including contacts between the different components of the device, was built and positioned at C5-C6. The calculated segmental motion resulted preserved after disc arthroplasty, with respect to the model of the intact spine, in both flexion and extension. A general preservation of the forces transmitted through the facet joints was obtained; a minor force increase at the implanted level was detected. The analysis of the instantaneous centers of rotation (ICR) in flexion-extension showed the preservation of a physiological kinematics. The mechanical behaviour showed an asymmetry between flexion and extension, probably due to the removal of the anterior longitudinal ligament and the anterior part of the annulus fibrosus, and the preservation of the posterior structures. In general, the disc prosthesis showed to be able to reproduce a nearly physiological motion. However, other important mechanical aspects, such as the possible micromotion at the bone-implant interface and the possible degenerative conditions of the spine, need to be evaluated before drawing a conclusion about total disc arthroplasty from an engineering point of view.     

Coflex和X-STOP在治疗腰椎管狭窄中生物力学性能研究

目的 分析棘突间撑开器Coflex和X-STOP在治疗腰椎管狭窄中的不同生物力学特性,为棘突间植入物的设计改进提供参考。方法依据1名正常志愿者中立位下螺旋CT扫描资料构建L2~5健康腰椎有限元模型、L4/5椎间盘轻度退变有限元模型、棘突撑开器X-STOP和Coflex的动态固定模型,并对4组模型分别模拟前屈、后伸、侧弯和轴向旋转,验证和对比分析活动度（range of motion, ROM）的变化和应力在棘突和撑开器上的分布。结果与退变模型相比,Coflex和X-STOP有效限制退变节段后伸ROM-48.12%和-75.35%,Coflex还能限制前屈ROM-59.58%,侧弯和扭转ROM不受限制。Coflex和X-STOP减少椎间盘后伸时应力达-58.03%和-80.75%,Coflex在前屈时应力减少-52.84%。侧弯和扭转的ROM基本不受影响。Coflex最大应力发生在前屈时U型弯处,X-STOP最大应力出现在扭转时左翼螺钉连接处。Coflex与腰椎接触最大应力发生在扭转时,为31.38 MPa。X-STOP与腰椎接触最大应力发生在侧弯时,为46.86 MPa。结论Coflex和X-STOP是治疗腰椎管狭窄的有效方法,均可以显著降低后伸ROM和椎间盘压力,对相邻节段无明显影响。     

颈椎半椎板切除后小关节部位的应力分析

根据CT数据建立了颈椎C4-C6功能节段的三维非线性有限元完整模型,并在此模型基础上建立了椎板切除模型。考察了椎板半切除术对小关节的生物力学影响。将C6椎体下表面固定作为边界条件,采用三种加载模式,即于C4椎体上表面施加1.8Nm分别沿矢状面、冠状面、轴面方向的纯弯矩。通过计算得到了C5半椎板切除后小关节部位的应力变化。结果表明,半椎板切除手术对各加载模式下小关节面的Von Mises应力有较大的影响,应力变化最大处应力上升了187.5%。评价颈椎半椎板切除术不能忽视手术对小关节的影响。     

胸腰段爆裂性骨折内固定治疗的生物力学特点

目的利用三维有限元方法分析3种不同后路内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂骨折的生物力学特性。方法建立T11~L3胸腰段三维有限元模型及L1椎体爆裂性骨折模型,在骨折模型上分别于后路加载跨伤椎短节段、经伤椎短节段、跨伤椎长节段内固定装置。比较正常胸腰段及3种骨折内固定模型在脊柱屈曲、后伸、左/右侧弯、左/右旋转6种运动状态下L1椎体及其临近椎间盘的生物力学特点。结果正常脊柱模型、跨伤椎短节段、经伤椎短节段、跨伤椎长节段内固定模型伤椎椎体的等效应力分别为31. 63、13. 41、110. 35、13. 17 MPa。正常脊柱模型的最大等效应力为3. 84 MPa,出现在L1~2椎间盘; 3种内固定模型伤椎临近椎间盘的最大等效应力分别为0. 41、0. 36、0. 40 MPa,均出现在T12~L1椎间盘。结论经伤椎短节段内固定可导致伤椎椎体内应力增高。3种内固定方式下伤椎临近椎间盘应力均小于正常脊柱模型。