人体寰椎横韧带拉伸性能的实验研究

目的：研究人体寰椎横韧带的拉伸性能。方法：新鲜寰椎标本８例,制备成拉伸试件,进行定速率单向拉伸至横韧带断裂。结果：寰椎横韧带平均最大载荷为３１１．６Ｎ,最大变形量为６．０ｍｍ,刚度为７２．９Ｎ／ｍｍ。结论：寰椎侧块间的分离超过６．０ｍｍ,就可存在横韧带断裂。     

胎儿腰椎间孔韧带的观测及意义

目的:观察腰椎间孔韧带的形态,探讨其生理意义。方法:选用足月胎儿尸体标本11具,解剖观察腰椎间孔韧带,用游标卡尺进行相关测量。结果:在22侧腰椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带,L1、L2和L3横孔下韧带的宽度、厚度和长度分别为:L1:(1.4±0.4)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(2.8±0.5)mm,L2:(1.3±0.4)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(2.8±0.5)mm,L3:(1.6±0.1)mm、(0.4±0.1)mm、(2.8±0.9)mm,L4和L5椎间孔内未发现横孔下韧带;标本中未发现体横上韧带,体横下韧带分布于L3～L5椎间孔的外侧,其宽度、厚度和长度分别为:L3:(2.1±0.4)mm、(0.6±0.1)mm、(4.5±1.2)mm、L4:(2.0±1.2)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(5.7±0.8)mm,L5:(2.4±0.8)mm、(0.4±0.2)mm、(5.0±1.0)mm。结论:胎儿腰椎间孔韧带普遍存在,其为腰椎的正常组织结构。     

腰部椎间孔韧带的观测

用胎儿，儿童及成人脊柱标本，共２０例，研究腰部椎间孔韧带，在上述标本中均发现椎间孔韧带，共１９５条，其中横孔上韧带２０条，横孔下韧带１１９条，体横上韧带３１条，本横下韧２５条。横孔上，下韧带带主要分布于上腰部椎间孔内，尤以Ｌ１椎间孔内多见。     

颈椎椎间孔外口区韧带的解剖学观测

目的　对颈椎C_2~7椎间孔外口区域的韧带进行解剖学描述并探讨其临床意义。 方法　对10具成人尸体标本的 100个椎间孔进行解剖观测。鉴别所有出现的韧带,观察并记录C2~7椎间孔外口区域椎间孔外韧带的数量、形态、分布和起止位置。并用游标卡尺分别测量每条韧带的长度、宽度和厚度。 结果　在100个椎间孔外口区域共发现252个椎间孔外韧带。椎间孔外韧带可以分为放射型韧带236 个(93.7 %)和横跨型韧带16个(6.3 %)两种。放射型韧带将神经根连接到周围结构,可分为上方韧带（25.0%）,下方韧带（60.2%）,前方韧带（6.3%）和后方韧带（8.5%）;横跨型韧带与神经根相垂直并横跨于神经根上,其中,横跨型韧带在C4~5节段最为常见,在C4~5节段的平均长度为横跨型韧带长度为(8.12±1.38) mm(6.28~9.93 mm),厚度最厚可达1.04 mm,每个颈椎椎间孔最多只有一条横跨型韧带。 结论　椎间孔外韧带是椎间孔正常的生理结构,可能与颈椎减压术后C5神经麻痹的发生有关。在颈椎减压术后,横跨型韧带可能是造成神经根卡压而引起神经损伤的潜在原因之一。而放射型韧带可以限制脊神经移位,可能因此牵拉神经引起损伤。     

颈椎前路旋转植骨忆扩钉固定对椎间孔影响的实验研究

目的：旨在比较忆扩钉固定术前、后椎间孔高度及面积的变化。方法：５具新鲜颈椎标本。于颈４，５间隙旋转植骨忆扩钉固定，在自制方盘上分别摄术前后侧位及左右４５°斜位Ｘ线片。用ＭＡＳ－１型图像分析系统计算椎间孔高度及面积。结果：左侧椎间孔高由术前９．９±０．９ｍｍ增至术后１０．５±１．１ｍｍ。右侧由１０．２±０．７增到１０．４±０．７ｍｍ。左侧椎间孔面积由术前４６．１±４．７ｍｍ２增至术后４８．１±５．７ｍｍ２，增大４．２％。右侧由术前４５．４±５．２ｍｍ２增至术后４７．１±５．４ｍｍ２，增加３．７％。ＳＦ检验均Ｐ＞０．０５。结论：颈椎前路旋转植骨忆扩钉固定对其椎间孔高度及面积略有增加。     

颈椎间孔韧带的解剖特点及其临床意义

神经根型颈椎病是临床常见疾病,可引起上肢感觉或运动障碍,其病因可能是神经根受到各种直接机械压迫[1]。神经根自硬膜囊发出后向外下方走行,经椎间孔出椎管,椎间孔内软组织增生、肥厚、粘连等病理改变均可使经过该处的神经根受到压迫,导致出现相应的临床症状如放射性上肢疼痛、麻木或无力等。想要更清楚地了解神经根卡压的机制,需要对颈椎间孔区域进行更加深入的解剖学研究。掌握颈椎间孔韧带的解剖特点有助于提高神经根型颈椎病的诊断和治疗水平,在该区域手术操作时尽可能地减少医源性损伤。有关胸腰椎(T1~5)的椎间孔韧带研究证明其韧带起到限制神经根移位并防止拉伤的作用[2~4]。然而,目前关于颈椎间孔韧带的研究尚少。本文结合国内外文献资料,对颈椎间孔韧带的相关知识作一综述。     

寰椎横韧带的形态特点及其生物力学特性研究

目的 :研究寰椎横韧带的形态特点及其抗拉伸性能。方法 :成人寰枢椎固定标本 2 4例及新鲜寰椎横韧带标本 9例。测量横韧带中点处的厚度、宽度以及左右两端的宽度。取 2例新鲜横韧带标本行组织学片观察。 7例新鲜横韧带标本 ,通过MTS -85 8材料试验机测试其抗拉伸性能。结果 :寰椎横韧带的长度为 ( 2 0 .0± 2 .4)mm ;中点处的厚度为 ( 2 .1± 0 .5 )mm ;中点处的宽度为 ( 10 .7± 1.6)mm ;左右两端的宽度分别为 ( 6.6± 1.1)、( 6.7± 1.0 )mm ;左右两端的厚度分别为 ( 3 .8± 1.1)、( 3 .7± 1.1)mm。横韧带与枢椎齿突的关系可分为三种类型 :①横韧带将齿状突后面完全包裹 ,占 3 0 .3 % ( 10例 ) ;②横韧带包裹齿状突后面的大部 ,超过 1/ 2 ,占 5 4.5 % ( 18例 ) ;③部分覆盖齿状突的后部 ,不超过其 1/ 2 ,占 14 .5 % ( 5例 )。寰椎横韧带的齿状突面的中部可见有纵行的纤维 ,组织切片显示为较疏松的结缔组织。横韧带的最大载荷为( 60 5 .5± 89.6)N ,最大变形量为 ( 4 .3± 0 .5 )mm。结论 :( 1)本文结果与国外的相关报道比较 ,在长度上较白种人稍短 ,而与黄种人相近 ,这与人种的高矮有关。 ( 2 )寰椎横韧带与齿突接触面的中部可有条索状的疏松结缔组织存在。 ( 3 )寰椎横韧带与枢椎齿突的关系不恒定 ,     

胎儿胸椎间孔韧带的观测及意义

目的:通过胎儿胸椎间孔韧带的观测,为国人提供胎儿胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学资料。方法:选用足月胎儿尸体标本15具,解剖观察胸椎间孔韧带,用游标卡尺进行相关测量。结果:在30侧胸椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带和体横韧带,T1￣T12均发现横孔下韧带,其出现率从T1￣T12分别为10.0%、10.0%、23.3%、30%、46.7%、53.3%、76.7%、80.0%、80.8%、86.7%、90.0%、86.7%;T3￣T12横孔下韧带的长度随着椎骨序数的增加而有逐渐增加的趋势。结论:胎儿胸椎间孔韧带普遍存在,其为胸椎的正常组织结构,对胸椎神经根管内的结构具有固定、支持和保护作用。     

成人胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学观测

目的 通过解剖观测成人胸椎间孔韧带.为国人提供胸椎间孔韧带的解剖学资料并探讨其临床意义.方法 选用成人尸体标本15具,解剖观察胸椎间孔韧带.用游标卡尺进行相关测量.结果 在30侧成人胸椎标本中未发现横孔上韧带和体横韧带.T1椎间孔内未发现横孔下韧带,T2～T12椎间孔内均发现横孔下韧带,其出现率从T2～T12呈逐渐增加...     

胸腰椎脊柱韧带拉伸性能的实验研究

目的：测试胸腰段脊柱韧带拉伸性能。方法：采用７例新鲜青年男性尸体胸腰椎脊柱韧带，进行解剖学观察和力学测试，每个韧带的测试除外其它因素单一进行。记录最大载荷－位移曲线和韧带的形态、力学改变，峰值为韧带断裂的标志。结果：前纵韧带、后纵韧带、棘间、棘上韧带最大破坏载荷依次为：６５４±６３Ｎ，２９１±４９Ｎ，９８±４３Ｎ，３８５±９３Ｎ；最大位移依次为：１１．４±２．６ｍｍ，４．５±１．５ｍｍ，３．８±１２．２ｍｍ，１６．０±５．０ｍｍ；结构刚度依次为：６０．４Ｎ／ｍｍ，５６．２Ｎ／ｍｍ，２５．０Ｎ／ｍｍ，４０．５Ｎ／ｍｍ。结论：不同种韧带的解剖形态和生理特点不同，具有不同的生物力学特性。     

The canine jaw‐ear connection: The malleomandibular and tympanomandibular ligaments

In the human, two ligaments derived from the first embryonic pharyngeal (branchial) arch that unite the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the middle ear have been identified as the discomalleolar ligament (DML) and sphenomandibular ligament (SML), also known as the malleomandibular ligament (MML), anterior ligament of the malleus (AML), and tympanomandibular ligament (TML). Neither of these structures has been previously described in the dog. The homologue of the human sphenomandibular ligament (SML) exists in the dog and is represented as a fibrous remnant of Meckel's cartilage. In the newborn puppy, the ligament is a true malleomandibular ligament (MML), extending from the medial mandible to the rostral process of the malleus with no intermittent attachments. In the adult dog, the ligament is entrapped within a bony passageway, likely due to the development and ossification of the tympanic bulla, making it difficult to grossly view the complete course of the ligament. The majority of the ligamentous fibers attach near the tympanic bulla in the adult dog, thus this portion of the ligament has been named the tympanomandibular ligament (TML). Those fibers of the ligament not attaching near the tympanic bulla appear to continue through a canal, located between the tympanic annulus and the surrounding tympanic bone, to become continuous with a connective tissue sheet within the cavity of the middle ear that has attachments to the malleus and incus. Tension on the adult canine TML did not result in movement of the malleus. Anat Rec, 297:876–891, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的解剖学测量及其意义

目的　测量骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的解剖学数据,为临床应用提供形态学基础。 方法 20例（男、女性各10例20侧）正常成人防腐骨盆标本,用游标卡尺、圆规和直尺测量骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的起点宽度、附着点宽度、韧带上缘、中部和下缘长度、韧带中点宽度和厚度。 结果　男、女性骶结节韧带上缘、中部和下缘长度分别为（12.19±0.49）cm和（11.20±0.39）cm 、（8.02±0.80）cm和（7.22±0.90）cm、（6.67±0.24）cm和（6.76±0.15）cm,两者比较除韧带起始部宽度和上缘长度存在差异(P<0.05)外,其余无统计学差异;男、女性骶棘韧带上、中、下平均长度分别为（4.45±0.14）cm和（4.56±0.32）cm、（4.27±0.17）cm和（4.54±0.67）cm、（4.44±0.33）cm和（4.67±0.42）cm,韧带起始部宽度、韧带中点宽度和厚度男、女性差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余无统计学差异。 结论　骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带与临床骨盆骨折和妇产科疾病的治疗联系紧密,本研究为临床相关研究和治疗提供了解剖学依据。     

腘腓韧带的解剖生物力学特点及其临床意义

目的：研究腘腓韧带的解剖学特点,及其在膝关节运动中的生物力学稳定机制.方法：在15具成人尸体30例膝关节标本上,于膝关节后外侧区域,解剖观察腘腓韧带的位置、组成和形态学特点.以自制夹具固定标本,观察并记录选择性切断腘腓韧带前后的不同工况下,膝内翻加载移位和胫骨上端的后外侧旋转加载移位的变化.结果：①腘腓韧带位于膝关节后外侧区域,邻近上胫腓关节,是连接腓骨头后上方与腘肌腱的韧带样结构.根据腘腓韧带在腘肌腱上附着点的区别,分为前、后两束.②离断腘腓韧带后,应力加载下,膝内翻移位不明显,胫骨上端后外侧旋转移位明显增大.结论：①腘腓韧带是膝后外侧重要的稳定结构;②腘腓韧带具有明显对抗膝后外侧旋转不稳定的作用;③腘腓韧带损伤严重导致膝关节后外侧旋转不稳的,应手术重建腘腓韧带以维持膝关节的稳定性.     

The discomallear ligament and the anterior ligament of malleus: An anatomic study in human adults and fetuses

According to some reports, movement of the malleus, resulting from anterior hypertension on the discomallear ligament (DML), could produce aural symptoms related with damage to middle ear structures. The aim of this study was to examine the topographic relationship of the DML and the anterior ligament of malleus (ALM). Four fetuses and 16 adult hemi-sectioned heads were used to determine the anatomic-clinical relevance of DML and ALM in temporomandibular disorder. In fetal specimens, the DML was distinctly interposed between the malleus and the disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and the ALM had a structure apparently composed of the superior and inferior lamellae, running anteriorly in continuation with the sphenomandibular ligament (SML) through the future petrotympanic fissure (PTF). In all adult specimens, the DML was inserted into the malleus, and it expanded broadly toward the disc and capsular region of the TMJ in a triangular shape and inserted into the disc and capsule of the TMJ. The two-lamellae structure of the ALM was not distinguishable in adult specimens. The overstretched ALM resulted in movement of the malleus in five cases, but similar tension applied to the DML did not cause any movement of the malleus. This result provides an indication of the clinical significance of the ALM, a ligamentous structure continuous with the SML. It is apparent that the ALM has the potential to cause aural symptoms as a result of damage to the middle ear structure.     

LARS人工韧带Ⅰ期重建前后交叉韧带附2例报告

目的探讨LARS人工韧带同期重建前后交叉韧带的临床效果。方法两例前后交叉韧带同时断裂的男性患者,分别为38岁和58岁,均在关节镜下Ⅰ期接受LARS人工韧带重建膝关节前后交叉韧带。结果两例患者随访时间均超过4个月,术后6周和8周内恢复正常行走,前后抽屉试验,内外翻应力试验,屈伸活动范围在120°以上,没有明显并发症。术后Lysholm评分分别为87分和85分。结论LARS人工韧带是目前关节外科的一个很好的选择,尤其是在Ⅰ期重建前后交叉韧带时具有手术操作容易,创伤小,短期效果理想、不影响以后翻修等优点,缺点是费用昂贵,其长期效果还需要更多病例和更长时间的随诊来证实。     

The prevalence and morphological characteristics of the knee anterolateral ligament in a Chinese population

The anterolateral ligament, a distinct structure connecting the lateral femoral epicondyle to the anterolateral proximal tibia, is gaining attention because of its possible function in ensuring internal rotational stability of the tibia. To study the prevalence and precise anatomical characteristics of the anterolateral ligament and its relationship to adjacent structures in a Chinese population, a total of 20 amputated knee specimens were collected. The anterolateral regions of the knees underwent detailed surgical dissection, followed by precise measurement of the anterolateral ligament and its adjacent structures. Histological analysis of the anterolateral ligament was performed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. A thin soft tissue deep to the iliotibial band running obliquely across the lateral fibula ligament and connecting the lateral head of the gastrocnemius with the tibia, termed the ‘gastrocnemius‐tibial ligament’ or superficial layer of the anterolateral ligament, was observed in 18 of the 20 specimens, corresponding to a prevalence of 90%. Furthermore, a well‐defined anterolateral ligament deep to the gastrocnemius‐tibial ligament and distinct from the lateral fibula ligament was found in all 20 knees (prevalence, 100%). The independent gastrocnemius‐tibial ligament and anterolateral ligament had separate femoral originations at the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and the lateral femoral epicondyle, and the same osseous tibial insertion at the midpoint between Gerdy's tubercle and the most lateral aspect of the fibular head. H&E staining showed that both the anterolateral ligament and gastrocnemius‐tibial ligament were ligaments consisting of collagenous bundles. In the Chinese Han population, the gastrocnemius‐tibial ligament and anterolateral ligament may form a complex at the anterolateral aspect of the knee, which is likely involved in ensuring the internal rotational stability of the tibia.     

Influence of anterolateral ligament injuries on stability and second-look arthroscopic findings after allograft transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of anterolateral ligament (ALL) injuries on stability and second-look arthroscopic findings after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Combined chronic posterior cruciate and posterolateral corner ligamentous injuries: a comparison of posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with and without reconstruction of the posterolateral corner

Many have advocated the importance of correcting posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) in injuries causing rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and posterolateral corner. However, there have been few studies directly comparing the results of reconstructing the PCL in isolation with PCL reconstruction combined with stabilisation of the posterolateral corner. We report on a retrospective study into 17 consecutive patients with chronic combined posterior cruciate and posterolateral corner ligamentous injuries. The mean follow-up was 35 months (range 14–74 months). All patients had unstable knees, with significant PLRI. In 12 cases the PCL alone was reconstructed, in 5 cases a combined PCL and posterolateral corner reconstruction was performed. At a mean follow-up of 35 months, both groups had significantly improved compared to their pre-operative status, as measured by Lysholm and Tegner scores and clinical examination (P<0.01). The group in which only the PCL was reconstructed had significantly lower scores compared to those who had the additional posterolateral corner reconstruction (Tegner P<0.04, Lysholm P<0.02).     

骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的解剖定位研究

目的通过测量骶结节和骶棘韧带附着处附近的骨性标志间的距离,获得两条韧带的解剖定位方法及其体表投影位置,为临床相关应用提供解剖学依据。方法 20例(男、女性各10例20侧)正常成人防腐骨盆标本,用游标卡尺测量同侧髂后上棘至坐骨结节、髂后上棘至坐骨棘、髂后上棘至第4骶椎横突结节、髂后上棘至骶角、坐骨结节至坐骨棘、坐骨棘至骶角、坐骨结节至骶角的距离,并进行性别比较。结果男、女性骨盆髂后上棘至坐骨结节距离分别为(12.19±0.49)cm和(11.20±0.39)cm(P0.05);髂后上棘至骶角距离(7.62±0.50)cm和(6.70±0.92)cm(P0.05)。骶结节韧带的体表投影线为同侧髂后上棘至骶角连线中点与坐骨结节的连线;骶棘韧带的体表投影线为同侧髂后上棘至坐骨结节连线的上3/4与下1/4交点(坐骨棘位置,约距髂后上棘8.5cm)与骶角的连线。结论本研究不仅丰富了人类学数据,且提供的体表定位方法,为临床相关应用和康复治疗提供解剖学参考。