骨盆骨折骶髂关节分离前路钢板固定的应用解剖

目的 :为骨盆骨折骶髂关节分离行前路钢板固定时提供解剖学基础。方法 :2 0具尸体骨盆解剖观测骶骨翼大小及骶丛的位置。结果 :骶丛距骶骨翼边缘距离 (左右平均距离 )分别为 :上缘 :L4(19.1±1.5 )mm ,L5(2 4.5± 1.4)mm ,中点 :L4(17.2± 1.8)mm ,L5(2 0 .1± 1.4)mm ,下缘 :L4(13 .9± 2 .9)mm ,L5(15 .2± 1.6)mm。L4神经位于骶丛外缘。结论 :骶髂关节分离前路钢板固定时L4神经根易受损伤 ,安全放置钢板的位置是骶骨翼中上部 ,距骶骨翼边缘 2 0mm内。     

骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤的体会

目的 探讨采用骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤的疗效及手术指征.方法 2004～2006年采用骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤病人共18例.在C型臂透视下,将骶骨钉经过髂骨、骶髂关节、椎弓根固定到骶1椎体上.结果 18例患者经半年以上随诊,获得良好的治疗效果,优良率达94.4%,无血管、神经、内脏损伤并发症发生.结论 通过对这组患者的治疗,认为骶骨钉治疗骨盆后环损伤具有创伤小,恢复快,费用低的特点,手术指征为:(1)骶髂关节损伤、脱位或骶髂韧带损伤致骨盆不稳定;(2)骶骨骨折不稳定;(3)骶髂关节脱位伴骶骨或髂骨骨折,合并骶髂韧带损伤不稳定;(4)耻骨联合分离(＞2.5cm);(5)分离、移位明显的耻骨支骨折伴骨盆不稳定.     

骶髂关节韧带应用解剖学意义

背景：骨盆后部结构中,骶髂后韧带复合体、骶结节韧带和骶棘韧带的完整,对骨盆稳定性有重要作用。 目的：观察骶髂关节周围韧带解剖结构,了解各韧带对关节稳定性的作用。 方法：对20具防腐成年尸体骨盆标本,共40侧依次采用前后方入路,对骶棘韧带,骶结节韧带,耻骨联合及骶髂关节诸韧带结构进行解剖学观察。 结果与结论：骶髂关节周围韧带可分为3组：骶髂前韧带、骶髂骨间韧带和骶髂后韧带。耻骨上下韧带及耻骨前后韧带。骶棘韧带和骶结节韧带。此3组韧带主要有两个功能：连接脊柱和骨盆环;维持骨盆环的稳定。     

L4、5神经前支和腰骶干与骶髂关节毗邻关系及其临床意义

目的 :为单纯或合并临近神经损伤的骨盆后环骨折手术提供解剖学基础。方法 :对 2 0具防腐成年尸体标本依次选取不同平面用分规和克氏针测量L4、5神经前支、腰骶干与骶髂关节间的水平距离。结果 :L5神经前支在其出椎间孔处、L4神经前支在L5椎间孔处、腰骶干在其汇合点处、腰骶干在平骶岬处、腰骶干在骨盆环处与骶髂关节间的距离分别为 :(2 3 .4± 4.0 )mm、(17.8± 4.8)mm、(13 .3± 2 .8)mm、(11.8± 3 .2 )mm、(9.6± 3 .6)mm ,其中在骨盆环处腰骶干与骶髂关节间距离最短 ;在分离神经时可见L4、5前支和腰骶干与骶骨之间有结缔组织相连 ;有 3具标本L4、5神经前支在进入小骨盆前未汇合成腰骶干。结论 :在单纯或者合并L4、5前支和腰骶干损伤的骨盆后环骨折手术中 ,由于骨盆环处腰骶干外缘与骶髂关节间距离最近 ,因此一定要小心辨认 ,勿损伤该神经。     

个性化全骨盆三维有限元建模及骶髂关节骨折脱位模拟

目的建立高度仿真的个性化的完整骨盆三维有限元模型,并在此基础上进行骶髂关节骨折脱位的模拟。方法从CT精确重建独立的左、右髋骨和骶骨实体模型,根据髋骨和骶骨的外形特征,利用专门的流线型生物力学有限元网格划分器生成规则的体网格模型,并进一步建立骶髂关节的终板、软骨、关节接触面,和骨盆上的主要韧带组织及耻骨间盘。在建立的完整模型上去掉一侧的骶髂关节韧带群进行骨折脱位模拟,并与正常的情况进行对比。结果建立了高精度的个性化全骨盆的三维有限元模型,包括左右髋骨和骶骨的皮质骨、松质骨,骶髂关节的终板、软骨和带摩擦的关节接触面,韧带包括骶髂骨间韧带、骶髂前韧带、骶髂后韧带、骶棘韧带、骶结节韧带、耻骨上韧带和耻骨弓状韧带,以及耻骨间盘。正常模型的加载模拟和骶髂关节骨折脱位模拟的预测结果均与文献试验生物力学结果相符合。结论利用专门的生物力学有限元建模工具能建立更复杂更精确的三维有限元模型,成为全骨盆生物力学分析研究的平台和基础。     

空心螺钉与重建钢板固定耻骨联合分离的生物力学稳定性比较

目的对空心螺钉与重建钢板固定耻骨联合分离的生物力学性能进行测试,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法取温州医学院防腐正常成人骨盆标本15具,随机分成3组。自第5腰椎水平及双大腿中上2/3处将尸体横断。耻骨联合处切开,并将单侧骶棘韧带、骶结节韧带、骶髂前韧带切断,模拟Tile B1型骨盆骨折,依次分别采用5孔重建钢板和6.5 mm空心螺钉内固定治疗耻骨联合分离。将标本固定于生物力学试验机,在腰5椎体上方对其进行垂直轴向压缩生物力学测试,最大负荷达400 N,比较耻骨联合分离的位移程度。结果 3.5 mm 5孔重建钢板和空心螺钉固定,均可显著减少耻骨联合的分离,恢复骨盆环的力学稳定性。其中3.5 mm 5孔重建钢板加4枚皮质骨螺钉于耻骨联合上方固定组,耻骨联合位移为(0.944±0.983)mm,空心螺钉髓内固定组耻骨联合分离为(-0.03±0.378)mm,两者之间存在统计学显著性差异(P0.05)。结论空心螺钉在生物力学稳定性上优于5孔3.5 mm重建钢板。空心螺钉具有良好的生物力学性能,固定可靠,符合生物学固定的原则。     

骶髂关节数字解剖学研究及弧形解剖锁定钢板的设计

目的通过SCT的断层扫描及三维重建模型对骶髂关节形态特点进行解剖学测量,为新型骶髂关节前方的弧形解剖锁定钢板的设计开发提供依据。方法采集68位成人患者(男性36例,女性32例)骨盆SCT数据测量,测量骶髂关节弧形板放置路径中的骶髂关节线(AB、BC)及AB与BC的夹角、骶髂耳状面的连线(DE、DF)及DE及DF的夹角,重建人体骨盆解剖结构模型;对上述数据进行统计和相关性分析。结果成人骶髂关节线男性AB:(24.65±6.37)mm、BC:(28.64±8.18)mm 1为133.18°,女性AB:(19.54±4.58)mm、BC:(31.29±8.84)mm 2为131.38°;男性DE:(22.26±4.82)mm、DF:(19.08±3.39)mm 1为63°女性:DE:(18.94±5.20)mm、DF:(21.27±3.65)mm 2为63.3°;平卧位时骶骨的侧部呈与水平面平行,这种关系减少了CT影像测量与实体测量的误差。结论骶髂关节的解剖结构存在很大的个体差异,这种差异与骶髂关节线及性别具有的相关性,与左右无明显的相关性,骶髂关节形态决定骨盆形态及承受力的稳定性作用。新型弧形锁定解剖钢板的应用,能够与骶髂关节相匹配,缩短术中钢板塑行时间,增加力学的稳定性。     

骶髂关节骨折脱位的手术治疗进展

骨盆的稳定性主要依靠骨盆后部骶髂复合体的完整，骶髂关节及周围的骶髂韧带、骶棘韧带、骶结节韧带以及盆底的肌肉和筋膜共同组成骶髂复合体。骶髂关节分离完全破坏了骶髂复合体的完整性，导致骨盆的旋转及垂直不稳定。既往对骶髂关节分离的治疗多以牵引治疗为主，由于不能对脱位进行有效整复和固定，治疗时间长，效果差，后遗症多。     

骶髂关节骨折脱位前路手术的应用解剖

目的　为临床前路手术治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位提供解剖学依据。 方法　成年防腐盆部标本20具（40侧）,解剖观察髂内动静脉、髂腰动静脉与骶髂关节的位置关系,测量L4、5神经前支及腰骶干与骶髂关节的毗邻关系。 结果　髂内动脉横跨骶髂关节处的外径左侧为(5.92±0.7)mm,右侧为(5.38±　0.7)mm,起始处距骨壁距离左侧为(11.91±2.4)mm,右侧为(12.52±2.9)mm,髂腰动脉横跨骶髂关节处的外径为(2.54±0.39)mm,起始处距骨壁的距离为(2.50±0.41)mm。骶髂关节从后上到前下的不同平面到L4、5神经前支及腰骶干的距离逐渐减小,L4神经根前支距离骶骨翼骨面的垂直距离亦逐渐减小,L5神经根出椎间孔后,几乎紧贴骶骨翼骨面行走。 结论　骶髂关节骨折脱位前路手术要特别注意医源性血管神经的损伤,L5神经根易受损伤,安全放置钢板的位置是骶骨翼中上部,距骶骨翼边缘20 mm以内。     

骶髂关节螺钉固定的钉道参数应用解剖学研究

目的 :为经S1椎弓根水平骶髂关节螺钉固定提供解剖学依据。方法 :对 2 2例骨盆标本进行研究 ,测量S1椎弓根宽和高 ,骶髂螺钉的进针点和进针方向 ,进针点至S1椎体对侧前皮质距离。确定进针点后 ,以 5具新鲜尸体对进针方法进行验证。结果 :S1椎弓根宽和高分别为 (2 7.7± 1.9)mm和 (2 0 .2± 2 .3 )mm ;螺钉进针点位于髂后下棘前方 (2 4.6± 2 .9)mm ,坐骨大切迹上方 (4 1.8± 3 .4)mm ;进针方向为垂直于髂骨翼后外侧面 ,然后向后侧倾斜 (7.7± 3 .8)° ,向尾端倾斜 (7.1± 2 .3 )° ;进针点至S1椎体对侧前皮质距离为 (86.5± 3 .8)mm。以此进针方法行 10枚螺钉固定 ,无螺钉穿出椎弓根。结论 :髂后下棘和坐骨大切迹恒定存在 ,变异小 ;螺钉进针点位于髂后下棘前方 2 5mm ,坐骨大切迹上方 40mm ;螺钉长 75mm ;进针方向为垂直于髂骨翼后外侧面 ,然后向后侧倾斜 5°～ 10° ,向尾端倾斜 5°～ 10°。     

Studien zur humoralen Regulation des erythropoetischen Proliferationsspeichers beim Menschen

Zusammenfassung Die Beeinflussung der Erythroblasten-Proliferation durch das Mikromilieu wurde in vitro mittels Auswertung durch Differential- und Mitosezählungen und Signifikanzberechnung vieler Versuchsreihen auch unter verschiedenen pathologischen Bedingungen getestet.Sowohl die Mitosehäufigkeit wie die Ausreifung waren positiv mit dem Erythropoetingehalt des Medium korreliert. Der Effekt wurde durch Folsäure, Ätiocholanolon und cAMP verstärkt. Cobalt stimulierte ebenso wie Testosteron und Methenolon in vitro unabhängig von der Erythropoetinkonzentration im Medium die Erythroblastenproliferation. Ein vermindertes Eisenangebot störte die endgültige Ausreifung der Erythroblasten zu Retikulozyten und bewirkte dadurch eine Ineffektivität der Erythorpoese. Anhaltspunkte für ein Erythrozyten-Chalon oder einen Erythropoetinhemmkörper ließen sich aus unserem Versuchsansatz nicht gewinnen, weil er die Transformation der pluripotenten in die erythropoetin-sensible Stammzelle nicht einschließt. Als Nebenbefund ergab sich eine Stimulation des granulozytopoetischen Proliferationsspeichers durch Serumzusatz zum Medium von Patienten nach akutem Blutverlust und bei Polycythämia vera.Unterstützt durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

HLA study in Amerindian Bolivia La Paz Aymaras

Aymara people has been a relatively homogeneous group since Spanish Conquest by 1,532 CE, even if previously represented a group of various cultural defined populations who gave rise to them. They were and are established in Andean Altiplano around Titikaka Lake (Bolivia, Peru), Argentina and Chile neighborhood, speak Aymara language and have been maintained after Europeans arrival at a lower social status than Quechua (Inca) speaking people. However, both Aymara and Quechua populations acknowledge Titikaka Lake as center of their origins; both languages are also related. Specific high frequencies of HLA-A*02, -A*24 and -A*68, HLA-B*35, -B*39 and -B*48, HLA-DRB1*08:02, -DRB1*09:01, and -DRB1*14:02, and HLA-DQB1*04:02, -DQB1*03:02 and -DQB1*03:01 alleles are found in Aymaras and HLA class II haplotypes common to Andean Amerindians (DRB1*08:02-DQB1*04:02 and DRB1*04:03-DQB1*03:02), like Quechua, Aymara, Uros, Lamas and Mapuche are also found in Easter and other Pacific Islands. Giant human head stone statues at Tiwanaku (Titikaka Lake, Bolivia) are also found at Easter Island. Thus, it is possible a gene and cultural flow between Andean Amerindians and Easter and other Pacific Islands, as it was demonstrated by Thor Heyerdahl in his Kon-Tiki expedition which reached Pacific Islands sailing from El Callao Harbour (Lima, Peru).     

Lipid composition of metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis and lipid changes during growth

A lipid analysis was performed on developing metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis removed from the livers of rats at times varying from 3 to 35 weeks post infection. Lipid accounted for 7–21% of the dry weight of the parasites. The highest proportions were found at the earlier stages. The distribution was as follows; neutral lipid 27–45%; glycolipid 5–11%; and phospholipid 50–61%. The major neutral lipid was cholesterol, and minor neutral lipids were sterol esters, triglycerides, diglycerides and monoglycerides. Hydrocarbons were present throughout development, but in the highest amounts at the earlier stages. Five different glycolipids were found, all of which were identified as glycosphingolipids. An increase in the proportion of more complex glycolipids was noted as parasites grew older. Ten different phospholipids were identified, with the major components being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine. Other phospholipids were: lysophosphatides, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingomyelin, and an unknown phospholipid component. Changes in the relative amounts of the two major phospholipids were found when the early and late stages were compared. Two lipids found throughout development were identified as glycosylated dolichol phosphates, and they comprised between 1 and 3% of the total phospholipid fraction. Nineteen fatty acids were detected, and the fatty acid distribution for each lipid class at each stage was determined. Seven major fatty acids were common to each. These were: hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, docosanoic, and docosahexaenoic.     

Simple Serological Assays for Detecting Rice Tungro Viruses

An attempt was made to produce sensitive and specific polyclonal antisera against the viruses causing rice tungro disease, and to assess their potential for use in simple diagnostic tests. Using a multiple, sequential injection procedure, seven batches of polyclonal antisera against rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) were produced. These were characterized for their sensitivity and specificity using ring-interface precipitin test and double antibody sandwich (DAS) ELISA. Thirty-one weeks after the first immunization, antiserum batch B6b for RTBV showed the highest ring interface titer (DEP = 1:1920). For RTSV, batches S3, S4b and S5b all had similar titres (DEP = 1:640). In DAS-ELISA, however, significant differences among purified antisera (IgG) batches were observed only at IgG dilution of 10^-3. At that dilution, IgGB4b showed the greatest sensitivity, while IgGS3 showed greatest sensitivity for RTSV. When all IgG batches were tested against 11 tungro field isolates (dual RTBV-RTSV infections) at sample dilution of 1:10, IgGB4b and IgGB6b for RTBV and IgGS3 and IgGS6b for RTSV performed equally well. However, after cross adsorption with healthy plant extracts in a specially prepared healthy plant-Sepharose affinity column, only IgGB6b could be used specifically to detect RTBV in a simple tissue-print assay.     

Is it worthy to take full-course immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis? About efficacy biomarker of allergen immunotherapy

Nowadays, people pay more attention to biomarkers that can predict clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. As the only recognized aetiological treatment, the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) has been proved by many studies. However, treatment success depends on compliance and persistence greatly, which can be impaired by the lengthy duration of AIT and socioeconomic status of patients. Besides, ineffectiveness is another factor that accounts for non-adherence. If the clinical efficacy can be predicted in the early stage of immunotherapy, it can help patients choose appropriate treatment plans, increase patient compliance and optimize the allocation of medical resources. This paper mainly focuses on five candidate biomarkers, the sIgE/tIgE ratio before treatment, serum inhibitory activity for IgE, decreased basophil activation, upregulation of Tregs and tolerogenic DCs, reviews the time when potential biomarkers can predict or monitor the efficacy of AIT, discusses the reason why these indicators could serve as efficacy biomarkers and interactions among potential biomarkers.     

Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen

Neurotransmitters are not only involved in brain function but are also important signaling molecules for many diverse cell types. Neurotransmitters are widely conserved, from evolutionarily ancient organisms lacking nervous systems through man. Here, results are reported from a loss‐ and gain‐of‐function survey, using pharmacological modulators of several neurotransmitter pathways to examine possible roles for these pathways in normal embryogenesis. Applying reagents targeting the glutamatergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic pathways to embryos of Xenopus laevis from gastrulation to organogenesis stages, we observed and quantified numerous malformations, including craniofacial defects, hyperpigmentation, muscle mispatterning and miscoiling of the gut. These data implicate several key neurotransmitters in new embryonic patterning roles, reveal novel earlier stages for processes involved in eye development, suggest new targets for subsequent molecular‐genetic investigation, and highlight the necessity for in‐depth toxicology studies of psychoactive compounds to which human embryos might be exposed during pregnancy.     

Uncombable Hair (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli et canaliculi) Syndrome: Brief Review and Role of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Diagnosis

Uncombable hair syndrome was first described some 3 decades ago as "cheveux incoiffables" and is also known as spun-glass hair and pili trianguli et canaliculi. Both inherited (autosomal dominant and recessive with variable levels of penetrance) and sporadic forms of uncombable hair syndrome have been described, both being characterized by scalp hair that is impossible to comb due to the haphazard arrangement of the hair bundles. A characteristic morphologic feature of hair in this syndrome is a triangular to reniform to heart shape on cross-sections, and a groove, canal or flattening along the entire length of the hair in at least 50%of hairs examined by scanning electron microscopy. Most individuals are affected early in childhood and the hair takeson a spun-glassappearance with the hair becoming dry, curly, glossy, lighter in color, and progressively uncombable. Only the scalp hair is affected. Several conditions are associated with uncombable hair, such as ectodermal dysplasia, retinal dysplasia/ pigmentary dystrophy, juvenile cataract, digit abnormalities, tooth enamel anomalies, oligodontia, and phalangoepiphyseal dysplasia. Other syndromes with hair abnormalities may also mimic uncombable hair syndrome clinically and these include, Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia; loose anagen hair syndrome; ectodermal dysplasia, ectrodatyly, cleft lip/ palate (EEC) syndrome; and familial tricho-odonto-onchyial ectodermal dysplasia with syndactyly. Unlike other conditions with an uncombable hair component, uncombable hair syndrome alone (cheveux incoiffables, pili trianguli etcanaliculi) is not associated with physical, neurologic, or mental abnormalities. In most cases of uncombable hair syndrome, the hair is grossly abnormal in infancy and early childhood, but may have improved manageability later in life. Scanning electron microscopy of hair samples provides definitive evidence for diagnosis of clinically suspected uncombable hair syndrome and eliminates other hair abnormalities from the differential diagnosis.     

A comparative study of cholinergic systems of the neocortex and hippocampus in rats with low and high resistance to hypoxia

Synaptic structures in the neocortex and hippocampus of the intact brain were compared between rats with low and high resistance to hypobaric hypoxia. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, Na,K-ATPase, and the portion of protein in the light and heavy synaptosome fractions and subfractions were measured. A discrepancy in cholinergic metabolism molecular mechanisms between high and low resistance animals have been found in the heavy somatosoma fraction from the neocortex. Activities of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na,K-ATPase in the synaptolemmal subfraction of low resistant rats were much lower than in high resistant rats. This implies a less effective synaptic transmission in proper cholinergic neurons in the low resistance animals and, therefore, specifically changed neuron functioning in the circulation control. No differences in the cholinergic components of either neocortical light synaptosome fraction or hippocampal light and heavy synaptosome fractions were found between low and high resistance rats. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny, Vol. 125, No. 5, pp. 521–525, May, 1998     

BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy

This guideline advises on the management of patients with cow's milk allergy. Cow's milk allergy presents in the first year of life with estimated population prevalence between 2% and 3%. The clinical manifestations of cow's milk allergy are very variable in type and severity making it the most difficult food allergy to diagnose. A careful age‐ and disease‐specific history with relevant allergy tests including detection of milk‐specific IgE (by skin prick test or serum assay), diagnostic elimination diet, and oral challenge will aid in diagnosis in most cases. Treatment is advice on cow's milk avoidance and suitable substitute milks. Cow's milk allergy often resolves. Reintroduction can be achieved by the graded exposure, either at home or supervised in hospital depending on severity, using a milk ladder. Where cow's milk allergy persists, novel treatment options may include oral tolerance induction, although most authors do not currently recommend it for routine clinical practice. Cow's milk allergy must be distinguished from primary lactose intolerance. This guideline was prepared by the Standards of Care Committee (SOCC) of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) and is intended for clinicians in secondary and tertiary care. The recommendations are evidence based, but where evidence is lacking the panel of experts in the committee reached consensus. Grades of recommendation are shown throughout. The document encompasses epidemiology, natural history, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment.