动态脑电图在昏迷病人中的应用

目的：探讨动态脑电图监测对昏迷病人的应用价值。方法：对107例昏迷患者采用多次动态脑电图监测，分析脑电图改变与临床结局的关系。结果：平坦波型昏迷死亡率较高(94．7％)，慢波型昏迷死亡率较低(30．3％)，且预后较好。结论：对昏迷病人实施动态脑电图监测，可提高对预后评估及脑死亡的正确判断率。     

昏迷病人动态脑电图的临床应用

目的 动态脑电图检测对昏迷病人的应用价值.方法 对107例昏迷患者采用多次动态脑电图检测.分析脑电图改变与临床结局的关系.结果 平坦波昏迷死亡率较高(94.7%),慢波型昏迷死亡率较低(30.3%),且预后较好.结论 对昏迷病人实施动态脑电图监测,可提高对预后评估及脑死亡的正确判断率.     

EEG对脑干损伤性昏迷的诊断和预后价值

目的：探讨ＥＥＧ对脑干损伤性昏迷的诊断和预后价值。方法：对１９８７－１９９８年间,我们收集５４例脑干损伤性昏迷病人,并进行了１６只不同平面脑干实验性损伤家犬的脑电图动态观察,分析。结果：初步获得具有诊断和判断预后价值的特征性变化,结论：动态２脑电图观察对昏迷病人及脑干损伤病人的诊断和预后有参考价值。     

神经电生理指标判断昏迷患者预后的评价

昏迷是指由于脑干上行性网状激活系统或大脑皮层神经元广泛受损引起意识丧失,对言语刺激无反应的一种意识障碍。随着医学伦理学的发展,以及为了最有效的利用医疗资源,对昏迷患者进行早期、客观、准确的预后有着愈来愈重要的意义。对于昏迷患者的预后经常采用临床神经系统检查包括脑干反射、疼痛刺激反应和Glasgow昏迷评分(GCS)等,但临床检查判断昏迷患者预后的准确率欠佳[1,2],眼部水肿、气管插管及麻醉药物的持续作用等因素均可影响GCS评分。影像学检查虽然可对病因作出定性、定位诊断,却不能反映病变区的功能障碍,因此难以作为判断预后…     

昏迷病人的脑电图监测

目的：探讨昏迷病人的脑电图监测应用价值。方法：对78例昏迷病人的脑电图监测记录结果及临床预后进行回顾性分析。结果：慢波型昏迷：61例(78％)死亡7例，B昏迷：1例(1％)预后良好，α-昏迷：2例(3％)均死亡，三相波：5例(6％)死亡3例，周期复合波4例(5％)死亡3例，平坦波：5例(6％)死亡3例，植物状态2例。结论：脑电图监测对昏迷病人的预后评估有一定意义。     

AEEG、BAEP、SEP检测对昏迷患者预后判定的应用价值

目的：探讨动态脑电图（AEEG）、脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）、体感诱发电位（SEP）检测对不同原因昏迷患者预后判定的作用,以及与格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分的关系。方法：对40例昏迷患者进行AEEG、BAEP、SEP检测。按GCS昏迷评分分为3～5分组和6～8分组,并分析其与电生理检测结果的关系。结果：40例昏迷患者预后意识恢复伴或不伴有残疾者21例,持续植物状态者7例,死亡12例。GCS评分越低,昏迷程度越重,神经电生理检测异常级别愈高,临床死亡率也越高,相互之间呈平行关系。结论：临床把GCS评分与AEEG、BAEP、SEP检测有效地结合,能够为昏迷患者预后判定提供更全面、更准确的可靠信息。     

长程脑电图联合脑干听觉诱发电位在早期预测中重度脑功能损害患者预后中的应用研究

目的:对急性脑功能损害患者进行长程脑电图(Long-term electroencephalogram,L-EEG和脑干听觉透发电位(brainstem auditory evoked potential,BAEP)检查,以探讨其早期预测预后的临床价值。方法:对明确临床诊断的40例急性脑功能损害患者进行L-EEG和BAEP监测,并按Synek和Hall标准进行分级,采用格拉斯哥预后分级(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS)进行临床预后评估,综合分析比较L-EEG联合BAEP与GCS早期预测脑功能损害患者预后的准确性。结果:GCS早期预测中重度脑功能损害患者预后的敏感性、特异性和综合预测准确率分别为76.9%、64.3%和72.5%,L-EEG联合BAEP敏感性、特异性和综合预测准确率分别为92.3%、85.7%和90.0%,经统计学处理,有显著性差异(P值均<0.05)。结论:L-EEG联合BAEP检查对中重症脑功能损害患者预后的早期判断有着重要价值。     

1例急性氨中毒脑电图监测报告

１例急性氨中毒脑电图监测报告李俊１病例报告患者男，３１岁。因一密封钢瓶破裂，大量氨气泄漏致昏迷，于１９８６年３月６日送我院急诊。体检：呼吸抑制，血压为零，双瞳孔均缩小的０．１ｃｍ，对光反射、角膜反射、睫毛反射均消失。诊断为急性氨中毒致脑缺氧、脑水肿。...     

动态脑电图在昏迷病人中的临床应用

随着社会的发展，临床对通过脑电图了解昏迷病人的脑功能情况提出了更多的要求。由于昏迷病人的脑电图改变比较多样，这对于了解是否昏迷、昏迷程度及预后、部分昏迷的原因和神经系统损害的部位有一定的意义。本文对我院2001～2003年重症监护室收治的35例昏迷病人的43份动态描记时间为1～12h的脑电图进行分析，探讨其与病因、     

癫痫病人24小时动态脑电图分析

目的：分析动态脑电图对癫的应用价值。方法：对121例常规脑电图未见痫样放电的癫痫病人，在一周内行24小时动态脑电图检查，观察痫样放电的检出率，结果：24小时动态脑电图痫样放电检出率72．73％（88／121）明显高于常规脑电图，涉及额颞区占73．86％（65／88），自然睡眠中痫样放电81例占92．05％（81／88），NREMⅠ，Ⅱ期出现痫样放电59例，占72．84％（59／81），结论：24小时动态脑电图对癫痫的诊断有重要意义。     

37例心肺复苏后昏迷病人的脑电图分析

目的 :探讨心肺复苏后昏迷病人的脑电图诊断对估计预后的价值。方法 :回顾性分析 37例心肺复苏后昏迷病人EEG。结果 :EEG表现以θ波为主者 5例 ,3例痊愈 ,2例部分恢复 ;EEG表现为暴发抑制波或平坦波异常者 13例 ,均死亡 ;EEG呈现 β活动者 1例 ,完全恢复 ;δ为主者 18例 ,7例死亡 ,8例部分恢复 ,3例完全恢复。结论 :在脑缺氧复苏后昏迷病例 ,进行EEG检查 ,可以检测脑功能 ,而且对脑复苏最终预后作出一定评价。     

一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病患者的智能与脑电图分析

目的：观察一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病(DEACMP)患者的智力与EEG恢复的关系及其在临床上的指导意义。方法：对66例DEACMP患者定期进行长谷川痴呆量表、常识记忆注意测验、日常生活能力量表和中国修订韦氏成人智力量表、EEG等检测。结果：急性期DEACMP患者的智力与EEG的异常表现一致，均为100％异常，而恢复期EEG较智力恢复明显快。结论：智能及EEG检测对临床诊治DEACMP有较大的指导价值，恢复期智力检测对判断患者恢复情况意义更大，长期坚持治疗及锻炼均能不同程度地恢复患者的智能。     

Early clinical prediction of neurological outcome following out of hospital cardiac arrest managed with therapeutic hypothermia

Background:

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) may improve neurological outcome in comatose patients following out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The reliability of clinical prediction of neurological outcome following TH remains unclear. In particular, there is very limited data on survival and predictors of neurological outcome following TH for OHCA from resource-constrained settings in general and South Asia in specific.

Objective:

The objective was to identify factors predicting unfavorable neurological outcome at hospital discharge in comatose survivors of OHCA treated with hypothermia.

Design:

Retrospective chart review.

Setting:

Urban 200-bed hospital in Chennai, India.

Methods:

Predictors of unfavorable neurological outcome (cerebral performance category score [3–5]) at hospital discharge were evaluated among patients admitted between January 2006 and December 2012 following OHCA treated with TH. Hypothermia was induced with cold intravenous saline bolus, ice packs and cold-water spray with bedside fan. Predictors of unfavorable neurological outcome were examined through multivariate exact logistic regression analysis.

Results:

A total of 121 patients were included with 106/121 (87%) experiencing the unfavorable neurological outcome. Independent predictors of unfavorable neurological outcome included: Status myoclonus <24 h (odds ratio [OR] 21.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.89-Infinite), absent brainstem reflexes (OR 50.09, 6.55-Infinite), and motor response worse than flexion on day 3 (OR 99.41, 12.21-Infinite). All 3 variables had 100% specificity and positive predictive value.

Conclusion:

Status myoclonus within 24 h, absence of brainstem reflexes and motor response worse than flexion on day 3 reliably predict unfavorable neurological outcome in comatose patients with OHCA treated with TH.     

急性一氧化碳中毒后迟发性脑病患者EEG观察

目的:了解一氧化碳(CO)中毒后迟发性脑病(DEACMP)患者从急性CO中毒到DEAC- MP发病期、临床治愈期整个病程中的脑电图(EEG)改变及其在临床上的意义。方法:对60例DEAC- MP患者分别在急性CO中毒期、假愈期、DEACMP期及临床治愈期动态进行EEG检查,并与EEG检查时患者症状轻重进行对比。结果:急性CO中毒期EEG 68%为轻度异常,21%为中度异常;假愈期EEG 86%为界线及正常;DEACMP期EEG均异常,且54例(90%)为中、重度异常,并与患者临床症状轻重程度一致;临床治愈期EEG 82%已正常。结论:EEG动态观察对了解DEACMP病程中各期的脑功能变化及疗效判断有较大的指导价值。     

May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain for detection of spermatogenic cells in the ejaculate: a simple predictive parameter for successful testicular sperm retrieval.

BACKGROUND: Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have become standard treatments for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. A diagnostic testicular biopsy for histopathological examination is not always predictive of TESE outcome. Moreover, it is not without potential complications. The aim of this study was to determine the value of various clinical and laboratory parameters, particularly identification of seminal spermatids using May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain in predicting TESE results. METHODS: A total of 100 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was subjected to clinical examination, serum FSH measurement, identification of seminal spermatids and spermatocytes using MGG staining and TESE with multiple testicular sampling. Spermatozoa were retrieved from 49% of patients. Results of TESE were compared with previous parameters in addition to histopathology. RESULTS: Testicular histopathology was, in general, an inaccurate parameter, and identification of testicular spermatids by histology predicted successful TESE in only 74% of cases. Testicular volume and serum FSH concentration also had poor predictive values. Round spermatids were identified in the ejaculate of 83.7% of TESE-positive cases, and in 22% of TESE-negative cases. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of round spermatids in semen by MGG staining provides the greatest predictive value for successful testicular sperm retrieval, and also has the advantages of simplicity, low cost and availability.     

Prospective evaluation of clinical and biological markers to predict the outcome of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in hematological patients

Early evaluation of treatment efficacy in invasive aspergillosis (IA), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hematological patients, remains a challenge. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the performance of different markers in predicting the outcome of patients with IA. Both clinical and biological criteria were assessed 7, 14, 21, and 45 days after inclusion in the study, and mortality was assessed at day 60. The association between baseline data and their evolution and the day 45 response to treatment was analyzed. A total of 57 patients (4 with proven, 44 with probable, and 9 with possible aspergillosis according to the revised EORTC/MSG [European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group] definitions) were included. At day 45, 30 patients (53%) were determined to be responders, 25 (44%) were nonresponders, and 2 were not able to be evaluated. Twenty patients died within the 60 days of follow-up. We found that a poor day 45 outcome was associated with patients who had high baseline serum galactomannan (GM) antigen levels and those receiving steroids at the time of IA. A consistently negative serum GM index was associated with a good outcome, and the day 14 clinical evaluation was predictive of the day 45 outcome. No association was found between Aspergillus antibodies or DNA detection and patients' outcome. We conclude that the GM index value at diagnosis of IA, GM index kinetics, and clinical evaluation at day 14 are good markers for predicting the outcome of patients with IA and should be taken into account for adapting antifungal treatment.     

Prognostic value of initial chest CT findings for clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19

Rationale: To identify whether the initial chest computed tomography (CT) findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are helpful for predicting the clinical outcome.Methods: A total of 224 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who underwent chest CT examination within the first day of admission were enrolled. CT findings, including the pattern and distribution of opacities, the number of lung lobes involved and the chest CT scores of lung involvement, were assessed. Independent predictors of adverse clinical outcomes were determined by multivariate regression analysis. Adverse outcome were defined as the need for mechanical ventilation or death.Results: Of 224 patients, 74 (33%) had adverse outcomes and 150 (67%) had good outcomes. There were higher frequencies of more than four lung zones involved (73% vs 32%), both central and peripheral distribution (57% vs 42%), consolidation (27% vs 17%), and air bronchogram (24% vs 13%) and higher initial chest CT scores (8.6±3.4 vs 5.4±2.1) (P < 0.05 for all) in the patients with poor outcomes. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that more than four lung zones (odds ratio [OR] 3.93; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44 to 12.89), age above 65 (OR 3.65; 95% CI: 1.11 to 10.59), the presence of comorbidity (OR 5.21; 95% CI: 1.64 to 19.22) and dyspnea on admission (OR 3.19; 95% CI: 1.35 to 8.46) were independent predictors of poor outcome.Conclusions: Involvement of more than four lung zones and a higher CT score on the initial chest CT were significantly associated with adverse clinical outcome. Initial chest CT findings may be helpful for predicting clinical outcome in patients with COVID-19.     

Evolution of sleep and sleep EEG after hemispheric stroke

The evolution of subjective sleep and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) after hemispheric stroke have been rarely studied and the relationship of sleep variables to stroke outcome is essentially unknown. We studied 27 patients with first hemispheric ischaemic stroke and no sleep apnoea in the acute (1-8 days), subacute (9-35 days), and chronic phase (5-24 months) after stroke. Clinical assessment included estimated sleep time per 24 h (EST) and Epworth sleepiness score (ESS) before stroke, as well as EST, ESS and clinical outcome after stroke. Sleep EEG data from stroke patients were compared with data from 11 hospitalized controls and published norms. Changes in EST (>2 h, 38% of patients) and ESS (>3 points, 26%) were frequent but correlated poorly with sleep EEG changes. In the chronic phase no significant differences in sleep EEG between controls and patients were found. High sleep efficiency and low wakefulness after sleep onset in the acute phase were associated with a good long-term outcome. These two sleep EEG variables improved significantly from the acute to the subacute and chronic phase. In conclusion, hemispheric strokes can cause insomnia, hypersomnia or changes in sleep needs but only rarely persisting sleep EEG abnormalities. High sleep EEG continuity in the acute phase of stroke heralds a good clinical outcome.     

Outcome of testicular sperm recovery and ICSI in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia with a history of orchidopexy

BACKGROUND: Little is known about sperm recovery and ICSI using testicular sperm from men with non-obstructive azoospermia who had a previous orchidopexy. We therefore studied the sperm recovery in this subgroup and evaluated clinical parameters predicting successful sperm retrieval and the outcome of ICSI. METHODS: A total of 79 non-obstructive azoospermic men with a history of orchidopexy underwent a sperm recovery procedure. The predictive value of clinical parameters such as age at sperm retrieval, age at orchidopexy, testicular volume, FSH, FSH/LH ratio, testosterone and androgen sensitivity index (LH x testosterone) for successful testicular sperm retrieval was evaluated using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. A comparison between 64 ICSI cycles performed in these couples and 92 cycles performed in couples in which the men had an unexplained non-obstructive azoospermia was carried out. RESULTS: Testicular spermatozoa were recovered in 41 patients (52%). The mean age at orchidopexy of the patients with a positive sperm recovery was 10.6 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.3-13.8] versus 15.5 years (95% CI 11.3-19.8) for those where no spermatozoa were found. The mean testicular volume of the largest testis of patients with spermatozoa found was 10 ml (95% CI 8.3-11.9) versus 8.5 ml (95% CI 5.8-11.1) in patients with no spermatozoa found. The mean FSH and testosterone value for patients with successful and unsuccessful sperm recovery, respectively, was 24.1 IU/l (95% CI 17.9-30.3) and 4.4 ng/ml (95% CI 3.7-5.1) versus 28.8 IU/l (95% CI 19.4-38.2) and 3.4 ng/ml (95% CI 2.2-4.5). All clinical and biological parameters examined failed to predict the outcome of the testicular sperm extraction. No differences were observed between the orchidopexy and unexplained group for the number of oocytes retrieved, fertilization rate, embryo quality, pregnancy rate and implantation rate. CONCLUSIONS: As in the population of men with non-obstructive azoospermia, the sperm recovery rate for patients with a history of orchidopexy is approximately 50% and there are currently no clinical parameters predicting successful sperm retrieval in this subpopulation of patients. The outcome of the ICSI cycles is comparable with that in the population of men with non-obstructive azoospermia.