注意缺陷多动障碍临床亚型持续性注意力的比较

目的：比较注意缺陷多动障碍不同临床亚型儿童持续性注意力的差异。方法：符合DSM—Ⅳ注意缺陷多动障碍的90名儿童，分为注意缺陷为主型（ADHD—PI；44例）、多动-冲动为主型（ADHD—HI；14例）、混合型（ADHD—CT；36例），对3组患儿进行视听整合持续性操作测试，对视觉和听觉持续性注意力进行组间比较。结果：混合型和注意缺陷为主型的持续性注意力低于多动-冲动型，差异有统计学意义。结论：持续性注意力的损害以混合型最重，多动-冲动为主型最轻。     

不同亚型注意缺陷多动障碍儿童智力特征的分析

目的：探讨不同亚型注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyperactivity disorder，ADHD）儿童的智力特征的差异。方法：根据美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版（DSM-Ⅳ）对广州市初诊ADHD患儿进行诊断和临床分型，其中注意缺陷为主型（predominantly inattentive type，I）42例、多动-冲动为主型（predominantly hyperactive impulsive type，HI）11例、混合型（combined type，C）53例，对3组患儿使用韦氏儿童智力量表进行智力测试，并对三组的智力测试结果VIQ、PIQ、FIQ进行分析比较。结果：三个亚型患儿之间FIQ和VIQ比较无明显差异（P〉0．05），注意缺陷为主型VIQ明显低于混合型（P〈0．05），其余两两比较无差异。注意缺陷为主型患儿中VIQ比PIQ差值大于15者比例最高（83．33％），多动冲动为主型和混合型中为18．18％，28．30％，同时PIQ比VIQ差值大于15者各为27.27％，20.75％。结论：不同亚型ADHD患儿的智力分布存在一定的差别，注意缺陷为主型与另两种亚型有不同的智力结构。     

学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的视觉-运动整合能力

目的:探讨学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的视觉-运动整合能力特点,为实施有针对性的早期干预方案提供依据.方法:采用1∶1病例对照的设计,选取符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ) ADHD诊断标准的4～6岁儿童(混合型37例、注意缺陷为主型28例、多动/冲动为主型14例)及正常对照各79例.采用视觉-运动整合发育测验(VMI)来评定视觉-运动整合情况.结果:ADHD儿童VMI测验异常检出率高于对照组(32.9％ vs.7.6％,P＜0.01);ADHD各亚型VMI测验异常检出率从高到低依次为混合型、注意缺陷为主型、多动/冲动为主型,各亚型组间差异均有统计学意义(45.9％ vs.25.0％ vs.14.3％,均P＜0.05);ADHD儿童的VMI测验得分低于正常对照组[(90.2±19.4) vs.(100.5±10.7),P＜0.05],混合型ADHD儿童的VMI测验得分低于注意缺陷为主型和多动/冲动为主型[(84.5±23.1) vs.(93.7±15.2),(97.9±11.5);均P＜0.05].结论:学龄前ADHD儿童可能存在视觉-运动整合能力方面的缺陷,对学龄前ADHD儿童视觉-运动整合能力的评估有助于早期识别和早期预防学习和行为问题.     

注意缺陷多动障碍与青少年犯罪(综述)

注意缺陷多动障碍(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,ADHD )是儿童期常见的早期发生的认知行为发展性的精神障碍,其主要特征为与年龄不相称的注意力不集中、多动和冲动行为.学龄期儿童患病率为4 % ～12 %,男女比例为(3～9)∶ 1,其中50 %～80 %可持续至青年,30%～50%持续到成年.美国精神疾病诊断和统计手册第四版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition,DSM-IV)将其分为注意缺陷、多动-冲动和混合型三种亚型[1].     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍脑电生物反馈训练疗效的对照研究

目的:研究脑电生物反馈训练治疗儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的效果。方法:利用美国ProComp+/Bio-Graph脑电生物反馈系统治疗儿童ADHD,每次30分钟,每周2次,共计40次,并采用视听整合连续性行为测试(I-VA-CPT)作为脑电生物反馈训练疗效的评定方法。结果:在60例ADHD儿童中,以注意缺陷为主型综合注意力商数为70.10±11.79,以多动冲动为主型综合反应控制商数为75.10±10.98,混合型综合注意力商数和综合反应控制商数分别为58.05±16.53和68.90±11.47。经脑电生物反馈训练治疗后,儿童ADHD以注意缺陷为主型、以多动冲动为主型和混合型IVA-CPT指标均显著提高(P<0.001)。结论:脑电生物反馈训练是一种治疗儿童ADHD的有效措施。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童行为问题的对照研究

目的：比较注意缺陷多动障碍（Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，ADHD）临床亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。方法：将符合DSM—Ⅳ ADHD诊断标准的男童70例分为注意障碍为主型（PI）44例，以多动／冲动为主型（HI）6例、混合型（CT）20例，采用儿童行为量表（Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）比较各亚型和正常儿童的行为问题。结果：ADHD组行为问题发生率（48．57％）明显高于对照组（12．70％），P〈0．01；ADHD各亚型行为问题发生率存在统计学差异（P〈0．01）。混合型最高；ADHD亚型与对照组CBCL因子分的4组间比较显示分裂性、强迫性、体诉、多动、攻击性、违纪因子及CBCL总分存在统计学差异；分裂性因子PI〉HI，攻击性因子CT，HI〉PI，违纪因子HI〉PI，CT。结论：ADHD男童行为问题发生率高于正常儿童，其中混合型行为问题发生率最高；ADHD临床亚型行为问题特点不同。     

青少年注意缺陷多动障碍的识别和矫正

注意缺陷多动障碍（attention deficit hyperactivi-ty disorder,ADHD）又叫儿童多动症,是一种起病于儿童期的行为和认知功能障碍,以注意力不集中、多动、冲动为主要临床表现,表现在多个不同场合（例如学校、家里、公共场所等）,造成儿童学习、伙伴关系等方面的困难。     

三种亚型ADHD儿童在停止信号任务上的表现的个案研究

注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）分注意缺陷型、多动冲动型、混合型三种亚类型。大量研究证实了ADHD的抑制缺损，但对兴奋机制的研究明显不足；对亚类型的认知机制差异研究也不够；没有区分抑制缺陷和认知能量落后对任务成绩的影响。本研究采用停止信号任务范式探查三种亚型ADHD个案在反应抑制、持续性注意、疲劳效应上的差异，对前人研究进行探索性补充和推进。     

儿童注射缺陷多动障碍DSM—Ⅳ亚型的临床特比比较研究

目的：比较DSM－Ⅳ注意缺陷多动障碍（AD／HD）以注意障碍为主型（PI）、以多动／冲动为主型（HI）和混合型（CT）的临床特征，方法：将门诊儿童符合DSM－ⅣADHD诊断标准者126例分为PI型61例；HI型9例、CT型56例，比较三型合并障碍的诊断、父母、教师量表评分；韦氏儿童智力检测（C－WISC）和注意测验。结果：CT组合并品行障碍的发生率，父母，教师评定违纪行为和攻击性行为分量表、外向性行为问题及行问题显著高于PI组。WISC填图，划销测验净分低于PI组。教师评定学校情况PI组优于HI组和CT组。结论：ADHD混合型的外向性行为问题。学业问题，注意力缺陷最严重，注意障碍为主型则在各方面损害较轻。     

山东滨州市6～16岁少儿注意缺陷多动障碍现况调查

目的:比较少年(12～16岁)与学龄儿童(6～11岁)注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)患病情况及临床特点,为儿童ADHD的全面干预提供依据.方法:用分层整群抽样的方式,以学校为单位从鲁北4县市抽取4263名6～16岁儿童,采用问卷调查和专科访谈相结合的方法,按DSM-Ⅳ的ADHD诊断标准进行诊断,根据症状维度分布进一步区分为3种亚型:注意缺陷型(ADHD-I)、多动冲动型(ADHD-HI)和混合型(ADHD-C).结果:(1)6～16岁少儿ADHD的总患病率为6.4%,ADHD-I型是主要类型,占63.7%;男童患病率高于女童(8.9%vs 4.1%,P＜0.001);少年患病率低于学龄儿童(5.3% vs.7.7%, P=0.002).(2)不同年龄少儿ADHD亚型分布有差别,与学龄儿童组相比,少年组ADHD-HI和ADHD-C明显减少(9.5% vs.18.4%,9.5% vs.32.7%),ADHD-I明显增多(81.0% vs.49.0%)(P＜0.001);少年ADHD患者的3项注意缺陷症状因子和6项多动-冲动症状因子患病率降低(P＜0.001或0.01或0.05).结论:注意力缺陷是少儿注意缺陷多动障碍的核心症状;注意缺陷多动障碍在较高年龄组的少年中患病率有降低趋势,多动-冲动症状改善更明显.     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Recovery of responsiveness of cells of lateral geniculate nucleus of rat

1. Recovery of responsiveness of single cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of rat has been determined in both P and I cells. There are three types of recovery curve among P cells; (a) early recovery, (b) early partial recovery followed by depression and then complete recovery, (c) prolonged depression followed by cyclic recovery. Type (c) is by far the commonest recovery curve. In contrast to the spike in a P cell, the synaptic potential recovers to its full amplitude in about 20 msec. All I cells exhibit similar rapid recovery curves after a prolonged depression.2. Conditioning stimuli applied to visual cortex also produce a prolonged depression in most P cells but I cells can be re-excited at short intervals from cortex. Decortication does not prevent the prolonged depression of the multineuronal response produced by optic nerve stimulation.3. A neuronal model is proposed to explain these observations. It is supposed that I cells (interneurones) are innervated by axon collaterals of the P cells (principal cells, projecting to visual cortex) and that the I cells exert an inhibitory influence on the P cells.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Analysis of two types of dopaminergic responses of neurons of the spinal ganglia of rats

It was established, in experiments on isolated spinal ganglia of adult rats in concluons of intracellular recording, that dopamine (1 M/liter) elicits depolarized responses in 61% of neurons, hyperpolarized in 20% of neurons, and depolarized-hyperpolarized in 19% of neurons. The depolarized responses are associated with the activation of D₁ dopamine receptors, and are governed by the shift of cAMP-dependent cation (sodium) channels to the conducting state. The hyperpolarized responses are triggered by the activation of D₂ dopamine receptors, which by means of HTP-binding protein convert the potassium channels to the conducting state. The change in the polarization of neurons with the action of dopamine influences their electrical excitability variously.Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 739–745, June, 1990.