乳腺上皮样型管周间质肉瘤病理特征及与叶状肿瘤比较观察

目的 探讨乳腺上皮样型管周间质肉瘤的临床病理特点及与叶状肿瘤的关系。方法 采用HE、特殊染色、免疫组化染色(CK，EMA，S-100蛋白，SMA，Vim，Des，MG，CD34，CD99，CD117，PR，HMB45)对1例乳腺上皮样型管周间质肉瘤与5例叶状肿瘤(良性、交界性各1例，恶性3例)做比较性观察。结果 乳腺管周间质肉瘤(上皮样型)有独特的镜下图像：①显著的多角形(上皮样)细胞绕导管或小管的上皮肌上皮层呈间质性增生，无叶状结构；②组织学模式有袖套状、花冠状、菊形团状、结节状、融合结节状和片状浸润；③瘤细胞形态有：多角形(大、小)、柱状和梭形。多角形细胞呈上皮样形态，异型明显，核分裂象多见(10～30个／10HPF，个别区域达6个／1HPF)，病理性核分裂象易见，在浸润灶内见肿瘤性坏死；④瘤细胞Vim弥漫阳性、EMA灶性阳性、CD99和CD117灶性弱阳性、CD34少数阳性，CK、SMA、S-100蛋白、Des、MG、PR、HMB45均阴性。5例叶状肿瘤均具备叶状结构、间质过度增生、细胞密集(异质性分布)、核分裂象2～10个／10HPF等诊断要素。在3例恶性叶状肿瘤中，2例有极少的上皮样袖套状病灶，2例有梭形细胞袖套状病灶。结论 乳腺上皮样型管周间质肉瘤是一种极罕见的恶性纤维上皮肿瘤亚型，它可能是恶性叶状肿瘤的最早期病变，也可能是一种独特的类型。     

细胞周期蛋白D1、Ki-67和bcl-2的表达与CD117阳性的胃肠道间质瘤生物学行为的关系

目的 检测细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclin D1）、Ki-67和bcl-2在胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）中的表达,探讨它们在GIST发生、发展中的作用及临床病理意义。方法 59例手术切除GIST标本进行CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA）、结蛋白、S-100、cyclin D1、bcl-2和Ki-67免疫组织化学染色,同时进行病理形态学观察包括形态学类型、肿瘤大小、坏死和核分裂象。所有病例随访2～9年。所有数据进行单因素、多因素和相关分析。结果 随访40例患者一直健在,15例患者死于GIST,4例患者死于其他原因。统计学分析显示肿瘤直径〉5cm、有坏死、核分裂象在每50个高倍视野〉5个、Ki-67增殖指数（LI）〉5％、cyclin D1和bcl-2免疫组织化学染色强阳性都可以作GIST患者手术后的预测指标,且具有统计学意义;核分裂象和Ki-67增殖指数是独立的预测指标;Ki-67 LI≥5％和核分裂象≥5／50 HPF呈正相关（r=0．532,P〈0．01）;cyclin D1与bcl-2强阳性表达呈正相关（r=0.273,P〈0．05）。结论 肿瘤大小、坏死、核分裂象、cyclin D1、Ki-67增殖指数和bcl-2可作为GIST患者临床预测指标;核分裂象和Ki-67增殖指数可作为独立的预测指标;cyclinD1与bcl-2呈明显相关性,Ki-67免疫组织化学染色可以代替核分裂象作为一项很有用的预测指标。     

卵巢核分裂象活跃的富于细胞性纤维瘤的临床病理学观察

目的 探讨卵巢核分裂象活跃的富于细胞性纤维瘤的临床病理学特征及鉴别诊断.方法 收集2008至2012年间11例卵巢核分裂象活跃的富于细胞性纤维瘤患者的临床病理资料,光镜观察并进行免疫组织化学EnVision法染色.结果 11例患者发病年龄21～ 65岁,平均46岁.肿瘤最大径6 ～ 16 cm,平均9.8 cm.镜下梭形瘤细胞丰富,交叉成束或旋涡状排列,形态温和,细胞轻至中度异型性,核分裂象(4～20)/10 HPF,平均8.4/10 HPF,无坏死.8例进行了波形蛋白检测,均阳性表达.5例检测了WT-1,均有弥漫或灶性阳性表达.α-inhibin和calretinin在检测的6例中仅有1例弥漫表达.6例检测了Ki-67的阳性指数5％～30％,其中1例约10％,1例核分裂象20/10 HPF的Ki-67阳性指数为30％.此外,细胞角蛋白、AE1/AE3、CD117、CD34、CD99和结蛋白在5例检测病例中均呈阴性.2例行网状纤维染色,显示网状纤维包绕在每个瘤细胞周围.10例随访4 ～ 38个月无复发或进展,1例术后94个月复发后仍存活.结论 在卵巢富于细胞性纤维瘤中,当核分裂象≥4/10 HPF、细胞温和、缺乏显著异型时,诊断为核分裂象活跃的富于细胞性纤维瘤比纤维肉瘤更为恰当.绝大多数病例临床呈良性经过,少数病例可复发,提示它是一种具有低度恶性潜能的肿瘤.     

腹内胃肠道外间质瘤临床病理、免疫组织化学及分子遗传学研究

目的探讨腹内胃肠道外间质瘤(extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumors,EGIST)临床病理、免疫组织化学、分子遗传学特点及鉴别诊断。方法用CD117、CD34为主的一组抗体对消化道外腹腔软组织原诊断为平滑肌瘤、平滑肌母细胞瘤及平滑肌肉瘤等病例进行研究,获得9例EGLST,其中5例检测了c-kit基因11号外显子序列。结果患者中男性5例,女性4例,年龄38～72岁,平均61．7岁,其中肠系膜4例,网膜2例,腹膜后2例,1例位于脾门,肿瘤直径5～23cm,平均12．9cm。梭形细胞为主型7例,上皮型1例,混合型1例。此组抗体表达分别为CDll7(8／9)、CD34(5／9)、平滑肌肌动蛋白(d—SMA,3／9)、肌特异性肌动蛋白(MSA,4／9)、结蛋白(0／9)、s-100蛋白(1／9)、蛋白基因产物9．5(PGP9．5,1／9)。2例有c-kit基因11号外显子杂合性突变。交界性2例,分别存活8年和11年,恶性7例,1例无瘤生存4年,1例1年后死于肝转移,1例术后3年及4年两次复发,2例失访,2例随访中。结论消化道外腹腔软组织及腹膜后亦可发生符合GIST形态学、免疫表型及分子生物学特征的原发性间质瘤,生物学行为以交界性及恶性多见,肿瘤性坏死、核分裂象≥5／50HPF及细胞明显异型性对判断恶性有重要参考价值。需与相同部位的平滑肌肉瘤、恶性神经鞘膜瘤等鉴别。     

77例胃肠道间质肿瘤的病理形态学及免疫组化研究

目的：研究胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的病理形态及免疫组化特点,方法：应用光镜观察77例GIST的形态特征,用免疫组化S－P法检测c-kit(CD117),CD34,vimentin,SMA及S－100蛋白在GIST中的表达情况。结果：GIST的瘤细胞较经典的平滑肌瘤更丰富,胞质嗜酸较弱,瘤细胞为酸形或上皮样,或酸形与上皮样细胞混合存在,胞质内常见空泡形成;排列成交织刺状、弥散片状、栅栏状或轮辐状、较为特征的是细胞团巢形成。常见间质或见管壁玻变。原发于肠系膜者恶性潜力较高。CD117和CD34的阳性率分别为90％和92％,结论：胃肠道间质肿瘤有较为特独的组织学形态,CD117和CD34联合使用可协助鉴别诊断。     

29例上皮样胃肠间质瘤的临床病理特征

目的:探讨29例上皮样胃肠间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors,GIST)的组织学形态和免疫组织化学特点以及诊断和鉴别诊断,对临床正确诊断治疗和判断预后具有十分重要的临床意义.方法:回顾性分析安阳市肿瘤医院病理科2009年月3月至2016年8月321例完整切除GIST标本,经筛查并重新阅片诊断上皮样GIST 29例.结果:29例上皮样GIST,发生胃部15例,小肠2例,肠系膜3例,直肠4例,腹腔3例,腹膜后1例,盆腔1例.恶性GIST 25例,良性4例.瘤细胞丰富,胞质嗜酸或透明,部分瘤细胞核质比高,核大小不等具有多形性,核分裂较多,可伴有多灶凝固性坏死,间质多数伴有黏液样变性.组织结构形成器官样、片状、巢状及腺泡状等.免疫组织化学CD34,DOG-1在上皮样GIST均弥漫阳性(阳性率100%),CD117阳性率(86%).结论:上皮样GIST发生部位广泛,形态多变,易误诊其他上皮样分化的肿瘤;免疫组织化学CD34,DOG-1,CD117在上皮样GIST诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要价值;如肿物较大、细胞丰富、核分裂多、间质黏液样变性;绝大多数要考虑恶性GIST.     

内镜活检胃肠间质瘤病理诊断和基因检测的临床意义

目的探讨胃肠间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumor, GIST)活检病理诊断和基因检测的临床意义。方法收集复旦大学附属中山医院病理科2016年1月1日至2021年8月1日内镜活检确诊GIST病例, 复阅HE切片、整理免疫组织化学、基因检测结果, 记录临床治疗经过。结果共计检索出GIST诊断记录4 095例, 其中内镜活检发现肿瘤组织67例, 占比1.6%。男性48例, 女性19例, 男女比2.5∶1.0;年龄31～90岁, 平均61岁;胃59例, 十二指肠8例。梭形细胞型47例, 上皮样型14例, 混合细胞型6例。免疫组织化学DOG1阳性100.0%(64/64), CD117阳性98.4%(62/63), CD34阳性87.5%(56/64), S-100蛋白阳性3.6%(2/56), α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)阳性12.1%(7/58), 结蛋白阳性12.3%(7/57), 广谱细胞角蛋白(CKpan)阳性4.0%(2/50)。依据形态学评估34例可归为恶性GIST。初诊考虑为低分化癌3例, 均为上皮样型GIST, 另有4例梭形细胞型GIST由于...     

胃肠道间质瘤临床病理及免疫组织化学特征

目的 探讨胃肠道间质瘤的免疫组织化学特征，为其诊断及鉴别诊断和预后提供依据。方法 对消化道内169例间叶源性肿瘤进行免疫组织化学标记和形态学观察，确诊113例胃肠道间质瘤。结果 肿瘤多见于胃，临床常见首发症状为消化道出血及腹部包块。瘤细胞主要有梭形细胞及上皮样细胞两种形态，梭形细胞型70例，上皮样细胞型10例，混合细胞型33例。相对良性33例，交界性26例，恶性54例。免疫表型：CD117阳性112例，CD34阳性102例，阳性率分别为99．1％及90．2％，且呈弥漫强阳性表达。结论 胃肠道间质瘤是消化道最常见间叶源性肿瘤，以胃内多见；主要有2种细胞形态和3种组合形式；确诊需要依靠CD117、CD34等免疫标记物配合。     

脑多形性黄色瘤型星形细胞瘤的临床病理观察

目的 探讨多形性黄色瘤型星形细胞瘤（PXA）的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断、治疗及预后。方法 对南京军区南京总医院1980-2004年间6287例中枢神经系统肿瘤中的15例PXA（0．2％）,以及2例会诊病例,进行临床病理学观察,免疫组织化学SP法检测8种抗体的表达：胶质纤维酸性蛋白、波形蛋白、S-100、上皮细胞膜抗原、突触素、神经微丝、CD68及CD34,获得其中10例的随访资料。结果 患者年龄12～55岁,平均30．8岁,男6例,女11例。主要症状为癫痫发作、头痛、头晕等。肿瘤发生于幕上者16例,占94．1％,其中发生于颞叶者7例,占41．2％。肿瘤大小2—7cm,平均4．3cm,9例有囊性变。除2例会诊病例外,全切除12例,次全切除3例。随访10例,生存8例,生存时间10个月- 13年7个月,平均生存6年,生存10年以上者2例。组织学特征为：单核或多核巨怪瘤细胞、梭形细胞和泡沫样瘤细胞混合而成,肿瘤中有丰富的网状纤维及淋巴细胞浸润,缺乏坏死,核分裂象无或少。胶质纤维酸性蛋白、波形蛋白及S-100蛋白免疫组织化学染色均呈弥散阳性表达,CD34阳性率为77％。1例伴有间变特征的PXA,有较多核分裂象（≥5个／10HPF）。2例有脑实质及血管周围间隙的浸润。1例影像学检查提示肿瘤复发及脑膜播散。结论 PXA属WHOII级肿瘤,肿瘤全切除及组织学为典型性PXA者预后较好,少数PXA可复发及间变。瘤细胞巨大、怪异,容易误诊为WHOⅣ级的巨细胞胶质母细胞瘤,两者的鉴别要点在于PXA部分可见泡沫样瘤细胞,核分裂象无或少,缺乏坏死。瘤细胞CD34的阳性表达有助于PXA的诊断。     

网膜和肠系膜胃肠道外间质瘤的临床病理研究

目的 研究网膜和肠系膜胃肠道外间质瘤(EGIST)临床病理和免疫组织化学标记特点,并探讨其组织来源、预后评价及与胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的关系。方法 运用形态学和免疫组织化学(CD117、CD34等)研究19例网膜和肠系膜原诊断为平滑肌肿瘤、许旺瘤的间叶性肿瘤。结果 共诊断14例EGIST,其中网膜6例,肠系膜8例。肿瘤大小3．5～29．0cm(平均12．4cm)。梭形细胞为主型9例,上皮样细胞为主型2例,混合型3例。免疫组织化学阳性表达结果：CD117(14／14)、CD34(8／14)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(6／14)。结蛋白、S-100蛋白均阴性。随访结果：6例网膜EGIST均无瘤生存;7例肠系膜EGIST3例死于肿瘤,1例带瘤生存,3例无瘤生存。结论 EGIST与GIST为同一性质肿瘤,可能共同起源于多分化潜能的间叶干细胞或肿瘤向卡哈尔间质细胞分化。EGIST有独特的行为谱,预后评价不能完全套用GIST的评价指标。     

Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most frequent mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Major advances in their definition and classification and the understanding of their molecular mechanisms have recently been made. These advances have become a model of targeted therapy in oncology. The diagnosis of GISTs relies on histological arguments - proliferation of spindle cells, seldom of epithelioid cells or both spindle and epithelioid cells - and on immunohistochemical arguments - expression of CD117 usually associated with CD34 expression. The evaluation of the prognosis is essential and based on a simple algorithm using two prognostic parameters, tumor size and mitotic index. The aim of this paper is a complex histopathological assessment, using both classic and modern (immunohistochemistry) techniques, of the GISTs comprised in the study. GISTs occur mainly in older adults (median age 60-69 years), anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract but also retroperitoneal. Most of them were nodular (75%), tumor necrosis and mucosal ulceration being the most frequent encountered secondary alterations; these modifications proved to be significantly correlated with large tumor size and high malignancy. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that 77 (97%) cases of GISTs presented a positive reaction for CD117, 50 (63%) cases were positive for CD34, 19 (24%) were positive for SMA and only 10 (13%) were positive for S100. Immunohistochemical evaluation remains an important tool of pathology in the diagnosis of GISTs, in the differential diagnosis from other gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors and represents the gold standard for diagnosis of these tumors and an eligibility criterion for imatinib therapy.     

Gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors - immunophenotypic classification and survival analysis

The current definition of gastrointestinal tumors (GIST) as CD117-positive mesenchymal tumors of uncertain malignant potential fails to include a number of cases with similar histology. In an attempt to improve the classification of these neoplasms, we conducted an immunohistochemical analysis of 244 mesenchymal tumors with histological features of GIST. According to their immunophenotype, the tumors were classified as GISTs, which are characterized by CD117 (c-kit) expression; gastrointestinal CD117-negative CD34 positive stromal tumors (GINST); alpha-smooth muscle actin and/or desmin positive gastrointestinal leiomyogenic tumors (GILT); S-100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein positive gastrointestinal glial/schwannian tumors (GIGT); gastrointestinal neuronal/glial tumors (GINT), which are positive for S-100/glial fibrillary acidic protein plus neuronal/glial markers; and gastrointestinal fibrous tumors (GIFT), which are only vimentin positive. The most common type of tumors were GIST, followed in order of frequency by GINST, GILT, GIGT, GIFT, and GINT. GISTs did not show any preferential location, whereas GINSTs occurred almost exclusively in the stomach and duodenum, and GILTs preferentially in the large intestine. Over a median follow-up period of 71 months, malignant behavior, i.e., metastatic spread, was observed in all tumor types except GINTs. Malignancy was associated with distal gut location, high mitotic activity, large tumor size, and nuclear pleomorphism, though none of these criteria alone discriminated between benign and malignant. Kaplan-Meier analysis of disease-specific survival showed significant differences in the long-term outcome of the newly defined subgroups. We conclude that, despite strong morphological similarities, gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors are heterogeneous in their immunophenotype and biology.     

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in southern Taiwan: a clinicopathologic study of 93 resected cases

The purpose of this study was to determine the clinicopathologic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in southern Taiwan. The pathology files from a medical center in southern Taiwan (1993 to 2003) were searched for primary mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Hematoxylin/eosin sections and history were reviewed, and immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-CD 117, CD34, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and S-100 protein. Only primary resected GISTs were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out using the T-test to evaluate the significance of primary tumor size and mitotic activity for the prediction of recurrence and metastasis. A total of 121 surgically resected primary mesenchymal tumors were identified, and 93 of these were GISTs. These 93 patients showed a slight female predominance (male: female = 1:1.2). The clinical presentations were variable and site-dependent. The most common tumor locations were the stomach (57%) and the small intestine (39%). Microscopically, 88 tumors (95%) were composed of spindle cells, the remaining five (5%) consisted of mixed epithelioid and spindle cells. No pure epithelioid type GIST was found. In addition to CD117, 66 cases (71%) were positive for CD34, 23 cases (25%) were positive for SMA, and 19 cases (21%) were positive for S-100. In a mean follow-up time of 27.3 months (median: 26 months), 19 cases (20.6%) were clinically malignant and mainly manifested as liver metastases (seven cases, 37% of malignant GISTs). Univariate analysis revealed that both primary tumor size and mitotic activity were significantly increased in the group affected by recurrence and/or metastasis (p = 0.001 and 0.035, respectively). Compared to GISTs in the western countries, those in southern Taiwan are characterized by a slight female predominance, a relatively higher frequency of small intestinal localization, a higher rate of S-100 protein expression, and a less aggressive behavior. Tumor size and mitotic activity were useful predictors of malignancy.     

74例胃肠道间质瘤临床病理与生物学行为评价

目的　探讨在胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的病理诊断和预后分析上采用一种简单实用且重复性好的病理学“标准”,以利于GIST的日常病理诊断和生物学行为评价及指导治疗,并对Fletcher等推荐的GIST生物学行为评价表进行评估。方法　85例消化道间叶组织肿瘤,复习其病理形态学并应用CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、结蛋白、S 100等进行免疫组织化学标记,结合 31例随访资料进行分析。结果　85例消化道间叶组织肿瘤中,GIST74例,平滑肌瘤和交界性平滑肌瘤 8例(食管),平滑肌肉瘤 1例(直肠 ),神经鞘瘤 1例 (胃 ),恶性纤维组织细胞瘤 1例 (肠系膜 )。74例GIST中,发生在胃和小肠的分别为 34例和 30例,占 86. 5%,食管 3例,胃肠道外(肠系膜、网膜、后腹膜)7例。年龄 23~80岁,平均 52 5岁, 40岁以上者占 85%,男性 45例,女性 29例。镜下观察:梭型细胞型 48例,上皮样细胞型 10例,混合细胞型 16例。瘤细胞呈长、短梭形和圆形,胞质丰富弱嗜酸性,排列呈旋涡状、栅栏状或弥漫巢状。免疫组织化学: 85例消化道间叶组织肿瘤波形蛋白均阳性,其中 74例表达CD117,诊断为GIST,表达形式有弥漫胞膜 /胞质强阳性、散在阳性、胞质点状着色等,其中 54例同时表达CD34 (阳性率 72. 9% ), 25例表达SMA, 5例表达结蛋白, 5例表达S 100蛋白。在 85例     

胃肠道间质瘤起源和分化的探讨

目的 探讨胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)的起源或分化。方法 采用免疫组织化学EnVision和电镜的方法对GIST进行研究。结果 212例GIST CD117、CD34、α—平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、肌特异性肌动蛋白、结蛋白阳性率分别为96．7％,77．3％,19．3％,15．6％,1．9％,其中S—100和PGP9．5的阳性反应分别为16．3％及12．3％。超微结构显示瘤细胞含丰富的线粒体,粗面内质网、游离核糖体和中间丝,有的细胞切面可见溶酶体和脂滴,高尔基复合体在核周分布,质膜处偶尔不规则地分布着一些微饮泡、密斑样结构及不连续的基板。部分病例细胞有多量细长指状突起,突起内有胞内成分如线粒体、粗面内质网延续,突起之间或突起与细胞膜有连接结构。细胞外间质内可见胶原原纤维或团丝样纤维。结论 GIST免疫表型及超微结构特征与胃肠壁成熟卡哈尔间质细胞相似,提示GIST可能是起源于幼稚间充质细胞向卡哈尔间质细胞分化的肿瘤,并具有一定的肌性特征。     

Spindle cell tumor of urinary bladder serosa with phenotypic and genotypic features of gastrointestinal stromal tumor

Most mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are now referred to as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The tumors differ from ordinary leiomyomas and schwannomas in several respects: the GISTs typically express c-kit protein (CD117) and CD34, 30% to 50% of them are (often focally) positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin, and all are negative for desmin and S100 protein. Recently, mutations in the exon 11 of the c-kit gene have been identified and confirmed as a molecular genetic marker for the subset of GISTs. In this report, we describe a mesenchymal tumor removed from the pelvic cavity of a 52-year-old woman, who is alive without disease 36 months after the surgery. The 5-cm tumor was densely attached to the external aspect of the urinary bladder but was attached to small intestine by only filmy adhesions. The tumor grossly resembled a leiomyoma and was histologically composed of sheets of spindle cells with a dense collagenous background. The mitotic activity was low, less then 1 per 50 high-power fields. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were negative for alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin and positive for CD117 and CD34. Molecular genetic analysis of the exon 11 of the c-kit gene revealed a point mutation in the region commonly mutated in GISTs. This mutation substituted T for A in the codon 557, leading to the change of amino acid sequence (tryptophan for arginine) of the KIT protein. This case illustrates that tumors phenotypically and genotypically similar to GISTs may present in sites other than the tubular gastrointestinal tract.     

胃肠道间质瘤病理及CD117和CD34表达与意义

目的：对本院病案资料中GIST重新分类，加 强对胃肠道间质瘤的认识。方法：用CD117、CD34、α-SMA、S-100等抗 体对56例GIST进行标记、分类，根据GIST的临床病理及形态学特点，正确诊断，并探讨 GIST的临床特点。结果:56例GIST CD117、CD34弥漫强表达，抗体 阳性率分别为CD117（50/56，89.3%）、CD34（37/56，66.1%），部分病例局灶表达α-SM A、S-100，阳性率分别为（17/56，30.4%）、（4/56，7.1%），结蛋白desmin均阴性。其 中良性及交界性29例，恶性27例。本组病例中胃及小肠GIST共达91.1％，其它部位少见。 结论：CD117、CD34在GIST表达显著，可作为GIST诊断的一个辅助指标。 胃和小肠GIST最常见，胃镜等影像学无特异性，诊断主要依靠病理诊断。组织病理不仅有助 于诊断，而且有助于预后的判断。