甲状腺全切术喉返神经解剖方式选择对甲状旁腺功能影响的临床研究

目的：通过对比甲状腺全切术中不同喉返神经(RLN)解剖方式对术后甲状旁腺功能的影响,寻求甲状腺全切术最佳的RLN解剖方式,指导临床实践,在RLN解剖安全的前提下减低全甲状腺术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。方法选择已确诊甲状腺癌需行甲状腺全切除手术的120例患者随机分成三组(a、b、c),各40例,分别完成全甲状腺切除术基础上三组不同喉返神经解剖方式(A甲状腺下动脉解剖法、B气管食管沟解剖法、C环甲关节下方解剖法)各40例的手术。观察比较三组患者术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。同时观察比较三组患者术后喉返神经损伤的发生率。结果 c组患者术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率明显低于a、b两组。结论甲状腺全切除术时喉返神经解剖方式应选择经环甲关节下方解剖方式,有利于保护甲状旁腺功能,可明显减少甲状腺全切除术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。     

甲状腺结节再次手术47例临床分析

目的 探讨甲状腺结节再次手术的原因和手术方式的选择.方法 回顾性分析我院47例甲状腺结节再次手术患者的临床资料.结果 全全组无手术死亡.术后并发暂时性喉返神经麻痹2例,喉上神经损伤l例,甲状旁腺功能低下4例(暂时性陛3例、永久性1例),甲状腺功能减退3例.结论 甲状腺结节再次手术有一定难度及并发症,临床医生应加强对甲状腺结节的认识,重视首次手术方式的选择及术中探查.     

甲状腺次全切除术术式改进的解剖基础与疗效观察

目的：观察改良的甲状腺次全切除术治疗甲状腺良性肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法：回顾性分析我科1998年1月-2006年12月应用改良的甲状腺次全切除术治疗的167例甲状腺良性肿瘤的临床资料，改良要点在于低位小切口，不显露喉返神经，甲状腺包膜内分离。结果：167例中，只有1例暂时喉返神经损伤，另1例为永久性喉返神经损伤，发生率为0．6％（1／167）；1例术后出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退；随访1～8年，有2例复发，经过2次手术未见再次复发。结论：不显露喉返神经的甲状腺次全切除术是治疗甲状腺良性肿瘤的首选术式，熟悉甲状腺及其毗邻重要结构的解剖关系是预防术后并发症的关键。     

冠状面间环形缝扎甲状腺预留腺体在甲状腺大部分切除术中的应用

目的 降低甲状腺大部分切除术后喉返神经、喉上神经的损伤率，减少术中和术后出血以及术后颈部血肿的发生率。方法 在甲状腺基底部预定残留的腺体上先作冠状面环形间断缝扎，再切除大部分甲状腺组织。结果 术中、术后出血明显减少。未发现喉返神经、喉上神经损伤及颈部血肿等并发症。结论 冠状面间断环形缝扎甲状腺预留腺体能减少甲状腺大部分切除术术中、术后的出血厦术后颈部血肿的发生率，降低或避免喉返神经、喉上神经的损伤。     

155例甲状腺手术后并发症的护理

甲状腺由于其解剖结构的复杂性,血管、神经相对丰富,手术难度系数较大,极易引起血管、神经损伤,出现术后出血、喉返神经或喉上神经损伤、甲状旁腺损伤、甲状腺危象等并发症,严重时危及生命。术前充分准备以及术后及时发现和护理,可降低术后并发症的发生,对患者的预后具有重要意义。本文回     

甲状腺手术的围手术期并发症及其预防

目的探讨甲状腺手术围手术期并发症的相关因素和预防方法,降低并发症的发生率。方法回顾性分析1997年1月至2004年12月收治的甲状腺肿块350例的临床资料,分析其主要并发症的发生情况及其临床相关因素,总结甲状腺手术技巧。结果全组350例中术后单侧喉返神经麻痹14例(4%),不显露喉返神经组的喉返神经麻痹发生率(7.3%)高于显露返神经组(1.5%),P=0.011;恶性肿瘤组(9.4%)高于良性肿瘤组(3.0%),P=0.045,而肿瘤大小、合并症、局部敷药与术后喉返神经麻痹无关。术后出血7例,有合并症组的术后出血发生率7.4%(5/68),高于无合并症组的0.7%(2/282),P=0.004;术后出血与是否显露喉返神经及病变性质无关。甲状旁腺功能一过性低下1.1%(4/350),均发生于双侧甲状腺次全切除术。结论解剖显露喉返神经有利于降低甲状腺手术喉返神经麻痹发生率。对合并高血压病、糖尿病、甲亢患者应注意术前控制血压、血糖和血清T3、T4水平,术中彻底止血。双侧甲状腺手术在解剖甲状腺背面应紧贴真包膜充分剥离,对可疑甲状腺组织应尽量保留。     

结节性甲状腺肿360例手术疗效及体会

目的探讨结节性甲状腺肿的手术治疗方式。方法对360例结节性甲状腺肿行手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾分析。360例均采用甲状腺次全切除术。结果全组术后无大出血、甲状腺危象、甲状旁腺减低及永久性喉返神经、喉上神经损伤等并发症。结论甲状腺次全切除术手术治疗结节性甲状腺肿是安全有效的,须行充分的术前准备,术中仔细探查及选择适当的手术方式。     

喉返神经解剖三角与临床意义

<正> 喉返神经解剖三角系由作者在行甲状腺、甲状旁腺手术过程中,作为寻找喉返神经及防治其损伤所构思成的一个解剖三角,经作者在尸体解剖200条喉返神经、结合临床115次手术,在此三角内能顺利地找到该神经。该解剖三角的边界是:上缘是横行     

常规解剖喉返神经在甲状腺手术中的作用

目的 探讨在甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经从而防止喉返神经损伤的作用.方法 在143例甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经.结果 共解剖喉返神经206条,3例病例术后声嘶,术后1～3月后均恢复,无永久性喉返神经损伤.结论 甲状腺手术中解剖喉返神经能有效避免喉返神经损伤,建议在甲状腺手术中常规解剖喉返神经.     

喉返神经显露在高风险甲状腺手术中的作用探讨

目的分析喉返神经显露在高风险甲状腺手术中的作用,探讨其喉返神经保护价值。方法选取我院2015年1月至2017年7月行高风险甲状腺手术患者235例,根据术中喉返神经处理方式分为喉返神经显露组和喉返神经非显露组,比较两组手术患者的喉返神经损伤情况以及手术相关指标。结果显露组喉返神经损伤率显著低于非显露组(3.85%VS 9.72%,P0.05),其手术时间大于非显露组(P0.05),两组术中出血量、术后引流时间、术后引流量、术后住院时间比较均无显著差异(P0.05)。结论在高风险甲状腺手术中解剖显露喉返神经,可有效预防喉返神经损伤,且不会增加术中出血量、术后引流量、术后住院时间,值得推广。     

Zuckerkandl结节在甲状腺外科中的重要意义

目的探讨Zuckerkandl结节(Zuckerkandl’s tubercle,ZT)在甲状腺手术中出现的机率,以及ZT与喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN)、上甲状旁腺(superior parathyroid gland,SPG)的解剖关系。方法回顾分析2016年12月至2017年12月,在赣南医学院第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科住院施行单侧或双侧甲状腺腺叶切除的120例甲状腺肿瘤患者的病历资料。对146个腺叶进行记录,观察ZT,分析其与RLN、SPG的解剖关系。结果 76例(63.3%)患者发现ZT,而54例(45.0%)患者其结节最长径大于1 cm。ZT较大者,87例(92.6%)RLN在ZT内侧,7例(7.4%)RLN横过ZT。SPG通常位于ZT之上,RLN之后。结论 ZT是甲状腺的显著特征之一,多数甲状腺手术中可以发现。ZT的大小和位置与术前症状没有确切的关系。理解ZT与RLN和SPG的解剖关系,对甲状腺手术的安全性具有重要意义。     

Anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid glands and neurovascular relations

Historically, thyroid surgery has been fraught with complications. Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, or the parathyroid glands may result in profound life-long consequences for the patient. To minimize the morbidity of the operation, a surgeon must have an in-depth understanding of the anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and be able to apply this information to perform a safe and effective operation. This article will review the pertinent anatomy and embryology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands and the critical structures that lie in their proximity. This information should aid the surgeon in appropriate identification and preservation of the function of these structures and to avoid the pitfalls of the operation.     

甲状腺假被膜的形态特点及临床意义

目的　研究甲状腺假被膜的解剖学形态特点,探讨其临床意义。 方法 在95例单侧甲状腺叶切除术中,观察甲状腺假被膜的解剖学形态,甲状腺假被膜与真被膜、甲状腺血管、甲状旁腺和喉返神经的关系。 结果 在甲状腺下静脉、中静脉和上血管附着于腺体的部位,甲状腺假被膜呈“系膜”样结构附着在腺体上,切除腺叶后观察“系膜”呈“C”型的延续平面,甲状腺下静脉、中静脉和上血管分别自系膜缘穿出,喉返神经、甲状腺下动脉、甲状旁腺位于“系膜”的“C”型圈内。 结论 对甲状腺假被膜的解剖新认识,有助于术者安全的完成甲状腺手术,特别是被膜解剖技术的应用。     

甲状腺肿瘤手术中暴露并保护甲状旁腺的解剖与手术操作要点

目的　探讨甲状腺肿瘤手术中暴露并保护甲状旁腺的要点。 方法　对 2004年 1 月至2010 年 12 月 145例甲状腺弥漫性结节和甲状腺癌患者进行手术,分前、后3年两组,前3年组65例患者保留甲状腺后被膜,未寻找甲状旁腺;后3年组80例患者暴露并保护甲状旁腺,精细解剖观察被膜,尽量保存甲状旁腺的血供及完整性。术后进行动态监测血清钙变化,观察甲状旁腺的功能情况。 结果　在术中暴露并保护甲状旁腺后3年组中,术后甲状旁腺功能低下的机率较未寻找甲状旁腺前3年组患者明显降低,两组比较有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论 在甲状腺肿瘤手术中,暴露并保护好甲状旁腺,可有效降低术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生率。     

Ectopic thyroid tissue surrounding the right laryngeal nerve: a case report

Ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) is a rare developmental anomaly of the thyroid tissue which is defined as the presence of thyroid tissue in locations other than the pretracheal area. However, ectopic thyroid tissue in the lateral neck surrounding the recurrent laryngeal nerve is unusually found. Here we describe a case of a 64-year-old woman who was found bilateral thyroid goiter by the ultrasound examination. The total thyroidectomy plus a modified radical neck dissection was performed. Surprisingly we also found a nodule surrounding the right recurrent laryngeal nerve at the same time. Nevertheless the diagnosis of the nodule was confirmed by pathology and Histologic examination demonstrating that it was ectopic thyroid tissue. Ectopic thyroid tissue surrounding recurrent laryngeal nerve is a rare finding, with hardly any cases reported. For it is generally thought that any thyroid tissue found in the lateral aspect of the neck may indicate metastatic deposits from well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Although pathogenesis of ectopic thyroid tissue surrounding recurrent laryngeal nerve without any symptoms remains unknown, our case could suggest ectopic thyroid tissue should not be excluded in the differential diagnosis of lateral neck masses especially when the recurrent laryngeal nerves were surrounded by the nodules.     

内镜下甲状腺手术的应用解剖

目的探讨内镜下甲状腺的应用解剖。方法对6例新鲜成人男性尸体标本,按照胸骨切迹小切口入路和胸前入路的手术步骤进行内镜下观察和记录。结果经颈部的自然间隙进行内镜下手术解剖,能清楚的显露与手术程序相关的结构和毗邻关系;更容易识别血管、喉返神经和甲状旁腺;提供了内镜下各部位的解剖和毗邻的图解;进行侧后面的解离及显露或侧缘与颈动脉鞘之间解离时,应用30°或70°镜更利于视野,采用经典的解剖标志来识别辨认喉返神经和甲状旁腺;内镜的放大作用给颈部的解剖结构提供了出色的可视性,更容易鉴别喉返神经和血管及甲状旁腺,利于防止喉返神经的损伤和保存甲状旁腺的血供;肩胛舌骨肌上腹是腋前入路一个重要的解剖标志。结论利用颈部的自然间隙进行内镜下手术解剖,能清楚的显露与手术程序相关的结构和毗邻关系。     

喉返神经喉外分支的显微解剖及临床意义

目的探讨甲状腺手术区域喉返神经(RLN)的解剖特点和方法。方法运用大体解剖的方法,对48例成人标本甲状腺手术区域的RLN及其周围毗邻结构进行了观测。结果 48例96侧成人标本中,29%RLN主干穿过环咽肌肌束至致密结缔组织膜下缘,71%RLN主干走行在环咽肌深面。69%RLN在距离甲状软骨下角尖端(15.2±5.5)mm处分为前、后两支,前支多于环状软骨侧方下缘距离甲状软骨下角尖端(5.9±1.8)mm处穿过结缔组织膜,后支入喉点距甲状软骨下角尖端(4.8±2.1)mm;31%RLN未见分支。结缔组织膜下缘RLN与甲状腺下动脉(ITA)分支的关系为:66%(63/96)RLN位于ITA前方,27%(32/96)位于ITA后方。结论大多数RLN具有喉外分支,在以甲状软骨下角作为标志寻找RLN时,要同时找寻RLN及喉外分支的入喉点。ITA与RLN的关系复杂多变,ITA不作为RLN定位的首选。     

Fine-needle biopsy of parathyroid adenomas

Summary High-resolution real-time sonography was performed in 15 cases of clinically and chemically suspected primary hyperparathyroidism and in 20 patients with different thyroid nodules. The suspected enlarged parathyroid glands and the thyroid nodules were percutaneously punctured under sonographic control. Concentrations of parathy-roid hormone, human thyroglobulin, and human calcitonin were measured in the aspirate, and immunocytology was performed. The mean concentration of the aspirated parathyroid hormone in the parathyroid glands was 4,013.6 pmol/1±4,519 (SD) as compared with 14.9 pmol/1±8.7 in the thyroid nodules. Thyroglobulin was present in the aspirated fluid of parathyroid adenomas located behind the thyroid (mean±SD, 398.1 ng/ml±317). In comparison, the aspirated thyroglobulin from the thyroid nodules averaged 9,689.7 ng/ml ±3,732. Immunocytology for parathyroid hormone was positive in 14 of the 15 biopsied specimens. Of 15 patients who were scanned for suspected hyperparathyroidism, six had concomitant thyroid nodules.It is concluded that the measurement of high concentrations of parathyroid hormone in the aspirate from a cervical mass, with sonographic control of needle position and/or positive immunocytology provides absolute localization of parathyroid tissue.Abbreviations (FITC) Fluorescein-isothiocyanate - (hCT) human calcitonin - (PBS) phosphate buffered saline - (PTH) parathyroid hormone - (SD) standard deviation - (TG) human thyroglobulin     

Parathyroid gland anatomical distribution and relation to anthropometric and demographic parameters: a cadaveric study

Parathyroid glands play an important role in controlling calcium levels, which influence muscular contraction and neurotransmission. The number of variants, localization and ectopic positions make these glands tricky during surgical exploration. Detailed anatomical knowledge of these glands is fundamental to avoid postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, such as failures during thyroidectomy and parathyroid procedures. The purposes of this work were to study and report practical knowledge for surgeons in order to localize the glands. Dissections were performed on 56 cadavers. Gland identity was confirmed by histological study. Also, mediastinal tissue and the carotid sheath were treated with Carnoy’s solution to identify ectopic glands. The thyroid gland was divided and sliced to identify parathyroid glands in the parenchymal and subcapsular space. Four or more parathyroid glands were found in 89.3% of the studied specimens. Mean gland weight was 33.1 mg, and its mean measurements were 6.7 × 3.9 × 2.0 mm. In more than 90% of the cases there was a correlation with the inferior laryngeal nerve and the parathyroid glands: the upper glands were located in medial positions, and the lower ones were found to be located laterally. In 42.8% of cases at least one ectopic gland was observed. The main ectopic regions were the mediastinum and thymus (19.6%), thyroid subcapsular space (12.5%) and thyroid parenchyma (5.4%). Quantity, gland characteristics and location were not influenced by anthropometric and demographic parameters. Here we show the high incidence of parathyroid glands positioned at “abnormal” locations, and as a controversial topic in endocrine surgery, this matter must be continuously studied and reported in the literature.