膝关节单髁置换胫骨优化截骨设计的生物力学研究

目的 比较膝关节单髁置换术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, UKA)常规截骨、保留圆角截骨及全新扩大圆角截骨方法对术后胫骨近端生物力学特性的影响。方法 基于Sawbones胫骨的CT数据，构建完整胫骨模型及不同截骨方式下UKA术后胫骨模型，采用轴向压缩工况对模型进行有限元分析，比较不同模型间胫骨近端应变情况及骨水泥应力差异。结果 在轴向压缩工况下，扩大圆角组其截骨区皮质骨von Mises应变峰值较常规截骨组与保留圆角组有所增加，而松质骨von Mises应变峰值则分别减少24.3%～42.9%、26.0%～48.7%。对比截骨区松质骨与皮质骨von Mises应变峰值差Δε_peak,发现扩大圆角组其Δε_peak远远小于其余两组。UKA后不同模型间胫骨前内侧皮质骨最小主应变无明显差异，但较完整胫骨模型增加23.3%～34.5%。扩大圆角组骨水泥单元平均von Mises应力随着圆角半径增大呈现下降趋势，且整体均小于常规截骨组与保留圆角组。结论 全新扩大圆角截骨方法可使健康骨质条件下胫骨近端应力传递更均匀...     

Periprosthetic tibial fractures in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty as a function of extended sagittal saw cuts: An experimental study

Periprosthetic tibial plateau fractures (TPF) are rare but represent a serious complication of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). As TPFs usually occur perioperatively, these can be associated with extended sagittal saw cuts during surgery. The aim of the study was to evaluate TPF as a function of extended sagittal saw cuts. The hypothesis was that extended sagittal saw cuts reduce the loading capacity of the tibial plateau and increase the risk of periprosthetic TPF.In a randomised study, standardised cemented Oxford UKA tibial component implantation was performed in six matched, paired fresh-frozen tibiae. In group A, a regular preparation of the tibial plateau was performed, whereas in group B a standardised extended sagittal saw cut was made at the dorsal cortex of the tibia. All tibiae were fractured under standardised conditions and fracture patterns and fracture loads were analysed.In group A, tibiae fractured with a mean load of F_max = 3.9 (2.3–8.5) kN, whereas in group B fractures occurred at a mean load of F_max = 2.6 (1.1–5.0) kN. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05).Extended sagittal saw cuts in UKA weaken the tibial bone structure. Our results show that descendent extended sagittal saw cuts of 10° reduce fracture loads by about 30%. Surgeons should be aware of the potential pitfalls of an extended sagittal saw cut, as this can lead to reduced loading capacity of the tibial plateau and increase the risk of periprosthetic TPF.     

单髁膝关节置换胫骨元件不同固定柱形状的有限元分析

目的针对单髁膝关节置换后胫骨前内侧疼痛、胫骨元件松动以及对侧关节炎恶化的问题,通过有限元方法比较分析胫骨元件固定柱的不同几何形状对胫骨应力分布的影响。方法建立有效的单髁膝关节置换有限元模型,对胫骨元件固定柱的形状进行设计。在相同的加载条件下,分别对双柱形、单脊形、双脊形和十字星形胫骨元件进行有限元分析,并与完整膝关节模型进行对比,评估胫骨元件固定柱不同形状设计对胫骨前内侧皮质骨应力、胫骨截骨面松质骨应力、胫骨对侧软骨应力的影响。结果单髁置换后胫骨前内侧皮质骨应力峰值均增大。与完整膝关节相比,在双柱形、单脊形、双脊形和十字星形胫骨元件固定柱的模型中,胫骨前内侧皮质骨应力峰值分别增加56.1%、55.9%、54.5%和68.4%。单脊形和双脊形胫骨元件松质骨截骨面应力峰值比完整胫骨分别减小8.1%和15.6%,而双柱形和十字星形则分别增大67.9%和121.5%,超过松质骨的疲劳屈服应力。双柱形、单脊形、双脊形和十字星形胫骨固定柱对应的胫骨对侧软骨应力峰值相比于完整胫骨分别减小42.1%、26.6%、24.2%和28.5%。结论单髁膝关节置换改变了胫骨内外侧的载荷分布,使置换侧承受更大的载荷。单脊形和双脊形胫骨元件在降低胫骨前内侧皮质骨和截骨面松质骨应力方面效果更好,其中单脊形胫骨元件更接近完整膝关节胫骨的应力分布。研究结果可为设计更符合膝关节力学性能的单髁膝关节假体提供理论依据。     

Elevated proximal tibial strains following unicompartmental knee replacement—A possible cause of pain

Unexplained pain is an important complication of both total knee replacement and unicompartmental knee replacement. After unicompartmental knee replacement the most common site for the pain is antero-medial over the proximal tibia. The reason for this is not clear; however it may be due to high bone strain.A validated finite element model of a proximal tibia implanted with a fully congruent unicompartmental knee replacement was used to investigate the effect that certain implantation parameters had on the surface strains of the tibia. The tibial tray was positioned neutrally, and also mal-aligned separately in the sagittal and coronal planes. Different amounts of tibial tray overhang and underhang, and different resection levels were modelled. All models were compared to an intact tibia and the strain on the exterior cortex compared for a peak load condition measured in-vivo during a step-up activity.Following implantation the bone strain in the proximal tibia increased by 40%. There were no comparable increases in strain with different amounts of mal-alignment in the sagittal plane. There was a comparable increase in strain with a tibial tray overhang of 3 mm or greater, and excessive varus mal-alignment.This study has demonstrated that there is a large increase in strain, antero-medially on the proximal tibia, following implantation with a unicompartmental knee replacement. This may be the cause of antero-medial pain. As the bone remodels over time this strain will decrease, which probably explains why the pain usually settles within 12 months after surgery. However, certain errors in implantation result in strain values that might lead to degenerative remodelling and/or increased micro-damage of the bone; this may explain why the pain progressively worsens in some cases.     

Saw cuts in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: An analysis of sawbone preparations

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has become a frequently used treatment option for anteromedial osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee due to good clinical and functional results. However, serious complications like tibial plateau fractures have been reported. These can be associated with saw cuts during surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyse saw cuts during Sawbone^® preparations at instructional unicompartmental knee courses and to identify potential sources of surgical error. One hundred Sawbone^® preparations were performed by knee surgeons inexperienced with UKA. Sawing errors during preparation were analysed and quantified. Tibial and femoral errors can occur during preparation. At the proximal tibia three errors can be found: extended vertical cuts (A), extended horizontal cuts (B) and perforation of the posterior cortex. An ascending cut at the posterior femoral condyle (C) is possible during femoral preparation. Errors type A were found at a mean length of 2.4 mm ± 2.3 mm with a maximum value of 10.1 mm. In 18% errors of more than 4.0 mm were found. Type B errors showed an average value of 2.0 mm ± 1.7 mm with maximum values of 7.4 mm. Type C errors were found at a mean of 1.3 mm ± 1.0 mm (maximum value 5.1 mm). Our data showed that in 18% of the cases, vertical cutting errors of more than 4.0 mm occurred in inexperienced surgeons.     

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: Is robotic technology more accurate than conventional technique?

BackgroundRobotic-assisted unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) with rigid bone fixation "can significantly improve implant placement and leg alignment. The aim of this cadaveric study was to determine whether the use of robotic systems with dynamic bone tracking would provide more accurate UKA implant positioning compared to the conventional manual technique.MethodsThree-dimensional CT-based preoperative plans were created to determine the desired position and orientation for the tibial and femoral components. For each pair of cadaver knees, UKA was performed using traditional instrumentation on the left side and using a haptic robotic system on the right side. Postoperative CT scans were obtained and 3D-to-3D iterative closest point registration was performed. Implant position and orientation were compared to the preoperative plan.ResultsSurgical RMS errors for femoral component placement were within 1.9 mm and 3.7° in all directions of the planned implant position for the robotic group, while RMS errors for the manual group were within 5.4 mm and 10.2°. Average RMS errors for tibial component placement were within 1.4 mm and 5.0° in all directions for the robotic group; while, for the manual group, RMS errors were within 5.7 mm and 19.2°.ConclusionsUKA was more precise using a semiactive robotic system with dynamic bone tracking technology compared to the manual technique.     

How does the inclination of the tibial component matter? A three-dimensional finite element analysis of medial mobile-bearing unicompartmental arthroplasty

Background

Medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) using Oxford mobile-bearing prosthesis is performed in the treatment of medial compartmental arthritis of the knee. However, little is known about the stress distributions for mobile-bearing UKA on the medial tibial plateau.

Differences in impact on adjacent compartments in medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty versus high tibial osteotomy with identical valgus alignment

BackgroundIt is unclear why medial unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) with postoperative valgus alignment causes adjacent compartment osteoarthritis more often than high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for moderate medial osteoarthritis of the knee with varus deformity. This study used a computer simulation to evaluate differences in knee conditions between UKA and HTO with identical valgus alignment.MethodsDynamic musculoskeletal computer analyses of gait were performed. The hip–knee–ankle angle in fixed-bearing UKA was changed from neutral to 7° valgus by changing the tibial insert thickness. The hip–knee–ankle angle in open-wedge HTO was also changed from neutral to 7° valgus by opening the osteotomy gap.ResultsThe lateral tibiofemoral contact forces in HTO were larger than those in UKA until moderate valgus alignments. However, the impact of valgus alignment on increasing lateral forces was more pronounced in UKA, which ultimately demonstrated a larger lateral force than HTO. Valgus alignment in UKA caused progressive ligamentous tightness, including that of the anterior cruciate ligament, resulting in compression of the lateral tibiofemoral compartment. Simultaneously, patellofemoral shear forces were slightly increased and excessive external femoral rotation against the tibia occurred due to the flat medial tibial insert surface and decreased lateral compartment congruency. By contrast, only lateral femoral slide against the tibia occurred in excessively valgus-aligned HTO.ConclusionsIn contrast to extra-articular correction in HTO, which results from opening the osteotomy gap, intra-articular valgus correction in UKA with thicker tibial inserts caused progressive ligamentous tightness and kinematic abnormalities, resulting in early osteoarthritis progression into adjacent compartments.     

Periprosthetic bone mineral density changes after unicondylar knee arthroplasty

BackgroundUnicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has received renewed interest in the last decade. UKA involves minor injury to soft tissues, limited removal of bone and delicate preservation of knee anatomy and geometry. In theory, UKA provides an opportunity to restore post-surgical knee kinematics to near normal.HypothesisUKA leaves patellofemoral joint free to meet high mechanical forces with no stress-shielding and therefore might preserve bone mineral density (BMD).Patients and methodsWe studied 21 patients with osteoarthritis(OA), who had received medial compartment UKA at Kuopio University Hospital between October 1997 and September 2000. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), at baseline (within a week after surgery) and at intervals until 7 years.ResultsDEXA results were reproducible. The highest rate of periprosthetic bone loss occurred during the first 3 months after UKA. The average loss in BMD was 4.4% (p = 0.039) in the femoral diaphysis and it ranged from 11.2% (p < 0.001) to 11.9% (p = 0.002) in the distal femoral metaphysis; however, BMD changes in these regions, from 2 years to 7 years, were nonsignificant. At the 1-year follow-up, the BMD of the medial tibial metaphysis had increased by 8.9% (p = 0.02), whereas those in the lateral tibial metaphysial (–2.4%) and diaphysial regions (–2.0%) did not change significantly.InterpretationsUKA did not preserve periprosthetic BMD in the distal femoral metaphysis, whereas BMD changes in the tibial metaphysis were minor, consistent with a mechanical balance between the medial and lateral tibial compartments.Level of Evidence 2bProspective case control study.     

膝关节单髁置换术胫骨假体不同后倾角对假体磨损和功能的影响

目的 建立单髁置换术胫骨假体后倾3°和7°膝关节不同屈膝角度三维有限元模型,研究两种后倾角膝关节生物力学特性和假体磨损及其对功能的影响。方法 结合人体膝关节CT与MRI图像和第3代Oxford假体,建立胫骨假体后倾3°和7°下屈膝单髁置换术有限元模型,在股骨内外侧髁中心点上施加1 kN载荷模拟人体站立相负重,分析不同屈膝角度下单髁假体与关节软骨的最大应力及分布。结果 0°、30°、60°、90°和120°屈膝角度下后倾3°半月板衬垫最大应力分别比后倾7°增加了28.06%、68.99%、19.45%、21.06%、53.38%,应力分布区域从衬垫侧边向中央区域集中,屈膝120°时应力集中明显。胫骨假体后倾3°单髁假体最大应力均大于后倾7°,应力集中区域的扩大会导致假体的磨损和松动,关节软骨接触应力和集中区域随后倾角增大而增大,在高屈曲角度时应力集中更明显。结论 单髁置换术胫骨假体后倾角3°较7°时假体应力和磨损更高,研究结果为临床膝关节单髁置换手术方案设计提供理论依据。