全骨髓贴壁法培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向成骨诱导分化及鉴定

背景：流式细胞仪分离法和免疫磁珠分离法对细胞活性影响较大,密度梯度离心法虽然能够获得纯度高的单核细胞,但由于多次离心可造成细胞的大量流失且对细胞活性有一定的影响使其应用值得商榷。 目的：采用全骨髓贴壁法分离兔骨髓间充质干细胞进行成骨诱导分化及鉴定。 方法：采用全骨髓贴壁法体外分离培养兔骨髓间充质干细胞,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态学特征。在成骨诱导剂作用下,通过碱性磷酸酶染色试剂盒行碱性磷酸酶染色,Ⅰ型胶原免疫细胞化学染色,Von Kossa法及茜素红进行矿化结节染色以及电镜下检测兔骨髓间充质干细胞成骨诱导后的形态结构。 结果与结论：经诱导后细胞出现与成骨细胞相似的形态学特征,碱性磷酸酶染色阳性,Ⅰ型胶原免疫细胞化学染色,Von-Kossa法及茜素红矿化结节染色阳性。表明经成骨诱导剂诱导后全骨髓贴壁法体外分离纯化培养的兔骨髓间充质干细胞能向成骨细胞方向分化增殖。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外成骨诱导*

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞作为良好的种子细胞,将其复合于生物支架治疗骨缺损取得了良好的进展,是当今研究的一大热点。 目的：观察大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外诱导向成骨样细胞分化的效果。 方法：采用贴壁筛选法分离培养SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取生长状态良好的第3代骨髓间充质干细胞,分为2组,对照组细胞仅用DMEM/F12培养基培养;实验组以含成骨诱导剂的DMEM/F12培养基培养。 结果与结论：全骨髓贴壁法培养的原代骨髓间充质干细胞呈梭形或多角形贴壁生长;经成骨诱导剂诱导后骨髓间充质干细胞呈圆形或卵圆形贴壁生长,碱性磷酸酶活性明显强于对照组(P < 0.01);茜素红染色出现阳性的钙化结节;Western blotting检测Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达较对照组有明显增加(P < 0.01);骨钙素ELISA定量分析较对照组明显升高(P < 0.01)。提示全骨髓贴壁法培养骨髓间充质干细胞方法简单、实用,所培养的骨髓间充质干细胞在成骨诱导后表现了成骨细胞的形态学和生物学特性。     

两种不同分离方法对羊骨髓间充质干细胞生物活性的影响

背景：近几年关于鼠、兔等小型动物骨髓间充质干细胞的研究较多,如何获得大型动物羊的骨髓间充质干细胞的报道还较少。 目的：观察全骨髓培养法和密度梯度离心法对羊的骨髓间充质干细胞生物活性的影响。 方法：取健康2月龄的阿勒泰大尾羊,麻醉后于髂后上棘穿刺抽取骨髓,分别采用全骨髓培养法和密度梯度离心法提取羊骨髓间充质干细胞,倒置荧光显微镜观察原代骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞形态及贴壁情况,记录两组细胞首次传代时间,流式细胞仪检测CD44抗原表达,MTT法测定细胞的生长曲线,Von Kossa’s染色检测成骨诱导的分化潜能。 结果与结论：两种分离方法均能得到较均一的梭形,三角形和多边形的BMSCs,胞核大胞浆丰富,CD44抗原表达阳性。全骨髓培养法较密度梯度离心法的细胞数量较多,传代时间略早。骨髓间充质干细胞诱导培养至第14~21天,两组的Von Kossa染色均阳性。其中首次传代全骨髓贴壁法的传代细胞较密度梯度离心法的细胞贴壁较快,活力较好。提示全骨髓培养法是一种简单有效的提取方法。     

人骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养、鉴定及成骨分化

背景：国内外对骨髓间充质干细胞的体外成骨诱导分化研究手段、测定指标均不够全面。 目的：建立并完善一整套人骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及鉴定方法,探讨其体外成骨分化能力。 方法：采用密度梯度离心法分离培养人骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪鉴定细胞表面表型。传至第3代时更换成骨诱导培养基进行成骨分化诱导。 结果与结论：人骨髓间充质干细胞生长旺盛,传代后增殖旺盛,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞表面表型CD44、CD73、CD90表达阳性,CD34表达阴性。诱导后的成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶活性增加,Gomori、Von kossa、茜素红染色均阳性。RT-PCR检测诱导后细胞有Ⅰ型胶原、碱性磷酸酶、骨钙素、骨唾液酸蛋白、骨桥蛋白及骨连接蛋白基因的表达,证明了人骨髓间充质干细胞成功向成骨方向分化。表明实验建立了一整套稳定、成熟的骨髓间充质干细胞分离、培养、扩增方案。     

犬骨髓间充质干细胞的生长特点和在诱骨条件下的成骨特性

为了研究犬骨髓间充质干细胞（canine mesenchymal stem cells，cMSCs）的生长特点和在诱导条件下的成骨特性。使用密度梯度法分离成年犬骨髓间充质干细胞进行培养，保留贴壁细胞传代，观察，以地塞米松、β甘油磷酸钠、抗坏血酸为成骨诱导剂。利用倒置光学显微镜和透射电镜观察细胞形态特征，四甲基偶氮盐（MTT）比色测定增殖，用碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase，ALP）活性及骨钙素（Osteocalcin，OCN）含量来研究细胞分化情况。形态学观察表明，cMSCs贴壁细胞呈集落生长，有成纤维细胞样外观，透射电镜可见成骨诱导后cMSCs具有分泌型细胞的特征；推测成骨诱导剂可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨，表现为ALP活性、OCN含量明显升高。本实验表明所培养的cMSCs保持了未分化状态，并在成骨诱导剂的作用下可向成骨细胞分化。     

全骨髓贴壁并差速传代分离纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞:与密度梯度离心法的比较

背景:目前国内外分离纯化骨髓间充质干细胞有两种主要方法:密度梯度离心法及全骨髓贴壁法,前者步骤较复杂,后者简单易操作,但纯化效果不理想。目的:在全骨髓贴壁分离骨髓间充质干细胞基础上,并用差速传代消化法,建立大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外分离培养纯化方法。方法:全骨髓贴壁培养法分离并差速消化传代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,利用间充质干细胞在消化传代过程中较其他骨髓细胞消化悬浮速度快,以及贴壁快的特点,代替密度梯度离心操作来分离纯化间充质干细胞,对其形态学特征进行观察,并与密度梯度离心法比较两种分离培养法的细胞生长增殖情况;观察碱性磷酸酶及油红染色情况,验证骨髓间充质干细胞的分化能力;检测细胞表面标记物,验证免疫特性及检测其纯度。结果与结论:全骨髓贴壁培养法分离并差速传代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞鉴定、成骨成脂肪培养结果显示其细胞免疫特性、纯度、分化能力与密度梯度离心法无显著差异,但细胞活力,增殖能力有明显提高。     

豚鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离培养及成骨诱导

背景：利用骨髓间充质干细胞的取材灵活性及快捷性,对已掌握的培养技术及成骨诱导进一步探索性研究。 目的：通过建立豚鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的体外分离培养法,探讨豚鼠骨髓间充质干细胞表型特征以及多项分化潜能。 方法：利用贴壁培养法分离纯化豚鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代扩增,流式细胞分析检测细胞表面分子CD29、CD44、CD45的表达。分别采用成骨诱导培养液和成脂诱导培养液定向诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向脂肪细胞、成骨细胞分化。 结果与结论：原代分离的骨髓间充质干细胞在接种后96 h贴壁,细胞形态为椭圆形,多角形及短梭形,8 d时细胞呈长梭形并达到90%单层融合。经传代扩增,细胞进一步纯化,细胞形态为均一的长梭形并呈漩涡状排列,而且生长速率加快。流式细胞检测 CD29、CD44阳性率分别为95.7%和65.7%。不同诱导剂定向诱导后,经油红O、茜素红S、碱性磷酸酶染色、免疫组织化学Ι型胶原酶鉴定,P3代骨髓间充质干细胞分别向脂肪细胞及成骨细胞分化。结果表明,通过贴壁筛选方法,体外分离培养的豚鼠骨髓间充质干细胞具有很强的增殖能力,并保持稳定的表型特征及多向分化潜能。     

rhBMP-7对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化的影响

目的:观察重组人骨形成蛋白-7(rhBMP-7)对小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)向成骨细胞分化的影响。方法:采用密度梯度离心法分离骨髓,体外培养扩增,获得小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,贴壁培养至第3代,向培养液中加入rhBMP-7,培养5 d后进行碱性磷酸酶(ALP)染色,ALP活性与骨钙素(OC)含量检测,并用RT-PCR法分析成骨细胞标志基因骨钙素(OC)与Ⅰ型胶原(Col-Ⅰ)表达情况,Western blot法检测Ⅰ型胶原(Col-Ⅰ)蛋白的分泌量。结果:rhBMP-7诱导组的骨髓间充质干细胞的ALP染色强度、ALP活性及OC含量明显升高,OC与Col-Ⅰ的mRNA表达水平以及Col-Ⅰ的蛋白表达水平均明显提高。结论:rhBMP-7可促进体外培养的小鼠BMSCs向成骨细胞方向分化。     

大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨诱导分化的超微结构变化

背景：目前对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨诱导分化的超微结构观察的报道甚少。 目的：采用全骨髓贴壁法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,成骨诱导并染色鉴定,利用电镜观察诱导前后细胞超微结构变化特点。 方法：全骨髓贴壁法体外分离、培养、纯化大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,流式细胞仪检测细胞表面标记物,成骨染色鉴定向成骨方向诱导分化,扫描电镜及透射电镜观察成骨诱导前后细胞超微结构变化。 结果与结论：培养的第3代骨髓间充质干细胞纯度高、活力强,成骨诱导后的碱性磷酸酶活性染色、钙化结节染色均呈阳性。扫描电镜及透射电镜观察显示,经向成骨细胞诱导分化后,细胞形态铺展,不规则,其线粒体、粗面内质网、空泡明显增多,表明细胞功能活跃。     

成人骨髓间充质干细胞培养条件优化及多向分化的能力

背景:成人骨髓中间充质干细胞数量少,要使其能够更好地应用于组织工程和细胞治疗,就必须建立成熟、简便、有效的分离培养扩增体系。目的:建立成人骨髓间充质干细胞最佳培养方法,并观察诱导其向成脂肪、成骨及软骨细胞分化结果。方法:分别采用密度梯度离心法和全骨髓培养法,分离培养成人骨髓间充质干细胞,通过光镜观察细胞形态,绘制生长曲线比较不同培养方法对骨髓间充质干细胞的影响;免疫荧光法鉴定表面抗原CD34、CD44和CD105的表达。不同诱导培养基诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞,采用油红O、茜素红染色以及阿利新蓝染色检测成脂、成骨和成软骨诱导情况。结果与结论:全骨髓培获得的骨髓间充质干细胞,其增殖能力和生长特性明显优于密度梯度离心法;细胞表面抗原CD44、CD105强阳性,CD34阴性;经过诱导培养,油红O、茜素红染色以及阿利新蓝染色均为阳性,证明全骨髓培养法获得细胞具有更强的生长增殖能力,并具有向脂肪,骨和软骨等组织多向分化的潜能。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.