耳后皮瓣蒂血管和神经的选择依据

在３０侧标本上解剖观察了耳后乳突区皮瓣的血供及神经支配。该皮瓣的蒂血管有颞浅动脉 珀动脉，感觉神经有耳颞神经、枕小神经和耳大神经。在此基础上讨论了临床应用要点，为改进耳后乳突区皮瓣的设计提供解剖依据。     

耳后皮瓣血管的显微外科解剖学基础

目的:研究颞浅动脉和耳后动脉之间的血管联系,以确定带不同血管蒂的耳后皮瓣的血供范围和皮瓣设计。方法:8具新鲜成人尸体经双侧颈总动脉灌注氧化铅-明胶混合液。掀起全层头皮和面部皮肤,将其展平摄X光片。结果:血管造影显示颞浅动脉和耳后动脉之间存在两种类型的血管吻合:一种是耳后区直接吻合,即在耳廓后面上方皮肤内可见颞浅动脉和耳后动脉发出的耳支之间存在直接吻合;另一种是头皮区网状吻合,即在耳上方头皮内可见来自颞浅动脉顶支和耳后动脉终末支之间的网状吻合。结论:本文结果有助于外科医生了解颞浅动脉和耳后动脉之间的血管联系,对耳后皮瓣的设计和改进提供可靠的解剖学基础。     

耳联合切口的应用解剖

在３８侧成人尸体标本上观察，颞浅动脉在耳屏切迹以上位于颧垂线前，耳后动脉恒定经耳廓后沟上升。劝脉沿途发２－４支耳支，分别滋养耳廓处侧面和背面，并相互吻合。神经血管伴行。经临床应用１２例和尸体摹拟手术实验表明，联合切口术野充发，适宜各种中耳乳突手术。血管神经及其耳支均能保留于下１／４蒂内，从而保证了术后的耳廓务供。对切口设计和术中注意事项进行了讨论。     

逆行颞顶筋膜瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的：探讨逆行颞顶筋膜瓣临床应用的可行性。方法：①在12侧成人头颅标本上,对颞顶筋膜的形态和血供进行巨微解剖观测。②分别以颞浅动脉的额支或顶支或额、顶支双蒂设计逆行颞顶筋膜瓣应用于临床修复头颅深度软组织缺损。结果：①颞顶筋膜主要由颞浅动脉供血,额支与顶支是颞浅动脉的终末分支,颞浅动脉经额支、顶支与耳后动脉、枕动脉、眶上动脉、滑车上动脉及对侧颞浅动脉有丰富吻合。颞浅静脉由静脉额支和静脉顶支汇合而成,动、静脉额支及可动、静脉顶支基本伴行。②临床应用6例逆行颞顶筋膜瓣均获成功。结论：逆行颞顶筋膜瓣供血可靠,具有采取方便、供区隐蔽等优点,适用于额、顶、枕等处深度软组织缺损的修复。     

额顶颞区皮瓣血管的臣微解剖

在50侧成年尸体的头颅血管灌注有色填充剂,观测额顶颞区皮瓣的血管。分布于这一区域的主要血管为颞浅血管,此外耳后血管、眶上血管和滑车上血管亦参与该区的分布。颞浅动脉是最大的一支头皮动脉,分布面积占整个头皮的57.38±6.05%。额支和顶支是它的两分支。额支存在恒定,它的管径、分布面积都比顶支大,是一支优势血管。颞浅静脉是颞浅动脉的伴行静脉,静脉顶支的出现率恒定,管径比静脉额支大。统计了颞浅动脉与相邻头皮动脉间的吻合血管,为跨正中线超长皮瓣的设计提供了解剖学依据。本文讨论了以额支为血管蒂的前额瓣及以顶支为血管蒂的头皮瓣。     

耳廓掀翻入路的显微解剖与临床应用

目的：报道耳外科新的手术入路的显微解剖与临床应用。方法：在38侧标本上对外耳血供进行解剖观察，设计了耳廓向下掀翻入路，应用于121例耳部疾患。结果：外耳血供来自颈外动脉的颞浅动脉和耳后动脉，其外侧面为颞浅动脉上、中、下耳支及耳后动脉耳廓支的穿支供应，背面为耳后动脉上、中、下耳支供应。经耳廓掀翻中耳乳突手术入路，手术野大，暴露好，未发生耳廓缺血坏死或感觉障碍。结论：耳廓掀翻是现代耳外科理想的手术进路。     

鼻成形术中额颞部血管的应用解剖学研究

目的：为解决临床上额部皮瓣修复鼻缺损时常出现的血运障碍，全鼻再造时的衬里缺损以及应用耳廓复合组织修复鼻翼缺损时面积受限等问题。方法：对２９例（５８例）尸体额、鼻和颞部血管进行解剖。结果：滑车上动脉由两侧向内上行走，滑车上动脉的分支、眶上动脉的浅支、颞浅动脉额支的额眶支相互吻合成网前额动脉吻合网。颞浅动脉主干及顶支发出２～３支耳支分布至耳轮。结论：额部皮瓣应设计在旁正中的滑车上动脉血管走行轴线上；可同时用两侧额部皮瓣行全鼻缺损的修复；亦可经前额动脉吻合网、颞浅动脉及其分支，设计出带蒂的大面积耳廓复合组织岛状瓣修复大面积鼻翼缺损或半鼻缺损     

全耳再造的解剖学基础研究

目的 :为更好地开展全耳再造术提供解剖学基础。方法 :①观察头面部血管铸型标本 10例 18侧 ,②用逐层解剖的方法观察 10例经 10 %福尔马林固定的成人头部标本和 5例新鲜成人头部标本。结果 :①耳廓及乳突区是由耳后动脉和颞浅动脉相互吻合形成的血管网供血。②耳廓的组织层次简单 ,可以认为耳廓是由皮肤包裹软骨形成的一个附属结构。结论 :①皮肤扩张法耳再造术在皮下层进行皮肤扩张最为理想 ,可形成薄的真皮下血管网皮瓣。②颞顶筋膜瓣可作为耳后皮瓣的补充 ,用于耳廓再造。③残耳可分为三部分进行充分利用。     

跨血管区反流耳颞部皮瓣应用解剖学

目的:明确耳颞部颞浅动脉系统与额部及眼眶区周围血管系统之间的交通吻合情况,为临床跨血管区反流耳颞部岛状皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础.方法:15具福尔马林保存的成人尸体头面部进行肉眼解剖;5具新鲜成人头部标本制作血管铸型,观察颞浅动脉额支与眶上及滑车上动脉的相互交通吻合状况以及颞浅动脉分支与眼轮匝肌营养血管之间的吻合情况.结果:眶上及滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域为上界距眶上缘(4.9±0.4)cm,下界为眶上缘水平,上界内侧距离前正中线(1.0±0.2)cm,外侧距离前正中线(4.5±0.4)cm;下界内侧距离前正中线(1.4±0.2)cm,外侧(2.3±0.5)cm;颞浅动脉分支—颧眶动脉以3种分支类型与面动脉的终末支—内眦动脉在眼轮匝肌内形成稳定的交通吻合.结论:颞浅动脉额支与滑车上动脉存在吻合支集中区域;眶上动脉与颞浅动脉额支在眉外侧存在位置恒定吻合点.以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣实际上是以颧眶动脉远端和眼睑动脉弓为蒂的跨区反流轴型皮瓣.     

前臂背侧皮瓣的应用解剖

用显微解剖、组织切片及扫描电镜观察等方法对40例成人前臂背侧皮瓣进行了究研.前臂背侧皮瓣的供血动脉为骨间后动脉,外径为1.5mm,主干长15.4cm,在浅筋膜及深筋膜中有丰富的吻合支.该皮瓣的微血管构筑由五层血管网组成。各层血管网间有丰富的吻合支,互相沟通,共同完成整个皮瓣的血供.该皮瓣具有血管口径粗,位置恒定且浅表不损伤主要血管等优点.     

耳后肌肌皮瓣的应用解剖

本文对成人尸体38具(男29、女9)头颅的耳后肌形态及对其中10具(男9、女1)头部血管灌注良好者的耳后肌血供进行了观测。提出耳后动脉耳支的耳廓支是耳后肌肌皮瓣的良好血管蒂。画神经耳后肌支支配耳后肌。枕小神经分支和耳大神经分支分布耳后区。     

Reevaluation of the arterial blood supply of the auricle

The anatomical basis for auricular flaps used in multiple aesthetic and reconstructive procedures is currently based on a random distribution of the underlying arterial network. However, recent findings reveal a systematic pattern as opposed to the present concepts. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the arterial vascular pattern of the auricle in order to provide reliable data about the vascular map required for surgical interventions. Sixteen human auricles from eight body donors (five females/three males, 84.33 ± 9.0 years) were investigated using the unique ‘Spalteholz’ method. After arterial injection of silicone, a complete transparency of the tissue was achieved and the auricular arteries and branches were visible. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the arterial vascular pattern was performed. The superior and the inferior anterior auricular artery provided the vascular supply to the helical rim, forming an arcade, i.e. helical rim arcade. On the superior third of the helical rim another arcade was confirmed between the superior anterior auricular artery and the posterior auricular artery (PAA), i.e. the helical arcade. The perforators of the PAA were identified lying in a vertical line 1 cm posterior to the tragus, supplying the concha, inferior crus, triangular fossa, antihelix and the earlobe. The results of this study confirmed the constant presence of the helical rim arcade (Zilinsky‐Cotofana), consistent perforating branches of the PAA, and the helical arcade (Erdman), and will help and guide physicians performing auricular surgeries toward fast and simple procedures with optimal patient satisfaction.     

横向跨区头皮瓣修复头部严重电烧伤

目的运用跨区供血形成反流轴型皮瓣的研究理论，设计横向跨区头皮瓣修复头部严重电烧伤。方法对16例头部严重电烧伤颅骨大范围外露创面的患者，将一侧颞浅动脉为蒂通过吻合支向对侧颞浅动脉或耳后动脉反流供血，以此走行的血管为轴线，采用扩张和不扩张两种方式形成横向跨区头皮瓣，修复外露创面。结果16例患者中，2例置入扩张器术后伤口感染，造成扩张囊外露1cm×2cm～2cm×3cm，住院时间延长，对手术效果有一定影响，但所有皮瓣形成转移后均全部成活，创面完全修复。结论横向跨区头皮瓣及其扩张后转移，应用于头部严重电烧伤修复能够取得良好的效果，丰富了跨区供血皮瓣的应用方式和应用范围。     

The supra-auricular arterial network: anatomical bases for the use of superior pedicle retro-auricular skin flaps

The authors present an anatomical study on vascularization of the retro-auricular skin, focusing on the origin, distribution and anastomoses of the superior auricular artery. This artery is used as the pedicle of a retro-auricular flap to repair defects in the upper third of the auricle and in the temporal region. The study was carried out on 13 fresh cadavers, with a total of 25 auricles. The common carotid artery had previously been injected with dyed latex. The superior auricular artery was found in all specimens. It had constant course and caliber, mean axial length 2.4 cm, mean caliber 0.8 mm. This artery connected the superficial temporal artery, or its parietal branch, and the posterior auricular artery network. This branch proved a reliable vascular pedicle for the mobilization of retro-auricular flaps. The results of this study are presented together with preliminary clinical results obtained using an antero-superior retro-auricular flap, never previously described, to reconstruct the superior third of the auricle and the temporal region.     

臂后侧皮瓣的应用解剖

在50侧经红色乳胶灌注的成年尸体上,对臂后侧皮瓣的血管和神经进行了观察。臂后侧皮瓣的动脉多为1支,大部分由肱动脉、肱深动脉发出,少数由腋动脉发出,起始处外径平均1.4mm,干长4.3cm。伴行静脉注入处外径1.3mm。臂后皮瓣内的臂后皮神经横径为1.3mm。     

胫后动脉逆行岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

对36例新鲜下肢标本进行了解剖观察,X 线造影、染料灌注试验及胫后静脉逆向加压灌注试验.结果表明:胫后动脉显露部发出皮支较多,是皮瓣形成的最佳部位;静脉瓣节段性失效是逆行岛状皮瓣静脉回流的主要方式。     

耳大神经及腮腺筋膜解剖的再认识与腮腺切除手术的改良

目的：对耳大神经及腮腺筋膜解剖进行再认识，由此改良腮腺切除手术方法。方法：解剖成人尸体10侧，术中活体解剖20侧，对耳大神经和腮腺筋膜的解剖要素进行观察。根据观察结果进行改良腮腺切除术14例，即在腮腺筋膜表面翻瓣后，由前向后另翻腮腺筋膜瓣，切除腮腺后将筋膜瓣复位缝合，完整保留耳大神经和腮腺筋膜。结果：耳大神经在下颌角水平之上0-2cm依次分耳后、耳垂、耳前支，神经主干末段和分支起始段均分布于腮腺筋膜浅层表面，后者致密，其致密纤维包裹在神经周围。改良手术后2例（14．3％）发生轻度Frey’s综合征，无1例发生术区皮肤长期麻木、长期面瘫、涎瘘及肿瘤复发。结论：耳大神经各分支和腮腺筋膜具有不可代替的解剖生理功能，改良术式能将两者完好保留，显著降低术后并发症。     

A new method for tracing the facial nerve trunk using the posterior auricular nerve

Tracing the facial nerve trunk is an essential action in parotid surgery, because of the implications of injury to the nerve or its branches. More than a few landmarks that may help the surgeon in this task have been proposed (e.g., the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, the tragal pointer, among others), under the assumption that additional access methods improve the surgical technique and reduce the possibility of harmful post‐operative consequences. Here we present evidence that the posterior auricular nerve may be used to trace the facial nerve trunk. We dissected 75 cadaveric heminecks, exposed the auricularis posterior muscle and adnexa, and attempted to follow the posterior auricular nerve to the facial nerve trunk. The auricularis posterior muscle, nerve, and artery were identified in all heminecks, securing an anatomically reliable route to the facial nerve trunk. Average length of the nerve from the auricularis posterior muscle to the facial nerve trunk was 28 mm (±6.2 mm). The angle between the posterior auricular nerve and the vertical segment of the FN trunk was 39.5° (±7.7°). We conclude that the posterior auricular nerve may be used as a landmark to trace the facial nerve trunk. It is advantageous due to the relatively simple and consistent regional anatomy, and also because manipulation of this nerve does not present a risk given that the auricularis posterior muscle is vestigial. The proposed landmark is particularly important in revision surgery, where the pre‐auricular anatomy may have been distorted and scarred by previous operations. Clin. Anat. 32:453–457, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.