力学刺激和成骨化学诱导剂对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化能力的影响

目的 探讨力学刺激与成骨化学诱导剂对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（rat bone mesenchymal stem cells,rBMSCs）碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase, ALP）、I 型胶原(collagen type I, COL I）和骨钙素 (osteocalcin, OCN) 基因表达与钙化结节形成的影响。方法 体外分离培养rBMSCs,分别在成骨诱导和非成骨诱导条件下应用双轴力学应变加载系统对rBMSCs施加周期性的机械张应变（应变2%,频率1 Hz,每次2 h,间隔2 h,每天加载3 次）。力学刺激作用3 d和6 d,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测ALP、COL I和OCN的mRNA表达,同时采用茜素红染色法观察钙化结节的形成情况。结果 力学刺激作用后,成骨诱导6 d组出现明显的钙化结节,其余各组均无明显钙化结节形成。与相应非诱导组比较,成骨诱导3 d组ALP、COL I和OCN的mRNA表达量分别增加0.6、3和11.8倍;成骨诱导6 d组ALP、COL I和OCN的mRNA表达量分别增加2.7、3.2和10倍。结论 成骨化学诱导剂和力学刺激均能促进rBMSCs的骨向分化,且二者之间具有协同作用。     

体外双轴拉伸应变诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨特异性标志物的表达

探讨体外双轴拉伸应变对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rBMSCs)向成骨细胞分化的影响。分离4周龄SD大鼠BMSCs,将P3~P4代rBMSCs接种于DMEM-LG完全培养基的双轴拉伸应变细胞培养小室中。当细胞生长至亚融合状态后,给予细胞施加拉伸应变,频率为1 Hz,应变幅度为1%、2%、5%,每个应变幅度均分别加载2h/d、4h/d、6h/d,连续作用3d。以未受拉伸应变的rBMSCs为空白对照组。以未受拉伸应变,含100nmol/L雌二醇(E2)培养的rBMSCs为阳性对照组。通过实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法检测各组rBMSCs的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、Ⅰ型胶原(ColⅠ)、Runt相关转录因子-2(Runx2)、骨钙蛋白(OCN)mRNA和蛋白的表达量。实验结果表明:(1)E2组rBMSCs中Runx2、ColⅠ、ALP、OCN mRNA及蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05);(2)1%拉伸应变组rBMSCs中ALP、Runx2mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05),但与E2组相比明显降低(P0.05);(3)2%拉伸应变组rBMSCs中ALP、ColⅠ、Runx2、OCN mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05),其中,加载时间4h/d组rBMSCs中ColⅠ、Runx2 mRNA和蛋白表达量明显高于E2组(P0.05);(4)5%拉伸应变组,加载时间2h/d、4h/d组rBMSCs中ALP、ColⅠ、Runx2mRNA和蛋白表达量均明显高于空白对照组(P0.05),与E2组相比,加载时间4h/d组的ColⅠ、Runx2mRNA和蛋白表达量也明显上调(P0.05)。本实验结果提示,雌二醇和体外双轴拉伸应变均可以诱导rBMSCs向成骨细胞分化,且拉伸应变幅度2%、加载时间4h/d时,促rBMSCs成骨分化的作用最强。     

动态轴向压应变促进丝素蛋白支架内MC3T3-E1细胞成骨分化

目的 观察动态轴向压应变对三维丝素蛋白支架内成骨细胞成骨相关基因表达的影响。方法 应用动态力学加载仪对实验组小鼠胚胎成骨细胞MC3T3-E1加载动态轴向压应变（5%应变幅度,1 Hz,30 min/d,共21 d）,对照组细胞常规静置培养,不施加力学刺激。应用定量PCR检测细胞成骨基因碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、I型胶原（COLⅠ）、骨特异性转录因子（Runx2）、成骨相关转录因子（Osx）、骨钙蛋白（OCN） mRNA表达量。结果 成骨细胞在周期性轴向压应力刺激下,Runx2、Osx及COLⅠ表达分别增加280%、68.9%和79.6%,ALP及OCN表达也分别增加10.7%和26.9%。实验组成骨相关基因mRNA表达与对照组比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 成骨细胞复合丝素蛋白生物支架材料在周期性轴向压应力刺激下,成骨基因COLⅠ、Runx2、Osx及OCN表达明显上调,可能是生理状态下压应力刺激促进骨折愈合的重要机制之一。研究结果对于以力学信号为基础的细胞疗法修复骨缺损等疾病具有重要临床价值。     

骨髓间充质干细胞经不同时间成骨细胞诱导后细胞性质比较

目的 探讨骨髓间充质干细胞经成骨细胞诱导不同时间后的细胞性质。方法 成人骨髓分离单个核细胞（MNC）,体外培养获得间充质干细胞（MSC）,传至第4代后加入地塞米松（DEX）、抗坏血酸和β-甘油磷酸,诱导成骨分化。诱导7d和14d后的细胞与正常成人成骨细胞分别加入不同浓度骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP-2）和DEX,48h后检测细胞增殖、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性和骨钙素（OCN）的含量。结果 BMP-2和DEX对诱导7d后的细胞有明显的刺激增殖和ALP活性的作用;对诱导14d后的细胞,BMP-2和DEX都不能刺激细胞增殖和ALP活性,但OCN含量明显增加。正常成人成骨细胞对BMP-2和DEX作用的反应与诱导14d的成骨样细胞基本一致,但其OCN绝对含量明显高于MSC来源的成骨细胞。结论 骨髓MSC向成骨诱导7d和14d后细胞分化程度不同。诱导时间在MSC的成骨分化中是一个非常关键的因素,但其机制和最佳诱导时间尚需进一步研究。诱导14d后的MSC的成骨活性低于正常成人成骨细胞。     

BMP9调控Notch、TLR4信号通路诱导主动脉瓣间质细胞成骨样分化北大核心CSCD

目的：探究骨形态发生蛋白9(BMP9)调控Notch、Toll样受体-4(TLR4)信号通路诱导主动脉瓣膜间质细胞（AVICs）成骨样分化的作用机制。方法：将患者分为非钙化性主动脉瓣疾病（non-CAVD）组和CAVD组，免疫组化和Western blot检测患者BMP9、Runx2蛋白表达水平。取健康家猪主动脉瓣叶并分离AVICs，免疫荧光染色对其进行表型鉴定；采用BMP9干扰载体及BMP9腺病毒处理AVICs，分为对照组（control组）、干扰对照组（si-control）组、si-BMP9组、携带绿色荧光蛋白（GFP）基因的重组腺病毒（Ad）组（Ad-GFP组）和Ad-BMP9组，并建立体外AVICs钙化模型；采用碱性磷酸酶（ALP）染色、雄激素受体（AR）染色检测细胞早期和晚期的成骨分化能力；qRT-PCR检测Runx2、骨桥蛋白（OPN）、骨钙蛋白（OCN） mRNA表达；Western blot检测Runx2、OPN、OCN、BMP9、Notch2、Notch胞内域（NICD）、发状分裂相关增强子1(Hes1)、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果：与non-CAVD组相比，CAVD组中BMP9和Runx2蛋白明显升高（P<0.05）。原代猪AVICs分离成功，其中α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、Vimentin呈阳性表达，血小板内皮细胞黏附分子-1(PECAM-1,CD31)呈阴性表达。敲减BMP9后，AVICs中BMP9、Runx2、OCN、OPN mRNA水平、早期及晚期成骨分化能力及BMP9、Runx2、OCN、OPN、Notch2、NICD、Hes1、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白水平均下降（P<0.05）；过表达BMP9后，AVICs中BMP9、Runx2、OCN、OPN mRNA水平，早期及晚期成骨分化能力，BMP9、Runx2、OCN、OPN、Notch2、NICD、Hes1、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白水平均升高（P<0.05）。结论：BMP9能够促进AVICs的成骨样分化，这一作用机制可能与Notch和TLR4信号通路的激活有关。     

Shh在雷奈酸锶促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化过程中的作用

 目的：研究Sonic Hedgehog（Shh）在雷奈酸锶（strontium ranelate,Sr）促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）向成骨细胞分化中的作用。方法：采用全骨髓贴壁培养法分离、纯化、培养大鼠BMSCs,取第3~5代BMSCs加入成骨诱导液诱导成骨分化,再加入不同浓度Sr及Shh拮抗剂cyclopamine（Cy）,分别观察它们对BMSCs向成骨细胞分化的影响。酶标法检测成骨细胞分化早期标志物碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)的活性;茜素红染色检测细胞钙化水平;Western blotting法检测Shh和Runx2蛋白的表达情况。结果：Sr（3 mmol/L）可以使细胞ALP活性增高,钙结节形成增加。Sr（0.1～5 mmol/L）作用BMSCs 7 d,可明显促进Shh和Runx2蛋白的表达,且Shh蛋白在1 mmol/L Sr作用时表达最多,而Runx2在3 mmol/L Sr作用时表达最多。1 mmol/L Sr作用BMSCs不同时间（1、3、5、7 d）,呈时间依赖性地上调Shh和Runx2蛋白的表达。Cy（10 μmol/L）不仅拮抗Sr对Shh和Runx2表达的上调作用,还抑制Sr对ALP和钙结节形成的促进作用。结论：Sr可通过上调Shh蛋白及成骨特异性转录因子Runx2的表达促进BMSCs向成骨细胞分化。     

miR-146a调控骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化的机制研究

目的探讨miR-146a调控骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)成骨分化的作用及其分子机制。方法贴壁法分离培养小鼠BMSC,检测成骨分化早期标志物Runx 2的变化,观察BMSC体外成骨分化,利用miRNA特异性的聚合酶链式反应(miRNAspecific qPCR)观察miR-146a的变化情况,并干预miR-146a表达,明确miR-146a对BMSC成骨分化的调控作用。结果成功建立了稳定的BMSC体外培养体系,该细胞能够成功分化为脂肪细胞和成骨细胞;在成骨诱导培养条件下,随着成骨分化,miR-146a水平降低,过表达miR-146a,成骨分化早期标志分子Runx 2表达降低;转染miR-146a拮抗体antago-miR-146a可以补救Runx 2表达的降低。结论 miR-146a负向调控BMSC成骨分化,拮抗miR-146a可以补救BMSC成骨分化的降低。     

过表达miR-30a抑制BMP9诱导C2C12细胞的成骨分化

目的探讨miR-30a在BMP9诱导间充质干细胞C2C12成骨分化中的作用。方法 BMP9条件培养基处理间充质干细胞C2C12诱导成骨分化,用real-time PCR连续检测miR-30家族成员的mRNA。用BMP9条件培养基作用Ad-mmu-miR-30a预处理的C2C12细胞,通过ALP染色和活性检测来反映早期成骨指标ALP的表达、分别在mRNA水平和蛋白水平检测中期成骨指标(OCN)的表达、用钙盐沉积来检测晚期成骨分化,用流式细胞术和MTT检测C2C12细胞的周期与增殖。最后探讨miR-30a在BMP9诱导C2C12细胞成骨分化中的作用机制。结果 miR-30家族中,只有miR-30a在BMP9诱导C2C12细胞成骨分化中表达下调,miR-30a过表达后,通过靶基因Runx2使BMP9诱导成骨分化能力减弱,ALP的表达下降(P0.05),OCN蛋白水平和mRNA水平也都表达下调(P0.05),钙盐沉积受到抑制。结论 miR-30a可以抑制BMP9诱导C2C12细胞的成骨分化。     

Shh促进BMP9诱导的小鼠间充质干细胞C3H10T1/2的成骨分化

目的 观察Shh蛋白对骨形态发生蛋白9(BMP9)诱导的小鼠间充质干细胞(MSCs) C3H10T1/2成骨分化的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制.方法 Shh腺病毒和BMP9作用于C3H10T1/2细胞,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)检测ALP变化,茜素红S染色检测钙盐沉积,RT-PCR检测Shh、BMP9、骨桥蛋白(OPN)、骨钙素(OCN)以及成骨相关基因Id1、Id2、Id3、CTGF和Runx2的表达,Western blot检测OPN、OCN、Runx2、DLX5和p-Smad1/5/8的蛋白水平,荧光素酶报告基因检测Smad1/5/8的转录活性.结果 Shh不影响BMP9的表达,但可增强由BMP9诱导的C3H10T1/2细胞早晚期成骨分化(P＜0.05),并促进BMP9诱导的成骨相关基因的表达(P＜0.05);Shh促进了BMP9诱导的Smad荧光素酶活性(P＜0.05),但对其磷酸化并无影响.结论 Shh可促进BMP9诱导的小鼠C3H10T1/2细胞的成骨分化.     

A comparative analysis of the osteogenic capacity of osteoblasts from newborn and two-week-old rats

AimTo compare the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts between newborn rats (1d group) and two-week-old rats (14d group) and to clarify the mechanism underlying these effects.MethodThe endogenous expression of osteogenic marker genes was detected by qPCR, including ALP, OCN, Col1a1, and Runx2. The osteoblasts proliferation was evaluated by EdU assay and Western Blotting [PCNA and Cyclin D1]. ALP activities in osteoblasts were detected using a PNPP kit, ALP staining and qPCR. Mineralized nodule formation and intracellular calcium levels were assessed by Alizarin Red staining and calcium colorimetric assay respectively while OCN, Col1a1 and Runx2 levels in osteoblasts were analyzed by immunostaining. Osteogenesis-associated pathways including Wnt/β-Catenin, Akt/PPAR and Smad were analyzed via Western Blotting.ResultEndogenous ALP, OCN, Col1a1, and Runx2 expression levels were significantly higher in osteoblasts from 14d group than those from 1d group. After treatment with osteogenic induction medium, osteoblast proliferation, ALP activity, mineralized nodule formation, and intracellular calcium levels were markedly increased in osteoblasts from 1d group, with similar results also being observed for the expression of OCN, Col1a1, and Runx2. Wnt3a, β-catenin, p-Akt, p-Smad1/5/8, and p-Smad5 protein levels were also higher in osteoblasts from 1d group relative to those from 14d group, while the expression of PPARγ was lower.ConclusionThe superior osteogenic differentiation capacity in osteoblasts was associated with the higher activation levels of Wnt/β-Catenin, Akt/PPAR and Smad signaling pathways, and the enhanced proliferative activity in osteoblasts from 1d group.     

Delivery of dimethyloxallyl glycine in mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells

Development of hypoxia-mimicking bone tissue engineering scaffolds is of great importance in stimulating angiogenesis for bone regeneration. Dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) is a cell-permeable, competitive inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH), which can stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) expression. The aim of this study was to develop hypoxia-mimicking scaffolds by delivering DMOG in mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) scaffolds and to investigate whether the delivery of DMOG could induce a hypoxic microenvironment for human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC). MBG scaffolds with varied mesoporous structures (e.g. surface area and mesopore volume) were prepared by controlling the contents of mesopore-template agent. The composition, large-pore microstructure and mesoporous properties of MBG scaffolds were characterized. The effect of mesoporous properties on the loading and release of DMOG in MBG scaffolds was investigated. The effects of DMOG delivery on the cell morphology, cell viability, HIF-1α stabilization, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and bone-related gene expression (alkaline phosphatase, ALP; osteocalcin, OCN; and osteopontin, OPN) of hBMSC in MBG scaffolds were systematically investigated. The results showed that the loading and release of DMOG in MBG scaffolds can be efficiently controlled by regulating their mesoporous properties via the addition of different contents of mesopore-template agent. DMOG delivery in MBG scaffolds had no cytotoxic effect on the viability of hBMSC. DMOG delivery significantly induced HIF-1α stabilization, VEGF secretion and bone-related gene expression of hBMSC in MBG scaffolds in which DMOG counteracted the effect of HIF-PH and stabilized HIF-1α expression under normoxic condition. Furthermore, it was found that MBG scaffolds with slow DMOG release significantly enhanced the expression of bone-related genes more than those with instant DMOG release. The results suggest that the controllable delivery of DMOG in MBG scaffolds can mimic a hypoxic microenvironment, which not only improves the angiogenic capacity of hBMSC, but also enhances their osteogenic differentiation.     

骨髓脂肪细胞向成骨细胞的转分化

背景：骨髓脂肪细胞、成骨细胞共同来源于骨髓基质细胞,二者存在基因同源性,在一定的条件下可以相互转分化。 目的：观察骨髓细胞源性脂肪细胞在成骨诱导分化培养条件下转分化为成骨细胞的活性,探索股骨头坏死细胞水平治疗的新途径。 方法：将前脂肪细胞3T3-L1分别进行成骨诱导培养和成脂诱导培养。培养后不同时间点观察细胞形态的变化;并于诱导培养后5,21 d分别进行实时定量-聚合酶链反应检测成骨、成脂分化过程中,细胞中Runt相关基因转录因子2、氧化物增殖体激活物受体γ2、骨钙素和Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达。并于成骨、成脂培养21 d后采用Wertern-blot法检测相关蛋白的表达。培养细胞爬片,分别进行碱性磷酸酶、钙结节茜素红、油红O染色,观察3T3-L1成骨转分化情况以及成骨细胞活性表达。 结果与结论：3T3-L1在成骨诱导培养5 d后,细胞由圆形逐渐演变成纺锤形和梭形;实时定量-聚合酶链反应检测结果与对照组相比,氧化物增殖体激活物受体γ2 mRNA表达减弱,而Runt相关基因转录因子2、骨钙素和Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达微量增强。至21 d时,这种表达改变更加明显;Western-blot显示,Runt相关基因转录因子2、骨钙素和Ⅰ型胶原蛋白量增加,而氧化物增殖体激活物受体γ2微量甚至无表达;碱性磷酸酶染色阳性表达较多,茜素红钙结节染色可见多个散在分布的钙结节;油红O染色微量脂滴。提示小鼠骨髓基质细胞源性前脂肪细胞3T3-L1在成骨诱导培养下,可在一定程度上转分化为有生物活性的成骨细胞;小鼠骨髓基质细胞的脂肪细胞和成骨细胞二者之间存在着可塑性。     

Role of the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in Osteogenesis of Rat Tendon-Derived Stem Cells in Normoxic and Hypoxic Cultures

Background: Ectopic ossification and increased vascularization are two common phenomena in the chronic tendinopathic tendon. The increased vascularization usually leads to an elevated local oxygen tension which is one of micro-environments that can influence differentiate status of stem cells.Objective: This study aimed to investigate the osteogenesis capacity of rat tendon-derived stem cells TDSCs (rTDSCs) in normoxic and hypoxic cultures, and to study the role of ERK1/2 signaling pathway in this process.Methods: rTDSCs were subjected to osteogenesis inductive culture in hypoxic (3% O₂) and normoxic (20% O₂) conditions. The inhibitor U0126 was added along with culture medium to determine the role of ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Cell viability, cell proliferation, alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, gene expression (ALP, osteocalcin, collagen I and RUNX2) and protein expression (p-ERK1/2 and RUNX2) of osteogenic-cultured rTSDCs were analyzed in this study.Results: Hypoxic and normoxic culture had no effects on cell viability of rTDSCs, whereas the proliferation potential of rTDSCs was significantly increased in hypoxic culture. The osteogenesis capacity of rTDSCs in normoxic culture was significantly promoted compared with hypoxic culture, which was reflected by an increased alizarin red staining intensity, an elevated ALP activity, and the up-regulated gene (ALP, osteocalcin, collagen I and RUNX2) or protein (RUNX2) expression of osteogenic makers. However, the osteogenesis capacity of rTDSCs in both hypoxic and normoxic cultures was attenuated by the inhibitor U0126.Conclusion: Normoxic culture promotes osteogenic differentiation of rTDSCs compared with the hypoxic culture, and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway is involved in this process.     

血管内皮细胞对骨髓基质细胞促成骨作用的研究

在骨组织工程研究中 ,因营养血管长入材料非常缓慢而影响材料深部的成骨作用一直是困扰科研人员的难题之一。骨髓基质细胞能分泌血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) ,内皮细胞可以产生骨形态发生蛋白 (BMP) ,因此我们设想将骨髓基质细胞和内皮细胞联合种植在生物材料上构建组织工程化骨 ,则可能在促进成骨的同时 ,又促进局部血管生成 ,满足成骨过程的营养需要。在本实验中我们比较了内皮细胞培养液作用下的骨髓基质细胞、经诱导的骨髓基质细胞和未处理的骨髓基质细胞之间碱性磷酸酶 (AL P)活性和骨钙素 (OCN)分泌量的差别 ,结果表明内皮细胞培养液作用下的骨髓基质细胞和经诱导的骨髓基质细胞之间碱性磷酸酶活性和骨钙素分泌量无统计学差异 ,但均明显高于未处理的骨髓基质细胞 (P<0 .0 1) ,说明内皮细胞培养液中的分泌因子对骨髓基质细胞具有促成骨作用 ,可以达到和成骨诱导液相同的效果。     

Runx2重组慢病毒感染骨髓间充质干细胞并促进其成骨分化的研究

目的　利用重组Runx2基因的慢病毒感染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）,使其Runx2基因的表达水平提高,观察BMSCs成骨相关基因的表达情况,研究Runx2基因促进BMSCs的成骨分化情况。 方法　PCR扩增Runx2基因,并连接到慢病毒表达载体质粒Pez-lv201,与包装质粒共转染293T细胞进行包装,测得慢病毒液滴度。取4周龄SD大鼠胫骨,分离、培养BMSCs,流式细胞仪鉴定。将Runx2重组慢病毒感染BMSCs。显微镜下观察细胞形态变化;RT-PCR分析BMSCs成骨基因的表达情况。 结果　Runx2基因重组慢病毒表达载体质粒酶切和测序鉴定正确。测得慢病毒液滴度为1.6×109 TU/ml。流式细胞仪检测表面抗原CD90和CD105,表达率为99.8%、99.3%。重组慢病毒感染后实验组细胞形态呈成骨样细胞改变;对照组未见明显变化。实验组Runx2、OCN、osteonectin、ALP、BMP-2、OPN基因的表达水平随时间推移而增高;对照组上述基因均无明显表达。 结论　利用Runx2重组慢病毒感染BMSCs,使其高表达Runx2基因,可以使OCN、osteonectin、ALP、BMP-2、OPN基因表达增强,说明Runx2基因可以促进BMSCs向成骨方向分化。     

Electroporation-mediated transfer of Runx2 and Osterix genes to enhance osteogenesis of adipose stem cells

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that electroporation-mediated transfer of Runx2, Osterix, or both genes enhances the in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis from adipose stem cells (ASCs). ASCs were transfected with Runx2, Osterix, or both genes using electroporation, and further cultured in monolayer or in PLGA scaffold under osteogenic medium for 14 days, then analyzed for in vitro osteogenic differentiation. Transfected ASC-PLGA scaffold hybrids were also implanted on nude mice to test for in vivo ectopic bone formation. Runx2 and Osterix genes were strongly expressed in ASCs transfected with each gene on day 7, decreasing rapidly on day 14. Runx2 protein was strongly expressed in ASCs transfected with the Runx2 gene, while Osterix protein was strongly expressed in ASCs transfected with either or both Runx2 and Osterix genes. Overexpression of Runx2 and Osterix significantly increased the gene expression of osteogenic differentiation markers (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], osteocalcin [OCN], type I collagen [COL1A1], and bone sialoprotein [BSP]) in ASCs. Transfection of Runx2 and Osterix genes enhanced the protein expression of OCN, type I collagen, and BSP, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis, and ALP activity as well as enhancing mineralization in the monolayer culture and ASC-PLGA scaffold hybrids. Runx2- or Osterix-transfected ASC-PLGA scaffold hybrids promoted bone formation in nude mice after 6 weeks of in vivo implantation.     

The effect of gelatin incorporation into electrospun poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) fibers on mechanical properties and cytocompatibility

Very elastic poly(L-lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) (PLCL) (50:50) copolymer blended with gelatin was electrospun into microfibers from a hexafluoroisopropanol solution. PLCL fiber sheet exhibited the unique soft and flexible behavior while gelatin fiber was hard and brittle. As the gelatin content of PLCL/gelatin fibers increased, Young's modulus was increased, but the elongation was decreased compared to those of PLCL. However, fibers containing 10-30 wt% gelatin demonstrated an enhanced tensile strength with still high elongation to be beneficial for tissue engineering scaffolds. The cytocompatibility of electrospun fiber sheets was evaluated by fibroblasts (NIH-3T3) cell culture. The initial cell adhesion on various fibers after 5h was somewhat similar, but in the order of PLCL>PLCL70/gelatin30 approximately PLCL50/gelatin50>PLCL90/gelatin10 approximately gelatin>PLCL30/gelatin70. However, the cell proliferation exhibited a completely different and strong dependence on the fiber composition: a very high proliferation rate on PLCL90/gelatin10, followed by PLCL>gelatin>PLCL70/gelatin30. Such an enhanced effect of gelatin, especially at 10 wt% content, on strength and cytocompatibility of PLCL/gelatin fibers would be very preferable for tissue engineering scaffolds.     

犬骨髓间充质干细胞的生长特点和在诱骨条件下的成骨特性

为了研究犬骨髓间充质干细胞（canine mesenchymal stem cells，cMSCs）的生长特点和在诱导条件下的成骨特性。使用密度梯度法分离成年犬骨髓间充质干细胞进行培养，保留贴壁细胞传代，观察，以地塞米松、β甘油磷酸钠、抗坏血酸为成骨诱导剂。利用倒置光学显微镜和透射电镜观察细胞形态特征，四甲基偶氮盐（MTT）比色测定增殖，用碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline phosphatase，ALP）活性及骨钙素（Osteocalcin，OCN）含量来研究细胞分化情况。形态学观察表明，cMSCs贴壁细胞呈集落生长，有成纤维细胞样外观，透射电镜可见成骨诱导后cMSCs具有分泌型细胞的特征；推测成骨诱导剂可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨，表现为ALP活性、OCN含量明显升高。本实验表明所培养的cMSCs保持了未分化状态，并在成骨诱导剂的作用下可向成骨细胞分化。