优化髋臼后柱螺钉内固定的计算机辅助设计

目的研究专门的最优化计算机辅助解剖测量技术,为髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法取骨盆CT数据40份,进行精确的三维重建得到80个半骨盆模型。根据临床手术需要,对螺钉到骨边界的加权距离进行动态采样作为最优化目标函数,在约束条件下自动迭代修改螺钉2个端点位置,达到最佳位置。对测量结果进行统计分析,并设计新的解剖测量参考体系。结果髋臼后柱拉力螺钉的入钉点在骶髂关节最前缘与髂前上下棘之间切迹连线的上方(18.90±1.19)mm处,垂足点在骶髂关节最前缘与髂前上下棘之间切迹连线上的比例位置为2:3;其进针方向与入钉点-髂前上下棘之间切迹连线呈(85.99±2.04)°,进针方向与入钉点-垂足点连线的夹角呈(37.54±1.55)°;螺钉骨内段长度为(133.07±3.22)mm。结论最优化计算机辅助解剖测量是一种非常有效的新测量技术,克服了传统手工实物解剖测量的缺点,并且方便设计新的解剖测量参考体系和临床手术方案,有利于提高临床工作质量和效率。     

经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉的应用解剖与临床

目的 应用优化计算机辅助解剖测量技术,为经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉内固定术提供解剖学基础.方法 取骨盆CT数据40份,进行精确的三维重建得到骨盆模型.首先为使用单螺钉的内固定方法设计特定的最优化目标函数,并在约束条件下自动计算其最佳经皮逆行螺钉位置.统计分析测量结果,并设计解剖测量参考体系.结果 经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉的入钉点在耻骨上支耻骨结节与髂耻隆起中点处的闭孔嵴上,出钉点在髂前上下棘之间切迹与坐骨大切迹连线中点上方,其连线即为髋臼前柱纵轴.该线与弓状线接近平行,其进针方向与出钉点-髂前下棘连线为(42.84±2.61)°,与出钉点-髂结节连线为(31.96±2.58)°.螺钉骨内段长度为(101.12±7.28)mm.结论 优化计算机辅助解剖测量是一种非常有效的测量技术,克服了传统手工实物解剖测量的很多缺点,便于设计解剖测量参考体系和制定临床手术方案.经皮逆行髋臼螺钉技术可用于髋臼前柱骨折的临床治疗.     

髋臼前柱拉力螺钉内固定的定量解剖学研究

目的 :为髋臼前柱拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法 :取半骨盆标本 3 0个 ,自髋臼切迹至髋臼上缘作系列截骨面 ,用一斯氏针由最小截面的圆心逆行打入 ,在髂骨后外侧穿出点为P。将该截面下方的系列截面解剖复位 ,再将斯氏针顺行打出 ,测量其在髋臼前柱骨皮质内的长度。作一参考线AB ,其中A为髂前上、下棘间的切迹 ,B为坐骨大切迹 ,并作AB的中垂线CD。结果 :P位于AB的中垂线上 ,P点距AB的距离为 (15 .3± 4.7)mm ,斯氏针与AB的夹角为 (90 .1± 4.7)° ,与CD的夹角为 (2 5 .3± 3 .9)° ,髋臼前柱骨皮质内斯氏针长度为 (82 .0± 7.9)mm。最小截面位于髋臼切迹上方 15 .0mm处 ,该截面平均直径为 :(5 .2± 1.9)mm。结论 :髋臼前柱拉力螺钉的入钉点在髂前上下棘之间切迹与坐骨大切迹连线中点上方 (15 .3± 4.7)mm处 ,其进针方向与该线呈 (90 .1± 4.7)° ,与该线中垂线呈 (2 5 .3± 3 .9)° ,该拉力螺钉直径为 (5 .2± 1.9)mm ,长度为 (82 .0± 7.9)mm。     

髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定的应用解剖学

目的:为髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法:取半骨盆标本30个,采用截面法将一斯氏针由髋臼后柱最小截面的圆心打入,该斯氏针在髂翼内侧穿出点(即拉力螺钉的人钉点)为P。测量其在髋臼后柱骨皮质内的长度。作一参考线AB,其中A为骶髂关节最前缘,B为髂前下棘的基底,并经过P点作AB的垂线PC。将髂前上下棘间切迹命名为D点,作直线PD,并测量其距离。斯氏针与PD的夹角为α,斯氏钊与髂翼内侧的夹角为β。结果:PC为AB的中垂线,P点距AB的距离PC为(6.1±1.9)mm,PD平行于AB,PD距离为(2.5±2.6)mm,斯氏针与PD或AB的夹角仅为89.5°±3.2°,斯氏针与髂翼内侧的夹角β为24.1°±1.7°,髋臼后柱骨皮质内斯氏针长度(即拉力螺钉的长度)为(131.2±8.9)mm。最小截面位于髋臼切迹上方15.0mm处,位于髋臼中部,该截面平均直径(即拉力螺钉最大直径)为(12.8±2.1)mm。结论:髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定是可行的。     

三维重建模型模拟拉力螺钉固定髋臼后柱骨折的研究

目的　为经坐骨小切迹置入拉力螺钉内固定髋臼后柱骨折提供应用解剖学基础。 方法　用60例正常成人骨盆CT数据（男30例,女30例）,导入Mimics14.1行三维重建,观测骨盆三维模型髋臼后柱的纵轴走向,模拟置钉并确立螺钉穿出点。测量髋臼后柱纵轴的长度、后柱纵轴与冠状面夹角α和矢状面的夹角β,测量进针点及后柱盆腔侧、髋臼侧骨皮质厚度。 结果　髋臼后柱轴线向下穿出点位于坐骨小切迹中点,向上穿出点位于弓状线后端与髂前上棘连线中点。髋臼后柱纵轴的长度男性（105.04±　4.29）mm、女性（101.80±3.20）mm,α角男(33.41±2.18)°、女(31.56±2.71)°,β角男(21.74±1.19)°、女(19.15±　1.24)°。进钉点骨皮质厚度为(5.54±0.46)mm,盆腔侧和髋臼侧分别为(1.45±0.13)mm、(1.04±0.10)mm。 结论　三维重建模拟经坐骨小切迹中点行后柱拉力螺钉内固定,可快捷、准确测量钉道参数并进行术前评估,用该方法置入拉力螺钉固定后柱安全简便。     

逆行髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定的应用解剖学

目的:为逆行髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法:取半骨盆标本30个,采用截面法将一斯氏针由髋臼后柱最小截面的轴心经坐骨结节打出,该斯氏针在坐骨结节处的穿出点(即为逆行后柱拉力螺钉的入钉点)为P。对P点进行解剖学测量。并测量髋臼后柱骨皮质内斯氏钉的长度。结果:髋臼后柱最小截面位于髋臼切迹上方15.0mm处,位于髋臼中部,该截面平均直径(即逆行拉力螺钉最大直径)为(12.8±2.1)mm。髋臼后柱骨皮质内斯氏针长度(即逆行拉力螺钉的长度)为(131.2±8.9)mm。进钉点P位于坐骨结节中部(即坐骨结节最隆起处)坐骨结节纵嵴与坐骨结节内侧缘连线的中点处。P距坐骨结节内侧缘(6.7±0.8)mm。结论:髋臼后柱逆行拉力螺钉内固定是可行的。     

经皮坐骨小切迹拉力螺钉内固定髋臼后柱骨折的应用解剖与临床应用

目的:研究经皮坐骨小切迹置入拉力螺钉内固定髋臼后柱骨折。方法:观测45具成人骨盆标本髋臼后柱的纵轴走向、上下穿出骨皮质的位置及其毗邻。用直径3.5mm的斯氏针经坐骨小切迹中点沿髋臼后柱纵轴打入,测量钉道深度、后柱纵轴与额状面夹角α及矢状面的夹角β。结果:拉力螺钉的进钉点为坐骨小切迹中点,后柱纵轴长男(105.7±6.3)mm、女(99.1±3.1)mm,α角男26.3°±5.6°、女21.5°±3.0°,β角男27.5°±3.8°、女24.1°±4.0°,男、女性均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。临床应用取得满意疗效。结论:经坐骨小切迹中点行后柱拉力螺钉内固定术,具有创伤小,操作简便、内固定可靠等优点。     

髋臼上区域置钉安全范围的影像学研究

目的　探究髋臼上区域螺钉的进钉位置、角度以及安全范围。 方法　收集男女骨盆CT数据各50例,利用Mimics软件重建髋臼上置钉区域三维模型（髂前下棘至髂后上棘方向）。同一横断面上,通道狭窄处中点连线方向确定为螺钉方向,沿该方向每2.5 mm为一层,逐层测量安全范围相关指标。在1/2高度层面放置中心钉,测量中心钉进钉点与髂前下棘的位置关系及螺钉方向,在水平面和矢状面上移动钉尖,测量安全倾角范围。 结果　髋臼上骨通道存在前、后两狭窄点,不同层面其宽度不同,从下至上,前狭窄由窄变宽再变窄,后狭窄逐层增宽。螺钉通道中间层较宽,上下层较窄;中心通道宽度90%的男、女性分别大于7 mm和6 mm;进钉约50 mm至前狭窄,70 mm至坐骨大切迹顶上方,100 mm至后狭窄,全程长约130 mm;螺钉为内倾、头倾方向,与矢状面和横断面的夹角均约为30°;97%的进钉点位于髂前下棘中心外侧,其中外下方占71%。 结论　髋臼上螺钉的进钉点主要位于髂前下棘外方,内倾、头倾方向,与矢状面和横断面的夹角均约为30°。     

髋臼前柱骨折后入路拉力螺钉内固定应用解剖及临床应用

目的　为髋臼前柱骨折后入路置入拉力螺钉固定提供解剖学基础。 方法　(1)50侧(男32,女18)成人髋骨标本,观测前柱纵轴走向,将纵轴穿出髂骨翼外面的点定为进钉点。用直径3.5 mm导针经进钉点沿纵轴置入,经耻骨结节下方穿出。测量导针与矢状面夹角α及与冠状面夹角β,纵轴长度,导针易穿出骨皮质的薄弱区及穿出点与耻骨结节的距离,对测量数据行统计学处理。(2)34侧尸体标本解剖,观测进针点毗邻,模拟置钉,经X线、CT扫描验证结果。 结果　进钉点位于髂结节和坐骨结节连线与髂前上棘和坐骨大切迹顶点连线的交点,出钉点于耻骨结节下方,男（6.62±2.79）mm,女（11.71±1.66）mm, α（50.62±3.55）°,β男（22.32±3.66）°,女（19.57±2.07）°;纵轴长,男（108.64±5.49）mm,女（100.92±6.25）mm。以上数据除角α外男女间均有显著性差异。验证结果及临床应用疗效满意。 结论　髋臼前、后柱均骨折时,在后入路复位固定后柱的同时,经该方法置入拉力螺钉固定前柱安全、简捷。     

三维重建模拟经皮拉力螺钉固定髋臼前柱骨折的解剖学研究

目的测量髋臼前柱的解剖参数,评估术前拉力螺钉固定髋臼前柱的风险。方法收集155例成人骨盆CT扫描数据,其中男91例,女64例,重建骨盆三维模型。应用MIMICS软件在髋臼前柱置入虚拟螺钉,测量虚拟螺钉的最大直径、长度、进钉点,并计算虚拟螺钉方向。垂直髋臼前表面虚拟截骨,测量每个截骨面的内外径、上下径。计算髋臼前柱在真骨盆缘MN段的弧度。结果髋臼前柱允许置入虚拟螺钉的最大直径和长度在男性为(7.95±0.98)mm和(124.84±6.79)mm,女性为(6.42±1.15)mm和(120.00±7.52)mm;虚拟螺钉与水平面和矢状面的夹角在男性为(21.55±2.67)°、(42.15±2.54)°,女性为(21.85±5.10)°、(41.51±5.23)°;前柱MN段的弧度在男性为(38.29±3.28)°,女性为(43.41±3.50)°。以上数据除进钉方向外男女间均有显著差异。螺钉直径与性别、前柱弧度线性相关,相关系数分别为-0.468、-0.164。女性髋臼前柱置入直径为6.50 mm、7.00 mm螺钉的风险分别是男性的9.081倍、13.316倍。结论对于中国人,建议使用直径为6.50 mm的拉力螺钉固定髋臼前柱骨折,当女性髋臼前柱弧度大于(44.49±2.47)°时,宜行钢板内固定。     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Anatomical relationship between the morphology of the styloid process of the ulna and the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments

The radioulnar ligaments are the major stabilizers of the distal radioulnar joint under dynamic loading; however, anatomical detail regarding their attachment on the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process of the ulna remains unclear. Because previous anatomical studies included only old cadavers, their anatomical findings might not reflect the morphological features of younger and healthy specimens. This study investigated the anatomical features of the distal ulna, particularly the styloid process, to determine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process and verified their direction and attachment to the styloid process in younger and healthy donors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We investigated the morphological features of the distal ulna of 12 cadaveric wrists using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We also visualized and measured the distribution of the cortical bone thickness. We histologically analyzed three specimens in the axial plane and macroscopically analyzed seven specimens to examine the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments to the styloid process. In addition, we evaluated five wrists from living volunteers using 3.0 Tesla MRI. The distal ulna has a ridge on the dorsoradial aspect of the styloid process that corresponds to the attachment of the radioulnar ligaments. Micro-CT images after data processing revealed that the cortical thickness of the dorsoradial quadrant was thicker than that of the other quadrant at the proximal slice of the styloid process (p < 0.01), and that of the dorsoulnar (p = 0.021) and ulnopalmar (p < 0.01) quadrants at the middle slice. Histological analyses showed that the radioulnar ligaments were attached to the middle and distal thirds of the styloid process via chondral-apophyseal entheses. The direction of the fiber was dorsal in the middle third of the styloid process and changed to palmar in the distal third of the styloid process. The direction and attachment of the radioulnar ligaments on the styloid process were confirmed using MRI for younger and healthy participants. The radioulnar ligaments were attached to the dorsoradial ridge of the styloid process, which was confirmed by cortical bone thickening, histology at the attachment sites, and in vivo MR imaging. The directions of the radioulnar ligaments sterically intersected, which would satisfy both slipping stability and rotational mobility. These anatomical findings may provide the basis for biomechanical consideration of distal radioulnar joint stabilization.     

On the development of the sympathetic chain and the adrenal medulla in the mouse

Summary The first visible primordia of the sympathetic chain appear in the anterior thoracic region and run caudally through 8 segments in an embryo of 11 gestation days. At 12 gestation days the trunk reaches from the base of the skull into the sacral region. During the following days the trunk develops into ganglia with interganglionic fibers.At 16 gestation days there is a well developed trunk with a cranial ganglion cervicale superior and a ganglion stellatum in the anterior part of the thoracic region. In the remaining sympathetic chain there are segmentally arranged ganglia but in this common pattern large differences are noticed.At the 13th gestation day the first signs of the adrenal medulla and the splanchnic plexus appear in the form of sympathoblasts ventral to the sympathetic chain. The migration of sympathoblasts into the primordia of the adrenal cortex goes on for 3 days while the migration to the splancnic plexus in the mesenchym ventral and lateral to the aorta goes on at least 2 more days.     

The Beauty of the Network in the Brain and the Origin of the Mind in the Control of Behavior

Behavior is not adequately described as a stimulus-response process. It is initiated by the animal and is generated because of its expected outcome in the future. The outcome can be good or bad for the animal. The brain is in charge of the selection process. This is the basic function of the brain. Taking Drosophila as a study case, this paper discusses initiating activity, several examples of outcome expectations, trying out (the internal search for a suitable behavior), chaining of actions, and the functional roles of chance in action selection. It takes mental processes and states such as goals, intentions, feelings, memories, cognition, and attention as higher levels of behavioral control that have their origin in biological evolution.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。     

Adequate function of the cell: Interactions between the needs of the cell and the needs of the organism

The continuous maintenance of cell adequate function (cellular stress) is considered to be the main feature which characterizes the activity of a live cell. In accordance with the concept of cellular stress, the transition of the cell to the state of adequate funcitoning represents a dual commitment. The cell must function adequately to respond to the demands of the organism and to provide for its own needs. Thus, it is proposed that two systems exist for the regulation of the adequate function of the cell: one enabling the cell to respond to the demands of the organism, and the other providing for the needs of the cell itself. The hormonal system of the organism represents the first of these mechanisms, and I believe that another system exists for regulation of intracellular needs. Adequate function of the cell is determined by the regulative, controlling and defense mechanisms. The balance between the needs of the cell and of the organism should be a concern of physician, since it provides for the optimal function and health of the organism as a whole.     

PEComas: the past,the present and the future

The perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) is a cell type constantly present in a group of tumors called PEComas. PEC expresses myogenic and melanocytic markers, such as HMB45 and actin. Recently, recurrent chromosomal alterations have been demonstrated in PEC. At present, PEComa is a widely accepted entity. In the past 10 years, the use of this term has allowed to report and describe numerous cases permitting to start highlighting the biology of this group of lesions. PEComas are related to the genetic alterations of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant genetic disease due to losses of TSC1 (9q34) or TSC2 (16p13.3) genes which seem to have a role in the regulation of the Rheb/mTOR/p70S6K pathway. There are some open questions about PEComas regarding its histogenesis, the definition of epithelioid angiomyolipoma and the identification of the histological criteria of malignancy. An innovative therapeutic trial using rapamycin is under way for tumors occurring in TSC such as renal angiomyolipoma and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Its success could provide the rationale for the use of the same drug in other lesions composed of PECs, especially in the malignant ones.     

On the musculature of the gastro-intestinal tract of the guinea-pig

Summary The small intestine, caecum, colon and part of the stomach of guinea-pigs were studied by light microscopy, using semithin sections of plastic embedded specimens. The muscular coat is thicker in the duodenum than in the rest of the small intestine. The ratio between longitudinal and circular muscle is 1:4.6 in the duodenum and it increases regularly along the small intestine, to reach 1:2 in the terminal ileum. In the caecum, shape and sectional area of the muscle tissue were analyzed along the full length of the taeniae. In the caecal circular muscle there is a characteristic change in the arrangement of the muscle bundles from the regions in the centre of the haustrations to the regions of the grooves between haustrations or to those lying beneath a taenia. The functional significance of the taeniae is discussed in terms of an arrangement allowing reduction of the lumen of the organ (which at the level of the grooves between haustrations acquires a triangular outline) more efficiently than if the longitudinal musculature were spread over the entire surface of the organ. Haustrations are present also on one side of the wall of the ascending colon where there is no longitudinal muscle layer. In the descending colon the structure of the wall is examined in different functional states, namely in the regions between fecal pellets (constricted regions) and in the regions around a fecal pellet (moderately distended regions). The musculature increases considerably in thickness in the constricted regions (both muscle layers being actively contracted), while the mucosa and submucosa are thrown into prominent longitudinal folds. These folds produce occlusion of the lumen when the circular muscle has shortened by about 50%.