补肾益气化瘀冲剂促进骨质疏松大鼠骨折术后骨痂血管形成的作用机制

背景：补肾益气化瘀冲剂具有益气化瘀、补肾通络的功效，常用于治疗骨质疏松，目前关于补肾益气化瘀冲剂对骨质疏松性骨折骨痂血管形成的影响研究较少。目的：探究补肾益气化瘀冲剂上调细胞外调节蛋白激酶/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinases,ERK/MAPK)信号通路改善骨质疏松大鼠骨折术后骨痂血管形成的具体机制。方法：(1)收集骨质疏松SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞、C57BL/6小鼠骨髓单核细胞，MTT法检测不同剂量补肾益气化瘀冲剂对骨髓间充质干细胞的毒性。分别使用添加0,1.5 mg/mL补肾益气化瘀冲剂的培养基培养骨髓间充质干细胞、骨髓单核细胞，进行体外成骨分化、破骨分化实验。(2)144只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、冲剂组、冲剂+PD98059组，每组36只，后3组切除双侧卵巢建立骨质疏松模型，假手术组仅切除卵巢附近部分脂肪组织。8周后所有大鼠接受左侧胫骨横断截骨，冲剂+PD98059组给予5 g/kg补肾益气化瘀冲剂灌胃，尾静脉注射0.3 mg/kg PD9805...     

苏木酮A对顺铂所致肾损伤中的抗氧化应激作用

目的探讨苏木酮A(sappanone A,SA)能否逆转顺铂(cisplatin,CP)所致肾毒性损害,通过观察肾组织形态及氧化应激指标的变化,探讨其可能的机制,为临床使用SA改善CP所致肾损害的应用提供实验理论依据。方法将Balb/c小鼠(n=8)随机分为5组(Control组、CP组、CP+SA低剂量组、CP+SA中剂量组、CP+SA高剂量组)。全自动生化分析仪测定小鼠血清中BUN和Cr的含量;镜下观察肾脏病理组织学变化及肾间质炎细胞浸润情况;生物化学法检测肾组织中SOD酶活性及MDA含量,TUNEL法检测肾小管凋亡情况。结果 BUN和Cr的含量测定结果显示:与CP组相比,SA干预组小鼠血清中BUN和Cr的含量均显著降低(P0.05),尤其是高剂量SA组效果最明显;HE结合肾损伤评分结果显示:SA干预组小鼠肾小管损伤及肾间质炎细胞浸润程度与CP组相比明显减轻(P0.05);TUNEL结果显示:SA干预组小鼠与CP组相比肾小管细胞凋亡明显减少(P0.05);SA干预组小鼠与CP组相比,肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶活性升高及丙二醛含量明显降低(P0.05),且呈剂量依赖性。结论 SA能够逆转CP所致的肾损伤,可能与改善氧化应激有关。     

扶正、补肾及益气补肾方药对肾虚老龄小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的　探讨补肾、扶正、益气补肾中药 ,对醋酸可的松所致肾虚老龄小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法　用醋酸可的松致老龄小鼠肾虚 ,经分别灌喂补肾、扶正和益气补肾方药后 ,用MTT比色法测定小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖 ;用胸腺细胞增殖法和ELISA法 ,观察脾淋巴细胞分泌IL 2和IL 12的水平 ;乳酸脱氢酶法检测脾脏NK细胞的活性 ;RT PCR法观察IL 2和IL 12mRNA的表达。结果　肾虚小鼠脾淋巴细胞的增殖活性 ,以及IL 2和IL 12的水平 ,均较正常小鼠明显下降(P <0 .0 5 ) ,两种细胞因子mRNA的表达也受到抑制。经补肾、扶正和益气补肾方药治疗后 ,以上检测指标均有不同程度的提高 ,其中益气补肾方药组提高最明显。结论　益气补肾方药可能是改善外源性糖皮质激素所致肾虚及免疫衰老的较理想的药物     

芝麻素对肾性高血压伴高血脂大鼠肾脏的保护作用研究

目的： 观察芝麻素对肾性高血压伴高血脂大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法：制备两肾一夹型肾性高血压伴高血脂大鼠模型(RHHR)，灌胃给予不同剂量的芝麻素7周后，测定各组血清肌酐（Scr）、血尿素氮（BUN）、24 h 尿蛋白含量（UPE）和肾组织匀浆中抗氧化酶的活性，包括总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、总NOS（TNOS）、诱导型NOS（iNOS）、结构型NOS（cNOS）和抑制羟自由基能力及肾组织匀浆中丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢（H2O2）及一氧化氮（NO）含量。结果：高、中（100 mg/kg、33 mg/kg）剂量组芝麻素可抑制RHHR大鼠血清Scr、BUN和尿UPE水平升高（P<0.01）。与模型组比较可提高肾组织匀浆NO、cNOS、SOD、T-AOC和抑制羟自由基能力（P<0.01或P<0.05），降低MDA、iNOS 、H2O2（P<0.01或P<0.05）含量。结论：芝麻素对肾性高血压伴高血脂大鼠肾脏具有保护作用，其机制与抗氧化应激、清除自由基和抑制iNOS活性等有关。     

非促分裂型人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：探讨非促分裂型人酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(nm-haFGF)对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法：摘除大鼠左侧肾脏，随即夹毕大鼠右侧肾动脉60 min，24 h后松开动脉夹，建立肾缺血再灌注损伤模型。再灌注后5 min后，经舌静脉注射不同剂量的nm-haFGF，并用haFGF作为对照。24 h后取大鼠肾组织、血液和尿液，检测肾脏组织和血液中SOD、MDA以及血液和尿液中BUM、Cr的变化，并进行肾组织病理学检测。结果：缺血再灌注24 h后，nm-haFGF所有剂量组和haFGF组血清SOD活性明显高于模型组，MDA含量明显低于模型组，而血清和尿BUN和Cr含量均明显低于模型组；肾组织SOD活性在nm-haFGF 20 μg/kg和40 μg/kg剂量组和haFGF组明显升高而MDA含量明显降低。组织学检查结果显示，nm-haFGF可明显减轻缺血再灌注引起的肾组织水肿，肾小管刷状缘脱落和细胞坏死。结论：nm-haFGF可拮抗肾缺血再灌注引起的损伤。     

临床护理路径在水化病人中的应用

顺铂(DDP)自应用临床以来,因其对多种恶性肿瘤有效[1],抗瘤谱广,成为当前最常用的抗癌药物之一.为提高DDP的抗癌效果, 临床用药中逐步增加了DDP的用量.在增加DDP用量的同时,也增大了它的毒性,尤其是肾毒性[2],它已成为提高DDP剂量的主要限制性毒性.目前采用的水化与利尿疗法是减轻肾毒性的较好方法.     

广防己慢性肾脏毒性及前列腺素系统异常在其中的作用

目的: 了解长期应用广防己是否可引起慢性肾脏损害及其是否与前列腺素系统异常有关。方法: 实验组正常大鼠每天给10 g/kg广防己灌胃, 对照组给等量自来水, 4周后观察肾脏病理、血肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN)、尿蛋白定量, 并测定尿、血浆及肾组织6-keto-PGF_1α和TXB₂含量。结果: 实验组大鼠出现蛋白尿、Scr和BUN升高以及肾小管细胞变性、肾间质纤维化等异常, 其尿、血浆和肾组织6-keto-PGF_1α/TXB₂均显著下降。 结论: 较大剂量和较长时间应用广防己可致肾脏损害, 前列腺素系统异常在广防己所致慢性肾脏损害的发生过程中起重要作用。     

苏木酮A抑制顺铂所致肾损伤中炎症介质的表达

目的探讨苏木酮A(sappanone A,SA)能否逆转顺铂(Cisplatin,CP)所致的肾毒性损害。通过SA干预CP所致肾损伤,观察炎症因子的改变,探讨SA逆转CP肾损伤可能的机制,为临床使用SA改善CP所致肾损害的应用提供实验理论依据。方法将Balb/c小鼠随机分为5组(每组8只):空白对照组(Control组)、CP组、干预组(CP+SA低剂量组、CP+SA中剂量组、CP+SA高剂量组)。全自动生化分析仪测定小鼠血清中BUN和Cr的含量; HE染色后于光镜下观察肾脏病理组织学变化;实时荧光定量PCR检测肾组织中TNF-α、IL-1β的表达。ELISA法检测TNF-α、IL-1β蛋白表达水平。Western blot法检测肾组织中p-p65、p65、IκB、p-IκB及β-actin的表达。结果 (1) SA能够逆转CP所致肾组织损伤和肾功能降低;(2) SA能够逆转CP引起的肾组织中炎症因子表达的增加,且呈剂量依赖性;(3) SA能够降低CP所致的肾组织中p-NF-κB p65的表达。结论SA能够逆转CP所致的肾损伤,可能与改善炎症反应有关,其机制可能与抑制NF-κB的激活有关。     

冬凌草甲素介导Notch信号通路对IgA肾病大鼠肾组织损伤及炎症因子、氧化应激的影响

目的观察冬凌草甲素对IgA肾病(IgAN)大鼠肾组织损伤及炎症因子、氧化应激的影响。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组(IgAN)、低、中、高剂量冬凌草甲素组(5、10、20 mg/kg)及阳性对照组(10 mg/kg贝那普利),采用BCA法检测24 h尿蛋白含量,肌酐酶法检测血清肌酐(Scr)含量,脲酶连续监测法检测尿素氮(BUN)含量,HE染色观察肾组织病理损伤,生化试剂盒检测肾组织炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α及氧化应激指标[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)],蛋白印迹检测Notch1信号通路蛋白表达。另取40只大鼠随机分为假手术组、IgAN组、Notch1激活剂Jagged1组及Jagged1+冬凌草甲素组(20 mg/kg),观察各组大鼠上述指标的变化。结果与IgAN组比较,中、高剂量冬凌草甲素组和贝那普利组24 h尿蛋白、血清Scr、BUN、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、MDA、Notch1及Hes1表达降低,SOD、GSH-Px水平升高(P<0.05),且高剂量冬凌草甲素组与贝那普利组上述指标比较,...     

苦参素降低大鼠肾脏缺血-再灌注损伤

目的观察苦参素的抗大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的作用并从抗氧化方面探讨其机制。方法用双肾肾蒂夹闭45 min建立IRI模型,将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham);缺血再灌注组(I/R);苦参素治疗组(oxymatrine+I/R)。苦参素治疗组又分为高、中和低3个剂量组,在缺血再灌注前,连续7 d经腹腔注射。用自动生化仪测定血清肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN)水平,观察苦参素对肾缺血再灌注的保护作用及确定最优剂量;以最优剂量干预用分光分析法测定肾组织丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平。结果不同剂量组均能明显减轻肾脏IRI的病理形态学改变,改善肾功能。与I/R组相比,再灌注72 h后,MDA水平,血清肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN)水平明显降低(P<0.05);苦参素治疗组的CAT、T-SOD、GSH-Px活性改善明显(P<0.05)。苦参素无体外抗氧化作用。结论苦参素对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,作用机制可能与调控机体的抗氧化系统有关。     

Effect of metformin against cisplatin induced acute renal injury in rats: A biochemical and histoarchitectural evaluation

Although cisplatin has been a mainstay for cancer therapy, its use is limited mainly because of nephrotoxicity. Accumulating literature suggest the antioxidant and cytoprotective effect of metformin, a first line antidiabetic drug. With this background, we investigated the effect of metformin on the cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. A single injection of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg, i.p.) caused marked renal damage, characterized by a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr) and abnormal histo-architecture of kidney. These were accompanied by significant elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA), total reactive oxygen species (tROS) and caspase-3 levels and decreased antioxidant levels. Metformin treatment significantly attenuated the increase in malondialdehyde and tROS generation and restores the decrease in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. However metformin treatment did not prevent the cisplatin induced renal injury as there was no significant difference of renal function parameters (BUN and Cr), kidney histopathology as well as caspase-3 activity between cisplatin per se and metformin plus cisplatin treated rats. Histopathology studies revealed that similar glomerular and tubular pathological architecture in both cisplatin per se and cisplatin plus metformin group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that metformin is not an adjuvant drug to treat nephrotoxicity associated with cisplatin therapy.     

鹿茸水提物减轻顺铂所致的小鼠肾损伤

目的:探讨梅花鹿二杠茸和三岔茸水提物对顺铂(CDDP)所致小鼠肾损伤的影响。方法:采用灌胃给药方式,用顺铂(15 mg/kg)诱导小鼠肾损伤模型,测定小鼠肾脏指数(KI)、血清肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、肾脏组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,并对肾脏组织进行HE染色,观察肾脏病理学变化,研究梅花鹿二杠茸和三岔茸的水提物各剂量对小鼠肾损伤的影响。结果:与顺铂组相比,各剂量鹿茸水提物可显著降低CDDP诱导肾损伤小鼠SCr、BUN水平及肾脏MDA含量,提高SOD和GSH-Px的活性(P0.05);明显改善肾组织病理学形态,减轻CDDP对肾小管上皮细胞的损伤程度,且同等浓度下,与三岔茸相比,二杠茸水提物能更好地改善肾功能及减轻病理损伤。结论:鹿茸水提物减轻顺铂引起的小鼠肾损伤,其作用机制可能与鹿茸水提物增强小鼠肾脏组织的抗氧化能力有关。     

Amelioration of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by pravastatin in mice

This study investigated the protective effects of pravastatin against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and the possible mechanisms in mice. Pravastatin showed significant protection as evidenced by the decrease of elevated serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and improvement of histopathological injury induced by cisplatin. The formation of kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) with a concomitant reduction of reduced glutathione (GSH) were inhibited by pravastatin, while the activities of kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were increased. The over expressions of kidney induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) were suppressed by pravastatin. Pravastatin suppressed cisplatin-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in the kidney of mice. These results suggest that pravastatin pre-administration can prevent the nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Pravastatin may exert the protective effect via inhibiting oxidative and nitrosative stress.     

Temporal clinical chemistry and microscopic renal effects following acute uranyl acetate exposure

Military use of depleted uranium (DU) has renewed interest in the toxicology of this metal. In this study, the nephrotoxicity of single exposure DU was assessed with and without pre-exposure stress. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=288) were administered a single IM dose of 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg DU. Corticosterone concentrations (ng/ml, mean+/-SD) were 763.65+/-130.94 and 189.80+/-90.81 for swim stressed and unstressed rats. Serum and kidney uranium concentration, hematocrit, chemistry, and renal histology were assessed on sacrifice days 1, 3, 7 and 30 post-DU-dosing. Dose related increases in serum and kidney uranium were noted. DU concentration peaked day 1 in the kidney and days 3-7, in the serum. Dose-related elevations of Cr and BUN concentrations were seen on days 3 and 7. A decline in serum albumin coincided with Cr and BUN suggesting protein losing nephropathy. Dose related acute tubular necrosis and proliferative glomulonephritis were seen. Tubular regeneration in low dose rats was almost complete by day 30. High dose rats had extensive tubular necrosis and delayed regeneration with focal residual chronic interstitial nephritis and cortical scarring. Glomular changes were reversed in all treatment groups by day 30. Stress exposure had no impact on any measured renal parameter.     

Panax notoginseng saponins attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis

The goal of this experiment was to investigate the protective effect and the molecular mechanism of Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. The rats underwent intraperitoneal injection with a single dose of cisplatin, a subset of rats were also intraperitoneally injected with 31.35 mg/kg PNS once a day for 8 days. At day 1, 4 and 8 after exposure to cisplatin, the concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr) and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG) were determined using commercial kits. The pathological change of renal tissue were examined using H & E staining and transmission electron microscopy. The rate of apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 in rat renal tissue were detected by using TUNEL staining and Western bloting, respectively. And the expressions of Bax and caspases 9 were detected by immunnohistochemistry. The results showed that PNS significantly protected against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, as evidenced by the decrease in concentration of blood BUN, Scr and urinary NAG, as well as the attenuation of renal histopathological damage. Furthermore, PNS reduced the rate of apoptosis, and the mechanism studies showed that PNS inhibited the expression of Bax and caspase 9, while increased the expression of Bcl-2. This study first demonstrated that PNS can protect against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and reduce renal tissue apoptosis via inhibiting the mitochondrial pathway.     

Preventive effect of aminoguanidine compared to vitamin E and C on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

In this study, the antioxidant effect of aminoguanidine on nephrotoxicity of a single dose of cisplatin is investigated and compared with the effects of well-known antioxidants vitamin C and E combination. Tubular damage and perivascular inflammation were observed in kidney samples of the cisplatin-administered groups. Aminoguanidine and vitamin C–E combination are found to be capable of preventing these effects of cisplatin. Liver tissues of all groups were intact. Cisplatin-induced oxidative stress was evidenced by significant decrease in glutathione and significant increase in malondialdehyde levels in kidney samples. Antioxidants with cisplatin decreased malondialdehyde levels. Antioxidants with cisplatin prevented the decrease in liver glutathione levels. The nephrotoxicity was confirmed biochemically by significant elevation of serum urea and creatinine levels. Both vitamin C–E combination and aminoguanidine prevented the increase in serum urea levels according to the cisplatin group.     

促红细胞生成素通过调节未折叠蛋白反应减轻顺铂所致的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡

 目的：探讨促红细胞生成素（EPO）能否通过调节未折叠蛋白反应减轻顺铂(CP)诱导的肾小管上皮细胞凋亡。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（每组12只）,包括正常对照组（control 组）、CP组和CP+重组人EPO组（CP+rHuEPO组）。顺铂或生理盐水注射96 h后处死SD 大鼠,留取血液和肾脏组织,检测血尿素氮（BUN）和血清肌酐（SCr）水平,PAS染色光镜观察肾脏形态结构变化;TUNEL染色检测肾小管上皮细胞凋亡;采用Western blotting法、免疫组化及激光共聚焦技术检测EPO受体(EPOR)和葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)蛋白表达。结果：与control组比较,CP组与CP+rHuEPO组大鼠BUN及SCr水平均显著升高（P＜0.05）,TUNEL染色显示凋亡细胞阳性率显著上升（P＜0.05）,EPOR及GRP78蛋白表达显著上调（P＜0.05）;PAS染色光镜示CP组肾脏组织结构出现明显损伤性变化;与CP组比较,CP+rHuEPO组SCr水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,凋亡细胞阳性率显著下降（P＜0.05）,EPOR及GRP78蛋白表达下调（P＜0.05）,肾脏病理损伤减轻。结论：EPO可以减轻顺铂引起的肾损害,其机制可能与调节未折叠蛋白反应减轻肾小管上皮细胞凋亡相关。     

Protective effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on nephrotoxicity induced by cyclosporine A in rats

Objective: This study aims to explore the protective effect mechanism of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin A in vivo. Method: Renal toxicity of SD rats model induced by CsA was established. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine NAG, GSH and MDA were determined and the histopathological changes of rat renal cortex were observed to explore the protective effects of 2-DG on CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. Results: Serum creatinine, BUN and urinary NAG of rats were significantly changed in experimental groups. Pathological results showed that there was obvious renal tubular injury in model group, however, the renal injury was significantly reduced in pre-treated with 2-DG. Conclusions: 2-DG had obvious protective effect on nephrotoxicity especially with high dose. This protective effect could be related to the reduction of ROS induced by CsA. However, 2-DG had no effect on the expression of RIP3.     

Mechanism of kidney injury caused by bevacizumab in rats

Objective: We investigate kidney injury caused by high dose bevacizumab to uncover the possible mechanisms involving in this process. Methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups: cisplation group (treated with 1 mg/kg cisplation), Bev-high group (treated with 5 mg/kg bevacizumab); Bev-low group (treated with 2.5 mg/kg bevacizumab) and control group (treated with saline). The urine microalbumin, serum cystatin C, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were detected in the four group rats, respectively. The immunoglobulin of IgG, IgA and IgM and protein of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and nephrin were detected by immunohistochemical methods. Results: All the levels of microalbumin, cystatin C, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in Bev-high group were significantly higher than those in normal control group (P < 0.05). The cystatin C was much more increased in kidney Bev-high group than cisplatin and Bev-low groups (P < 0.05). The light microscope showed a normal glomerular morphology in the four groups, while the electronic microscopy showed the podocytes were extensively fused in cisplatin group and Bev-high group. The two groups were found IgG and IgM deposition as well. The VEGF in kidney amples were down regulated in high dose bevacizumab group, whereas the nephrin and IgA showed no significant expression changes at all. Conclusion: Bevacizumab increases the risk of injury in glomerular filtration barrier in a dose dependent model. The injury may not only associate with the rising level of proteinuria but also with podocyte-dependent membrane structures.     

Effect of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate on the Nephrotoxicity Induced by Cisplatin in Rats

Cisplatin is one of the most active cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer, but its clinical use is frequently limited by nephrotoxicity. The study presented here attempted to evaluate the effect of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally as a single dose: sodium chloride 0.9%, cisplatin (6 mg/kg), fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (500 mg/kg), and cisplatin plus fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (6 and 500 mg/kg, respectively). The use of cisplatin resulted in significant elevation of serum creatinine and urea. The group that received cisplatin plus fructose-1,6-bisphosphate presented a significantly lower level of creatinine and urea compared to the cisplatin group. Acute tubular necrosis was demonstrated in the animals that received cisplatin and a less severe one in the cisplatin plus fructose-1,6-bisphosphate group. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate has a protective effect over renal function and renal parenchyma in a rat experimental model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The anti-inflammatory effect of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate confirms its protective effect in cases of cellular injury.