艾司西酞普兰对APP/PS1小鼠海马神经元突触功能及对BDNF-TrkB-CREB信号通路的影响

目的探讨艾司西酞普兰对APP/PS-1小鼠海马神经元突触功能及与BDNF-TrkB-CREB信号通路的关系。方法将7月龄APP/PS-1转基因小鼠随机分为模型组及艾司西酞普兰组,每组10只;另取10只同龄C57BL/6小鼠作为阴性对照组。给予10 mg/kg艾司西酞普兰灌胃治疗,连续8周,每天一次;对照组及模型组给予等体积生理盐水。Morris水迷宫检测各组小鼠学习记忆能力;尼式染色检测各组小鼠海马DG区尼氏体变化;酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测小鼠海马区乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)及胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT);Western blot检测小鼠海马区SYN、PSD95、GAP43、BDNF、TrkB、p-TrkB、CREB及p-CREB蛋白表达。结果艾司西酞普兰组改善APP/PS-1小鼠认知功能,小鼠逃避潜伏期减少,穿越平台次数增加,在目标象限停留时间延长,小鼠海马DG区神经元排列整齐且尼氏体数量增加,下调AChE,上调ChAT表达,且能增加SYN、PSD95及GAP43蛋白表达;此外,艾司西酞普兰还能显著增加小鼠海马区BDNF、p-TrkB及p-CREB蛋白表达,与模型组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论艾司西酞普兰改善小鼠海马神经元突触功能,提高APP/PS-1小鼠的学习记忆能力,可能与调控BDNF-TrkBCREB信号通路相关蛋白表达有关。     

高压氧通过激活CREB/BDNF信号通路减轻阿尔茨海默病小鼠海马神经元突触损伤

目的:探讨高压氧(hyperbaric oxygen,HBO)对阿尔茨海默病APP/PS1转基因(trangenic,TG)小鼠海马神经元突触损伤的影响及其作用机制。方法:将6月龄雄性APP/PS1 TG小鼠随机分为TG组、HBO组及环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein,CREB)抑制剂H89组,每组10只;另取10只同龄雄性野生型(wild-type,WT)C57BL/6小鼠作为阴性对照组(WT组)。HBO和H89组小鼠进行高压氧治疗6个疗程;WT组及TG组小鼠不给予治疗。Morris水迷宫实验检测各组小鼠学习记忆能力;筑巢实验检测小鼠智力改变;尼氏染色检测各组小鼠海马神经元中尼氏体表达;real-time PCR检测小鼠海马区CREB及脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)mRNA的表达;Western blot检测小鼠海马区突触素(synapsin,SYN)、突触后致密区蛋白95(postsynaptic density protein 95,PSD95)、生长相关蛋白43(growth-associated protein 43,GAP43)、CREB、磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)及BDNF的蛋白水平。结果:与WT组相比,TG组小鼠学习记忆能力降低,筑巢分数显著降低,海马区尼氏体数量显著减少,CREB及BDNF mRNA相对表达显著减少,SYN、PSD95、GAP43、p-CREB及BDNF蛋白水平显著降低(P0. 05)。与TG组相比,HBO组小鼠学习与记忆能力改善,小鼠筑巢分数显著增加,海马区神经元排列整齐且尼氏体数量增加,CREB及BDNF mRNA相对表达显著增加,SYN、PSD95、GAP43、p-CREB及BDNF蛋白水平显著升高(P0. 05)。与HBO组相比,H89组小鼠学习记忆能力及筑巢分数显著降低,海马区尼氏体数量减少,CREB及BDNF mRNA相对表达显著减少(P0. 05),SYN、PSD95、GAP43、p-CREB及BDNF蛋白水平显著降低(P0. 05)。结论:HBO能改善APP/PS1 TG小鼠的学习记忆能力,其机制可能与激活CREB/BDNF信号通路,减轻小鼠海马神经元突触损伤有关。     

激活APP/PS1小鼠β_2-AR增强海马神经元再生并改善记忆缺失

目的:研究β_2-肾上腺素受体(β_2-AR)对阿尔茨海默病(AD)APP/PS1转基因小鼠海马神经元再生和学习记忆的作用。方法:12只AD小鼠随机分为APP/PS1组和APP/PS1+Clen组,另选6只野生型小鼠作为对照组(WT)。APP/PS1+Clen组于第8月龄起行腹腔注射β_2-AR激动剂Clenbuterol(Clen)2 mg/kg/d,持续2个月。APP/PS1组和WT组均接受等量的0.9%生理盐水稀释的DMSO。给药后对小鼠进行Morris水迷宫试验检测小鼠的学习记忆能力,后取脑切片进行PSA-NCAM免疫组织化学染色。结果:与APP/PS1组相比,APP/PS1+Clen组逃避潜伏期明显缩短,而目标象限停留时间及经过平台次数明显增加(P0.05)。免疫组织化学法显示APP/PS1+Clen组小鼠海马区PSA-NCAM表达增强。结论:通过Clenbuterol激活APP/PS1小鼠β_2-AR可增强海马神经元再生并改善记忆缺失。     

miR-30c通过调节海马神经发生对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力的影响*

目的：探讨miR-30c 通过调控海马神经发生对APP/PS1 转基因小鼠的学习记忆的影响。方法：用免疫荧光 检测Ki67 的表达和Morris 行为学检测APP/PS1 转基因小鼠海马的神经发生及学习记忆能力,并通过脑立体定位 技术显微注射miR-30c 过表达和miR-30c 敲减慢病毒载体以干扰海马齿状回区域的神经发生,检测海马神经发生 对学习记忆的影响。结果：APP/PS1 转基因小鼠的海马神经发生和学习记忆能力明显低于野生小鼠。然而,当 APP/PS1 转基因小鼠海马的miR-30c 过表达后,海马神经发生明显增加（14.2 倍）;相反,当海马miR-30c 敲减后, 海马神经发生明显降低（0.25 倍）,并且Morris 行为学结果显示,miR-30c 敲减后小鼠的学习记忆能力明显降低, 而miR-30c 过表达后小鼠的学习记忆能力明显增强。结论：miR-30c 可能通过调控海马神经发生影响学习记忆功能, 提示miR-30c 可作为干预阿尔茨海默症神经发生与学习记忆能力的潜在靶点。     

电针对阿尔茨海默病小鼠海马神经元突触损伤及对CREB/BDNF信号通路的影响

目的探讨电针对APP/PS-1转基因小鼠海马神经元突触损伤及对CREB/BDNF信号通路的影响。方法将7月龄APP/PS-1转基因小鼠随机分为模型组、电针组及药物组,每组10只;另取10只同龄C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组。电针组针刺百合、印堂穴,并接入电针仪,20 min/次/天,共治疗15天;药物组给予盐酸多奈哌齐灌胃治疗;对照组及模型组不予以治疗。Morris水迷宫检测各组小鼠学习记忆能力;筑巢实验检测小鼠智力改变;尼式染色检测各组小鼠海马尼氏体变化;Western blot检测小鼠海马区SYN、PSD95、GAP43、CREB、pCREB及BDNF蛋白表达。结果 Morris水迷宫结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组小鼠逃避潜伏期增加,穿越平台次数减少,在目标象限停留时间减少;电针及药物组小鼠逃避潜伏期减少,穿越平台次数增加,在目标象限停留时间延长。模型组筑巢分数较对照组明显降低,电针及药物组小鼠筑巢分数明显增加。电针及药物组小鼠海马区神经元排列整齐且尼氏体数量增加,SYN、PSD95及GAP43蛋白表达增加。电针及药物组小鼠海马区pCREB及BDNF蛋白表达较模型组增加。结论电针减轻小鼠海马神经元突触损伤,改善APP/PS-1转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力,可能与调控CREB/BDNF信号通路相关蛋白表达有关。     

BDNF在APP/PS1转基因小鼠皮层和海马内的表达及其对学习记忆能力的影响

目的:探究脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)在野生型小鼠和APP/PS1双转基因小鼠大脑内的表达变化及其对学习记忆能力的影响。方法:选择野生型小鼠和APP/PS1双转基因小鼠作为研究对象,刚果红染色标记Aβ斑,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,采用免疫荧光和Western blot方法检测BDNF在野生型和APP/PS1双转基因小鼠皮层和海马内的表达,Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的空间学习记忆能力。结果:APP/PS1双转基因小鼠皮层和海马区都形成Aβ斑,且12月龄小鼠Aβ斑的数量多于6月龄(P0.05)。12月龄APP/PS1双转基因小鼠皮层和海马区神经元凋亡的数量多于野生型小鼠(P0.01)。野生型小鼠皮层和海马区BDNF的表达量高于APP/PS1双转基因小鼠(P0.01)。水迷宫检测显示,APP/PS1双转基因小鼠的逃逸潜伏期长于野生型小鼠,而60 s内穿越平台所位象限的次数少于野生型小鼠,且游泳轨迹杂乱无章。结论:APP/PS1双转基因型小鼠皮层和海马区BDNF的表达量低于野生型小鼠,并伴随着神经元凋亡的增加,且空间学习记忆能力降低。这些结果提示APP/PS1双转基因小鼠学习记忆能力的降低可能与BDNF表达减少导致神经元凋亡增加有关,这也许是阿尔茨海默病的病理机制之一。     

丹酚酸B对APP/PS1小鼠学习记忆及氧化应激的作用及可能机制

目的 探讨丹酚酸B对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力、氧化应激水平及Nrf-2/HO-l信号通路的影响.方法 将7月龄的APP/PS1小鼠随机分为模型组、丹酚酸B低剂量组(30mg/kg)及丹酚酸B高剂量组(60 mg/kg),并取同龄C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组,每组10只,连续灌胃给药8周.Morris水迷宫观察各组小鼠学习与记忆能力;TUNEL染色检测小鼠海马区域细胞凋亡情况;试剂盒检测小鼠海马区域SOD、GSH-Px活性及MDA含量;Western Blot检测Nrf-2/HO-1信号通路相关蛋白Nrf-2、Keap-1及HO-1表达情况.结果 丹酚酸B低、高剂量均能改善小鼠的学习与记忆能力,表现为小鼠逃避潜伏期明显缩短,目标象限停留时间延长,穿越平台次数相应增加,海马区域细胞凋亡数量显著降低(P＜0.05),提高SOD及GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量,上调细胞核中Nrf-2及HO-1蛋白表达,下调Keap-1蛋白表达(P＜0.05).结论 丹酚酸B改善APP/PS1小鼠学习与记忆能力,降低氧化应激水平,与激活Nrf-2/HO-1信号通路相关.     

亚甲蓝对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆及海马结构内GFAP表达的影响

目的:观察亚甲蓝对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(Glial fibrillary acidic pro-tein,GFAP)在海马结构表达变化的影响。方法:20只3月龄APP/PS1小鼠,随机分2组,每组10只,对照组:自由饮水;治疗组:根据小鼠饮水量将亚甲蓝加入日常饮水中(25 mg/kg/d)连用4个月至7月龄。水迷宫测试观察其行为学的改变,免疫组化、Western Blot和TUNEL染色法观察GFAP在海马结构的表达及神经元的凋亡情况。结果:水迷宫测试结果显示亚甲蓝喂养组APP/PS1转基因小鼠第2～4 d的平均潜伏期显著低于对照组小鼠的潜伏期,说明治疗组与对照组相比在7个月时出现明显差异(P<0.05);免疫组化和Western结果显示治疗组海马结构内的GFAP在APP/PS1转基因小鼠的表达下调(P<0.05)。TUNEL染色法显示治疗组海马CA1、CA3区和齿状回TUNEL阳性细胞数较对照组明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:亚甲蓝能够下调APP/PS1小鼠海马结构内GFAP蛋白的表达,并通过抑制海马结构神经元的凋亡,提高APP/PS1小鼠的认知能力。     

基于齿状回神经元树突棘形态探讨ROCK2敲减改善APP/PS1小鼠认知功能的作用机制

目的：观察海马区敲减Rho相关激酶2(ROCK2)对阿尔茨海默病模型APPswe/PS1dE9(APP/PS1转基因小鼠的干预效果，并探索其对海马齿状回区神经元树突棘形态的影响及潜在机制。方法：选用雄性8月龄的C57BL/6及APP/PS1小鼠，随机分为4组，分别为野生型（WT）组（8只）、APP/PS1小鼠生理盐水（NS）组（8只）、APP/PS1小鼠敲减对照（shRNA）组（12只）和APP/PS1小鼠ROCK2敲减（shROCK2）组（12只）。通过腺相关病毒共转染shRNA的方法，下调APP/PS1转基因小鼠双侧海马区神经元ROCK2蛋白表达，实现海马区局部神经元ROCK2敲减。利用水迷宫和Y迷宫实验检测小鼠的认知功能；免疫荧光染色和Western blot检测AD相关病理改变；激光共聚焦和Imairs软件观察并分析海马齿状回区神经元的树突棘形态变化；Western blot检测海马组织中突触相关蛋白的表达水平。结果：水迷宫实验中，与WT组的小鼠相比，NS和shRNA组小鼠到达平台的时间、到达平台的距离及第一次进入平台所在象限的时间均显著增加（P<0.05或P<0....     

外源性NGF对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力的影响

目的观察外源性神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)对APP/PS1转基因小鼠学习记忆能力的影响和环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element bling protein,CREB)蛋白的调节作用。方法实验分为野生组(雄性5月龄C57BL/6小鼠6只,鼻腔给予生理盐水),AD组(雄性5月龄APP/PS1小鼠6只)和AD+NGF组(雄性5月龄APP/PS1小鼠6只,鼻腔给予小鼠NGF治疗14w),应用Morris水迷宫检测小鼠的学习记忆能力变化,应用Western blot检测小鼠脑内CREB蛋白、p-CREB蛋白的表达。结果 AD+NGF组小鼠的潜伏期和找到平台前所经过的总路程均显著低于AD组小鼠,经过目标平台位置的次数明显高于AD组小鼠,游泳总路程和平均游泳速度均明显低于AD组小鼠。外源性NGF上调APP/PS1转基因小鼠脑内CREB蛋白和p-CREB蛋白的表达。结论外源性NGF改善APP/PS1转基因小鼠的学习记忆能力可能与上调CREB和p-CREB蛋白的表达相关。     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Photoperiodicity and the function of the hypophysis and the adrenal cortex

Summary The ACTH content of the hypophysis of rats rises from a minimum in the morning to a maximum in the evening hours. These fluctuations are associated with the diurnal rhythm of light and darkness, and are abolished under conditions of continual light or darkness for 30 days. Rhythmic fluctuations of the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals are also found, with maximum values in the evening, and these are likewise abolished by maintenance under conditions of constant illumination.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin     

Organization and distribution of the upper and lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord of the rat

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord using cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) as the retrograde tracer. Following injection of CTb into the cervical esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons in the nucleus ambiguus including the compact (AmC), semicompact (AmS) and loose (AmL) formations, and the medial column of lamina IX at the C1-C5 levels of the cervical spinal cord corresponding to the spinal accessory nucleus. A few labeled neurons were found in the inferior salivatory nucleus, the rostral division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), the accessory facial nucleus and the lateral column of lamina IX at the C2 and C3 levels. All these labeled neurons showed ChAT immunoreactivity. When CTb was injected into the cut end of the unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, many labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral AmC, the AmL, and the bilateral medial column at the C1 and C2 levels. Following injection of CTb into the subdiaphragmatic esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons only in the AmC and the DMX. When CTb was injected into the sternomastoid muscle, many labeled neurons were found in the medullary reticular formation, the facial nucleus, the medial column at the C1-C3, C5 and C6 levels, and the lateral column at the C2, C3, C5 and C6 levels. Injections of a Fluoro-Gold into the cervical esophagus and a CTb into the sternomastoid muscle or the subdiaphragmatic esophagus in the same animal showed many double labeled neurons in the medial column of the accessory nucleus at the C1 and C2 levels, but no double labeled neurons in the AmC. These results indicated that the upper cervical esophagus is innervated by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons as well as the somatic spinal accessory motoneurons. The lower esophagus is innervated only by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons.     

产后妇女全血钙和骨源性碱性磷酸酶（ABAP）活性的检测与分析

目的结合我院特点,测定来我院进行产后检查妇女的骨源性碱性磷酸酶（ABAP）活性以及全血钙。方法采用金标法测定产妇3031人骨源性碱性磷酸酶（ABAP）的活性,并从中随机选择855人采用BH-5100型多通道原子吸收光谱仪检测全血钙。结果经测定,3031名产妇中679人骨源性碱性磷酸酶（ABAP）的活性异常,异常者检出率为22.4%,其中83.5%的产妇轻度缺钙,而16.5%的产妇严重缺钙;而全血钙异常检出率为17.0%。结论ABAP活性检测方法比全血钙检测方法测定体内钙营养水平更具敏感性,可作为检测评价产妇钙营养状况的一种简易可靠的方法,为产后骨质疏松提供了一种可靠、便捷、科学合理的指标。