出核因子CRM1及p27在胶质瘤中的表达

目的 探讨出核因子CRM1、p27 10位丝氨酸(Ser10)磷酸化及p27蛋白在胶质瘤中的表达、相互关系及意义.方法 免疫组织化学SP法检测70例胶质瘤和10例非肿瘤对照脑组织标本中CRM1、p27Ser10磷酸化形式及p27蛋白的表达,Western blot检测6例新鲜胶质瘤标本中相应蛋白的表达.结果 CRM1及p27Ser10磷酸化形式在对照脑组织中表达不明显,在低级别胶质瘤中表达较少,在高级别胶质瘤中表达较多,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).p27在对照脑组织中表达明显,其表达水平随肿瘤级别增高而降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).Western blot结果显示CRM1、p27Ser10磷酸化形式在胶质瘤中的表达水平与肿瘤细胞的恶性程度相关.相关分析显示:胶质瘤中CRM1蛋白表达与p27蛋白表达呈负相关(r=0.727,P<0.01),与p27Ser10磷酸化形式呈正相关(rs=0.954,P<0.01),与增殖指标Ki-67表达呈正相关(rs=0.799,P<0.01);p27Ser10磷酸化形式与p27蛋白表达呈负相关(rs=-0.744,P<0.01),与Ki-67表达呈正相关(rs=0.785,P<0.01).结论 在胶质瘤中高表达的CRM1可能通过识别并结合高表达的p27Ser10磷酸化形式,促进p27的出核降解,使p27表达降低,失去对细胞周期的调控,从而促进胶质瘤的恶性进展和增殖.     

卵巢癌细胞系C-JUN激活蛋白-1与P27kip1表达的相关性

目的 探讨c-Jun激活区结合蛋白-1（Jab1）与p27kip1在卵巢癌细胞株HO-8910中的表达变化及相互关系。 方法 用血清饥饿及饥饿后释放处理HO-8910细胞,分别用Western blot及核浆分离技术检测Jab1 、p27kip1表达及亚细胞定位;用免疫沉淀方法检测Jab1与p27kip1的结合情况;脂质体介导法将Jab1基因转染HO-8910细胞,Western blot及核浆分离检测p27kip1表达。结果 血清饥饿导致HO-8910细胞生长周期停滞,p27kip1蛋白总量增加,且主要集中于胞核分布;Jab1蛋白总量减少,主要表达于核浆;血清释放后两者呈现相反的表达变化,但是p27kip1主要集中在胞质分布;p27kip1与Jab1在HO-8910细胞中存在相互结合的情况。脂质体转染Jab1后,p27kip1表达下降且定位有明显的胞质改变。结论 Jab1可能通过与p27kip1结合来介导p27kip1出核并影响其表达,从而参与调控HO-8910细胞的生长。     

p16、p53和Ki-67蛋白在宫颈上皮内瘤变中的表达及意义

目的 探讨p16、p53和Ki-67蛋白在宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia,CIN)中的表达及临床意义.方法 采用免疫组化SP法检测正常子宫颈或炎性病变组织、CIN1～3中p16、p53和Ki-67蛋白的表达.结果 p16、p53和Ki-67蛋白在正常子宫颈或炎性病变中罕见表达,在CIN1～3组织中三者表达均较高,随CIN级别升高p16、p53和Ki-67表达增强,各组间表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).同时p16、p53和Ki-67三者阳性表达均可见分层现象,在CIN1中大部分阳性细胞位于子宫颈鳞状上皮的下1/3,在CIN2中多累及上皮下2/3,而CIN3则普遍超过上皮的下2/3或全层弥漫阳性,各组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 p16、p53和Ki-67蛋白表达均与子宫颈上皮内瘤变的病变进展密切相关,联合检测p16和Ki-67的抗原表达可作为CIN分级诊断的辅助方法,具有较好的应用价值.     

LIM结构域结合蛋白1在脑胶质瘤患者中的表达研究

目的 观察LIM结构域结合蛋白1(LIM-domain-binding 1,Ldb1)在脑胶质瘤患者中的表达.方法 采用Real-timePCR方法检测46例脑胶质瘤手术患者脑组织、18例正常对照和16例良性脑肿瘤对照脑组织标本中Ldb1 mRNA的表达水平;采用免疫组化EnVision二步法观察Ldb1在高级别胶质瘤中的蛋白表达定位.结果 脑胶质瘤患者脑组织Ldb1的mRNA表达高于正常对照组和良性脑肿瘤对照组.Ldb1在不同分级的胶质瘤中表达并不相同,在Ⅲ、ⅣV级中的相对表达量明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级(P ＜0.001).在高级别胶质瘤中,Ldb1蛋白主要表达在肿瘤细胞核和胞浆内.结论 脑胶质瘤患者肿瘤组织中Ldb1表达增高,可能参与了胶质瘤的发生、发展过程.     

胶质瘤中S100、survivin和Ki-67的表达及其生物学意义

目的探讨S100、survivin和Ki-67作为肿瘤生物学标记在星形胶质瘤中的表达及其生物学意义。方法采用HE染色和SP法对65例星形胶质瘤中S100、survivin和Ki-67的表达情况进行研究,探寻其与肿瘤恶性程度的关系,及三者之间的相互关系。结果在正常脑组织中,S100多显全细胞型阳性,survivin蛋白和Ki-67不表达。随着星形胶质瘤恶性程度的增高,S100表达强度减弱;survivin蛋白的表达和Ki-67指数增高。S100、survivin和Ki-67的表达与星形胶质瘤的恶性程度有显著相关性。结论 S100和survivin在恶性胶质瘤的发生、发展过程中起重要作用,可以作为星形胶质瘤恶性程度的标志物。     

胃癌NET-1、Ki-67表达及意义

目的 研究胃癌组织中NET-1和Ki-67表达与其预后的关系.方法 分别应用免疫组化EnVision两步法检测86例胃癌组织中NET-1和Ki-67的表达,对两指标均阳性病例行免疫组化双标双染方法,原位检测两指标的表达特点和比邻关系.所有病例随访60月以上.结果 胃癌组织中 NET-1和Ki-67高表达分别为56.98%和74.42%,两指标阳性表达呈正相关(P<0.01).两指标高表达分别与癌分化呈负相关(均P<0.01);与癌临床分期呈正相关(均P<0.05);与患者生存率呈负相关(均P<0.05),其3年、5年生存率均低于相应的低表达组或阴性组(P<0.05,P<0.01);NET-1表达还与癌淋巴结转移呈正相关(P<0.01).结论NET-1、Ki-67基因蛋白高表达反映胃癌细胞群体增殖活性,上调癌进展,预后较差.     

Twist2在神经胶质瘤中的表达及其意义北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨Twist2在神经胶质瘤中的表达意义及其是否通过上皮间质转化参与胶质瘤的恶性转化.方法 采用免疫组织化学法检测60例脑胶质瘤（包括WHO Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级各20例）及20例非肿瘤脑组织中Twist2蛋白的表达水平;采用即时荧光定量PCR法和Western blot分别检测61例胶质瘤（WHO Ⅱ级16例、Ⅲ级21例、Ⅳ级24例）和12例瘤旁新鲜组织中Twist2 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平,同时应用Western blot分别检测各组新鲜组织标本中E-cadherin、N-cadherin、波形蛋白表达水平.结果 免疫组织化学法结果显示：Twist2在胶质瘤中的表达阳性率为90%（54/60）,在非肿瘤脑组织中为30%（6/20）,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;在胶质瘤WHO Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级中的表达阳性率分别为75%（15/20）、95%（19/20）、100%（20/20）.WHO Ⅳ级、Ⅲ级显著高于Ⅱ级（P〈0.01）,WHOⅣ级与Ⅲ级的表达,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.即时荧光定量PCR法和Western blot结果显示：Twist2在胶质瘤中的表达水平明显高于瘤旁组织（P〈0.01）;且WHOⅣ级、Ⅲ级中的表达均明显高于Ⅱ级,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;胶质瘤WHOⅣ级和Ⅲ级比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;Western blot检测上皮间质转化中关键蛋白表达水平结果：新鲜胶质瘤组织中E-cadherin蛋白表达水平与Twist2呈负相关（r=-0.972,P〈0.01）;N-cadherin、波形蛋白表达水平与Twist2均呈正相关（r=0.971,P〈0.01;r=0.968,P〈0.01）.结论 Twist2在人神经胶质细胞瘤中存在表达,且与胶质瘤恶性等级呈正相关,其可能通过上皮间质转化参与胶质瘤的恶性进程.     

Notch1和Notch2在星形细胞瘤及髓母细胞瘤中的表达及其意义

目的 探讨Notch1和Notch2在人脑星形细胞瘤及髓母细胞瘤中的表达及其在肿瘤形成和发展中的作用.方法 应用组织芯片和免疫组织化学SP法染色以及Western blot技术检测正常脑组织、不同级别大脑星形细胞瘤、小脑髓母细胞瘤中Notch1和Notch2蛋白的表达情况.结果 正常脑组织中Notch1和Notch2蛋白呈阴性表达;Notch1在Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤中阳性比为15/15,Ⅲ级中阳性比为14/15,Ⅱ级中阳性比为10/15,Ⅰ级中阳性比为9/15,总阳性率为80.0%(48/60),阳性部位均为胞质.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤中表达阳性比及表达强度随肿瘤级别增高而增高.在髓母细胞瘤中阳性比为2/10,且表达水平较低.Notch2在Ⅳ级星形细胞瘤中无表达(0/15),Ⅲ级表达阳性比为1/15,Ⅱ级中阳性比为2/15,Ⅰ级中阳性比为3/15,总阳性率为10%(6/60),表达率及表达强度都很低.在髓母细胞瘤中阳性比为9/10.Notch1在各级别胶质瘤中表达强度的差异均有统计学意义(x2=18.495,P<0.05).Spearman等级相关检验证实肿瘤病理分级与Notch1表达强度之间呈正相关(r=0.859,P<0.05).在星形细胞瘤中,Notch1和Notch2表达的总阳性率差异有统计学意义(x2=56.807,P<0.05),在髓母细胞瘤中,Notch1和Notch2的表达差别有统计学意义(x2=13.778,P<0.05).结论 Notch1和Notch2在星形细胞瘤及髓母细胞瘤中表达不同,并呈现相反的趋势,可能与两者在脑发育过程中的作用不同有关.     

Cyclin D1和p16、p27在脑胶质瘤中的表达及其与PCNA的相关性

目的检测Cyclin D1和p16、p27以及PCNA在脑胶质瘤中的表达状况,以探讨不同病理类型脑胶质瘤中各自的表达及其相关性.方法应用免疫组化S-P法,检测12例正常脑组织、58例脑胶质瘤组织中Cyclin D1、p16、p27及PCNA表达及其特征.结果Cyclin D1在由低度恶性胶质瘤向高度恶性胶质瘤转化中阳性表达逐渐增强(χ2检验,P＜0.005,χ2=51.67);而p16、p27阳性表达却是随着胶质瘤恶性程度的升高而降低(χ2检验,P值均＜0.005,χ2分别为15.41和12.81).Cyclin D1与PCNA呈正相关,rs=0.745;p16和p27与PCNA呈负相关,rs分别为-0.566和-0.612.结论脑胶质瘤中Cyclin D1的表达程度对胶质瘤的细胞增殖活性起促进作用,而p16、p27的表达则起抑制作用.     

MAGE-A1在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及其意义

为探讨黑色素瘤抗原A1(melanoma antigen A1,MAGE-A1)蛋白在人脑胶质瘤中的表达与其恶性程度的关系,用免疫组织化学SABC法检测48例人脑胶质瘤标本、2株人脑胶质瘤细胞系U87、SHG-44及6名正常人脑组织中MAGE-A1蛋白的表达.同时采用免疫荧光染色后流式细胞仪分析及荧光显微镜观察2株胶质瘤细胞MAGE-A1的表达.结果显示,MAGE-A1蛋白在I～Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织中阳性率分别为25.0%,29.4%,38.5%和50.0%,正常脑组织无表达.胶质瘤细胞系U87、SHG-44细胞MAGE-A1的表达率分别为77.3%,95.8%.表明MAGE-A1蛋白表达于人脑胶质瘤细胞,并与其恶性程度相关.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.