腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器的生物力学评价

目的　评价一种新型腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器的生物力学性能,为其临床应用提供理论依据。 方法　采用8例新鲜猪腰椎标本的L4/5脊柱功能单元进行生物力学实验,先后制作正常脊柱组、峡部裂组、Buck螺钉固定组、Nicol钢丝捆绑组、机翼型记忆合金固定组5组实验模型。利用脊柱三维运动实验机,分别测试5组模型在前屈/后伸、左/右侧弯及左/右轴向旋转6种运动的活动范围。 结果　在前屈/后伸及左/右旋转状态下,峡部裂组稳定性最差,同其他4组有显著差异（P<0.05）。而使用机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器可明显恢复峡部裂腰椎稳定性,同正常脊柱组及其他2种内固定组无显著差异（P>0.05）。在左/右侧弯状态下5组腰椎标本均无显著性差异（P>0.05）。 结论　该新型记忆合金内固定器可维持峡部裂腰椎正常的三维运动稳定性,并且操作简单,具有很好的应用前景。     

腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金固定装置的有限元分析

目的　以正常人体CT影像数据为基础,建立腰椎峡部裂弹性固定有限元模型,分析内固定器受力并对其进行改进。 方法 采用分辨率0.625 mm薄层CT扫描数据,导入 Mimics10.0软件建立三维几何面网格模型,通过Geomagic studio12.0、HyperMesh 10.0前处理,最终导入Abaqus10.1软件生成腰椎峡部裂记忆合金固定模型,并在椎体上表面施加500N压力和7.5 Nm力矩,模拟前屈、后伸、侧屈和旋转四种生理载荷,观察并比较不同载荷下固定装置的应力分布。 结果　机翼型记忆合金固定装置应力集中于侧翼,尤其是侧翼和底座的接合部位,后伸和旋转时最大,容易导致疲劳性断裂。 结论　提高镍钛合金材料质量和工艺水准,术后延长腰围保护时间,以避免机翼型记忆合金固定装置断裂的风险。     

腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器研制的解剖学基础

目的　解剖测量L1～5, S1形态学参数为研制腰椎峡部裂机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器提供解剖学依据。 方法　采用20套正常成人腰骶椎标本测量L1～5,S1的相关参数,据此设计机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器。 结果 以L4/L5为例：(1)腰椎棘突下面两侧缘与椎板的交点至同侧横突根部上缘的距离(DITR)为(35.30±2.38)mm;(2)腰椎横突根部上缘前后两侧面的夹角(AFR)为(30.47±6.38)°;横突根部上下缘宽度(WRT)为(11.43±1.76)mm;(3)腰椎两侧横突、上关节突及椎弓根交界处中心点间距(DTAP) 为(46.44±2.55)mm;(4)腰骶椎棘突的厚度(TSP)为(9.04±1.12)mm;(5)腰骶椎棘突间距 (DAP)为(7.10±1.83)　mm;(6)腰椎棘突下面两侧缘与椎板的交点到横突根部、上关节突、椎弓根交界处中心点的连线和相应棘突下面侧缘的夹角（ATL）为(58.31±7.02)°;(7) 腰骶椎棘突后面到椎板的距离（LSP）为(20.40±2.80)mm。该内固定器由“U”形体部及两侧翼构成,初步设计大、中、小3个型号。 结论 机翼型记忆合金节段内固定器的设计在形态学上具有可行性,且利用了镍钛合金的记忆效应、超弹性、耐腐蚀等特性,是一种牢靠安全,操作简便的新型内固定器。     

单椎节与单节段内固定治疗腰椎椎弓峡部裂的有限元分析

目的通过单椎节和单节段内固定治疗腰椎椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型的生物力学实验,比较峡部裂状态和两种内固定情况下邻近终板的应力变化。方法利用已经建立的L4双侧椎弓峡部裂三维有限元模型,重建下腰椎内固定物如椎弓根螺钉和连接杆,将两者组合构建单椎节和单节段内固定治疗腰椎椎弓峡部裂的有限元模型,在同样约束条件及载荷下进行有限元分析,比较腰椎峡部裂状态、单椎节、单节段内固定3种力学状态下邻近终板的应力变化情况。结果轴向加压时,两种内固定方式与峡部裂状态相比较在L4下终板应力均值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),前屈、后伸、侧屈时单椎节固定方式终板应力均值与峡部裂状态相仿,而单节段固定方式与峡部裂状态相比较在L4下终板应力均值增高有统计学意义(P<0.05),在S1上终板应力均值差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05),旋转时单椎节固定方式与其他两种状态相比在S1上终板应力均值下降有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论单椎节经椎弓根钉棒固定系统治疗腰椎弓峡部裂在轴向加压、前屈、后伸、侧屈、旋转时不仅能提供良好的固定,而且最大程度地保留了上下椎间盘的活动,尤其在旋转运动时对下一节椎间盘有良好的稳定作用。     

机翼型Ni-Ti合金固定峡部裂对椎间盘的影响

目的　在自制机翼型Ni-Ti合金固定器基础之上,建立腰椎峡部裂内固定的有限元模型,分析其对椎间盘的影响。 方法　CT数据建立腰椎峡部裂模型,数字装配固定器,测算人体各工况下椎间盘应力峰值及分布。 结果　在前屈、后伸、左侧屈和左旋转工况下,患椎间盘的最大应力值分别增加到105%、102%、101%和111%,在使用机翼型Ni-Ti合金内固定技术重建后,患椎间盘最大应力值分别减少至67%、55%、88%和83%。 结论　机翼型Ni-Ti合金固定器构造特别,可有效减少同节段及相邻节段的椎间盘应力,防止椎间盘远期退变,具备良好的生物力学特性,有望进入临床应用,为腰椎峡部裂的治疗提供更多的选择。     

镍钛记忆合金腕骨四角融合器的生物力学特性

目的:评价镍钛记忆合金腕骨四角融合器(NiTi shape memory alloy four-corner arthrodesis concentrator,NT-FCAC)的生物力学特性。方法:32侧头状骨、月骨、三角骨、钩骨标本分别采用NT-FCAC和克氏针固定,体外模拟四角融合术,858型双轴液压材料测试系统(858-MTS)测试固定强度;2件NT-FCAC施加20～200N循环拉伸载荷(1Hz),达到6%记录形变时的循环载荷次数;100N下压力和上提力加载NT-FCAC有限元模型,了解应力分布情况;分析试验结果,评价NT-FCAC生物力学特性。结果:NT-FCAC组固定强度大于克氏针组(P<0.05);2件NT-FCAC发生形变达到6%时,施加载荷次数分别为4239和4068次;应力分布集中在NT-FCAC体部与4个固定臂交界处。结论:NT-FCAC固定强度可满足四角融合术后不需外固定、早期功能锻炼的要求;疲劳度可满足四角融合后达到骨性愈合的需要;最易疲劳、断裂部位在NT-FCAC体部与4个固定臂交界处。     

腰椎弹性内固定与刚性内固定的应力对比研究

目的:通过有限元的方法评价自行研制的腰椎"U"型弹性内固定器的力学特性,并与传统的刚性内固定器进行比较.方法:选择一名成年患者腰椎标本,以L4～5节段为研究对象,采用64排螺旋CT对其进行层厚1.0 mm的连续水平扫描,将所得图像进行轮廓提取和阈值分割后,借助三维重建软件Mimics11.1、Simpleware和有限元软件Abaqus 6.51软件,建立L4～5节段三维非线性有限元模型.同时根据椎弓根螺钉、连接棒的几何尺寸,力学参数,分别建立两种不同内固定器的有限元模型.然后分别施加压缩、前屈、后伸、侧屈及旋转等各种生理载荷,观察各模型不同载荷下螺钉、连接棒的应力分布.结果:两种内固定器的椎弓根螺钉前、中部的应力差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);刚性固定的椎弓根螺钉与棒连接处是应立集中的部位,该部位的应力远大于弹性固定器,而弹性内固定应力集中的部位均匀的分布于整个U型连接棒上,两模型固定节段螺钉及棒的最大有效应力均出现于前屈时.结论:在加载相同的纵向载荷条件下,刚性内固定器应力主要集中在螺钉与棒交界处,容易易发生螺钉断裂,U型弹性内固定器的应力均匀分布在U型连接棒上,可以减少断钉的现象发生.     

前后路重建治疗II型Hangman骨折对颈椎稳定性的影响

目的评价颈前路C3椎体大部分切除、植骨融合钢板系统内固定术重建上颈椎稳定性的生物力学性能,并与临床常用的C2～3开槽植骨融合钢板内固定术、后路椎弓根螺钉内固定术作对比。方法 6例新鲜尸体上颈椎标本(含C2～4),在标本完整(完整组)、C2双侧椎弓峡部切断加C2～3前纵韧带切断加C2～3椎间盘切除(Hang-man骨折组)、后路C2双侧椎弓根螺钉内固定(后路固定组)、前路C2～3植骨融合内固定术(前路内固定组)以及前路C3椎体大部分切除、植骨融合钢板系统内固定术组(前路椎体切除+内固定组)状态下,依次用脊柱三维运动测量系统测试其C2～3、C3～4节段分别在0.5、1.5、2.5 N.m力矩下的运动范围(rage of motion,ROM),并行统计学分析。结果 (1)C2～3节段:前路内固定组和前路椎体切除+内固定组在0.5、1.5、2.5 N.m力矩载荷下的6个方向上,ROM值较完整,Hangman骨折组、后路固定组均明显减小(P<0.05),前路内固定组与前路椎体切除+内固定组间比较无显著性差异。后路固定组在各种载荷条件下6个方向ROM均较完整组大(P<0.05)。后路固定组在各种载荷条件下前屈和后伸时与骨折组无显著性差异,在所有载荷条件下左右旋转及2.5 N.m力矩载荷下左右侧屈时与骨折组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。(2)C3～4节段:除前路椎体切除+内固定组外,其余各组在各种载荷条件下6个方向ROM各组间无显著性差异。在各种载荷下前路椎体切除+内固定组6个方向ROM明显较其余各组小(P<0.05)。Hangman骨折组、后路固定组、前路内固定组中,虽然前路内固定组在各个方向上ROM较其他组略大,但无统计学意义。结论从生物力学观点来看,前路C3椎体大部分切除、植骨融合钢板系统内固定术固定伴有C2～3节段前纵韧带、椎间盘损伤的II型Hangman骨折较C2后路椎弓根螺钉固定更为适当和稳定,是治疗伴有C2～3椎间盘损伤的Ⅱ型Hangman骨折的一个合适选择。     

3种固定器在治疗Lisfranc损伤中的生物力学比较与分析

目的　评价新型镍钛记忆合金四角固定器在治疗跗跖关节损伤中的固定稳定性,并与空心拉力螺钉、背部钢板的固定强度进行对比分析。 方法　在6具新鲜下肢标本中,利用Electr0Force ® 3510高精度生物材料实验系统按以下分组顺序在600 N轴向载荷下测试标本整体的静态刚度。A组为空白对照组,为无损伤状态;B组为损伤组,人为建立跗跖关节损伤模型;C组为新型镍钛记忆合金四角固定器固定组;D组为背部钢板固定组;E组为空心拉力螺钉固定组。其中B、C、D组分别给予3000个疲劳循环,测试其疲劳前后的及时稳定性及疲劳稳定性。 结果　3种内固定方式疲劳前后的自身比较中,应用配对t检验,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05 ）。应用随机区组设计方差分析比较各组,B组与A组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05 ）,整体刚度B组小于A组。A组、C组、D组间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05 ）,并与E组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05 ）,整体刚度小于E组。 结论　新型镍钛记忆合金四角固定器在治疗Lisfranc损伤中可以提供充足的固定强度,这为临床实施镍钛记忆合金四角固定器内固定术提供生物力学依据。     

基于CosmosWorks有限元分析在腰椎弹性内固定棒中的应用

背景:引起假体松动的原因主要有力学因素和生物因素,所以应力分布和松动的机制是目前研究热点。目的:应用有限元分析腰椎"U"型弹性内固定器的力学特征。方法:运用solidworks2008三维建模软件建立弹性内固定棒的实体模型,并借助其中的CosmosWorks工具进行有限元分析,分别施加压缩、前屈及拉伸等各种生理载荷,观察模型在不同载荷下弹性内固定器的应力分布,内固定棒在变形过程中其本身结构中各节点、单元的受力、位移情况。结果与结论:"U"型弹性内固定器的应力分布在"U"型连接棒的"U"型区上,应力应变曲线表现出较好的弹性作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

État de l’art : nouveaux anticoagulants et transfusion

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are indicated for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. As any anticoagulant, they are associated with a bleeding risk. Management of DOAC-induced bleeding is challenging. Idarucizumab, antidote for dabigatran, is currently available and is part of the therapeutic strategy, whereas antidotes for anti-Xa agents are under development. Activated or non-activated prothrombin concentrates are proposed, although their efficacy to reverse DOAC is uncertain. We propose an update on DOAC-associated bleeding management, integrating the availability of idarucizumab and the critical place of DOAC concentration measurements.