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1.
目的探讨压配型髋臼假体置换术后骨性髋臼皮质骨和松质骨的骨小梁应力分布模式及松质骨是否参与承载负荷。方法应用显微CT扫描骨性髋臼的骨小梁,建立骨性髋臼的三维微有限元模型。计算压配型髋臼假体置换后骨性髋臼骨小梁的应力和应变,分析骨性髋臼骨小梁应力、应变的生物力学特征。结果当压配型金属髋臼假体植入髋臼后,骨性髋臼外表面的最高应力区位于耻骨区,最高应力为1.389 MPa。在臼顶区,高应力区的面积最大。在骨性髋臼内部的松质骨,高应力区主要分布在臼顶区,分布区域相对较广。当施加1.372 k N载荷后,骨性髋臼外表面面积较大高应力区位于臼顶区域和耻骨区域,臼顶区的最高拉应力为0.604 MPa,耻骨区骨小梁出现微损伤。在骨性髋臼内部的松质骨,面积较大高应力区主要分布在臼顶区和耻骨区。结论高应力区沿着骨性髋臼外表面呈现3点式环形分布,集中分布于耻骨区、坐骨区、臼顶区;髋臼内部松质骨骨小梁通过形变导致应力分布更加均匀。髋臼松质骨具有承受载荷功能。  相似文献   

2.
目的采用结合显微CT和显微有限元分析方法,即基于显微CT图像建立三维有限元模型并进行数值模拟仿真分析,无创研究不同分期的坏死股骨头松质骨的微结构和微观力学性能,以期了解在股骨头坏死的发展过程中,松质骨微结构和微观力学特性的变化规律,为临床预测股骨头坏死提供理论基础。方法采集10例股骨头坏死患者的股骨头标本的显微CT图像,按照国际骨循环研究学会分期标准分为Ⅱ期样本3例,Ⅲ期3例,Ⅳ期4例。将图像中骨组织进行阈值分割,分区域建立坏死区、侧向区、硬化区和远端区的松质骨块三维有限元模型(边长8 mm),并根据CT值赋予非均匀材料属性。利用ImageJ软件中的BoneJ插件通过识别显微CT组图像,计算测量各区域松质骨的微结构参数,包括骨体积分数、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁间隙、结构模型指数。对松质骨块施加表观应变为1%的压缩载荷,计算骨组织应力和松质骨表观刚度等参数,对比分析各分期、各分区结果。结果在松质骨微结构方面,Ⅳ期较Ⅱ期的股骨头内部硬化区和坏死区的变化最为明显,硬化区的骨体积分数不断上升,骨小梁间隙下降,结构模型指数减小,而坏死区域与之相反;在骨组织微观受力方面,Ⅱ期到Ⅲ期坏死区域的应力并没有明显变化,而硬化区域随着分期增加应力不断上升,侧向区的应力不断下降。表观刚度变化与应力变化一致。结论随着股骨头坏死程度的加剧,硬化区的松质骨微结构和力学性能变化最大,应作为临床早期诊断中重点关注的区域。此外,微结构参数并不能准确体现松质骨的力学行为,而股骨头塌陷最终取决于其力学特性,因此结合有限元分析方法可更加全面了解股骨头坏死的微观力学演变规律。  相似文献   

3.
目的利用三维有限元分析方法研究股骨-骨盆复合体在人体侧向摔倒时冲击载荷作用下的生物力学行为特性。方法基于中国力学虚拟人模型库建立股骨-骨盆-软组织复合体的三维有限元模型,包括皮质骨、松质骨和软组织;同时,构建一个刚体平面仿真地面。约束地面刚体,对整个股骨-骨盆-软组织复合体模型施加侧向2 m/s的速度载荷,整个仿真分析时间设定为20 ms。通过三维有限元分析计算获得股骨-骨盆侧摔冲击过程中应力应变变化特性。结果在13 ms时,股骨大转子处软组织与地面的接触力达到最大值7 656 N,对应的骨盆软组织上的最大等效应力值为2.64 MPa。冲击过程中,耻骨联合处骨皮质上等效应力出现极大值,为142.64 MPa,接近其屈服强度;股骨颈和大转子处应力水平较高,股骨颈处皮质骨上的最大等效应力值为76.49 MPa;股骨颈处松质骨上的最大等效应力值为8.44 MPa,最大压缩应变值为0.94%;股骨大转子处松质骨上的最大等效应力值为8.50 MPa,最大压缩应变值为0.93%。结论人体股骨-骨盆复合体在侧摔减速冲击载荷作用下股骨颈、大转子及耻骨联合处易出现骨折。  相似文献   

4.
目的 通过建立股骨近端有限元模型,分析在坐立(sit-to-stand, STS)转换站立阶段初期,股骨近端在自选速度起立和快速起立条件下的损伤风险。方法 将老年人股骨近端CT影像三维重建、逆向建模完成实体模型。通过材料赋值和网格划分建立有限元模型,基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,通过边界条件约束,并加载1.733、1.837 kN载荷,得到不同起立速度下股骨近端的应力分布和应变。结果 应力集中区域均为大转子内侧边缘和股骨颈。应力和微应变峰值出现在大转子内侧边缘。快速起立下应力峰值为30.16 MPa,微应变峰值为2 553.5;自选速度起立下应力和微应变峰值较低,分别为28.69 MPa和2 430.4。对于股骨颈应力集中区,快速、自选速度起立下应力范围分别为13.42~23.46、12.76~25.51 MPa。结论 频繁的STS转换会使老年人股骨近端有疲劳性骨折的风险;快速STS转换比自选速度STS转换对股骨近端有更高的损伤风险。  相似文献   

5.
目的研究松质骨粒移植增强和骨水泥增强对椎体治疗节段和相邻非治疗节段的生物力学相容性影响,探讨椎体重建前后的荷载传导机制。方法选取正常男性青壮年脊柱L1~L2节段标本进行薄层CT扫描,构建正常的和骨折复位后疏松的功能脊柱单元三维有限元模型,模拟经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术(PKP)在L2椎体中心注入骨水泥,模拟经皮骨移植(Optimesh)在L2椎体中心置入松质骨粒,按照脊柱三柱理论施加轴向压缩、前屈和后伸荷载进行有限元分析。结果与骨质疏松模型相比,松质骨粒移植增强或骨水泥增强后相邻节段椎体应力应变的变化甚微;治疗节段增强区域的应力应变明显改变。另外,骨质疏松、松质骨粒移植增强、骨水泥增强对脊柱三柱轴向压缩位移和椎间盘平均内压没有影响。结论松质骨粒移植增强和骨水泥增强均能恢复骨折椎体的总体刚度和强度,有利于椎体功能重建;但从椎体与增强材料间的力学相容性和生物相容性的观点看,松质骨粒移植增强优于骨水泥增强。  相似文献   

6.
采用配置疲劳台的扫描电镜 ,直接观察牛松质骨疲劳损伤的动态过程 ,研究牛松质骨在疲劳载荷下微孔形成过程及机制 ,探讨骨质疏松骨小梁刚度、脆性增加机理。试验发现在拉伸疲劳载荷下垂直骨小梁的板层骨塑性变形 ,并形成大量微孔 ,微孔内尚有撕裂的胶原纤维。在压缩疲劳载荷下 ,横行骨小梁的板层骨胶原纤维在载荷作用下逐渐转向、颈缩、胶原纤维内原纤维滑移 ,与无机质脱黏 ,断裂 ,并回缩形成微孔。研究提示在疲劳载荷下 ,骨胶原纤维颈缩、滑移 ,与骨矿化物脱黏、形成微孔 ,是松质骨疲劳损伤的常见形式之一。骨小梁内板层骨形成的微孔的生物学修复可能主要由矿化物的沉积完成 ,而变细、抗拉强度下降的断裂骨胶原纤维未能完全更新 ,会逐渐导致骨小梁骨脆化、刚度相对增加 ,成为老年性骨质疏松发生的机制之一  相似文献   

7.
目的利用三维有限元法研究髋部护具对人体股骨-骨盆复合体在侧向冲击载荷作用下生物力学响应的影响。方法基于中国力学虚拟人模型库建立股骨-骨盆-软组织复合体的三维有限元模型,包括皮质骨、松质骨和软组织,并在此基础上建立髋部护具和股骨-骨盆-软组织复合体系统的三维有限元模型;同时,在两个模型中构建刚体平面仿真地面。约束地面刚体,对两个模型均施加侧向2 m/s的速度载荷,整个仿真分析时间设定为20 ms。通过三维有限元分析计算获得两模型受侧向冲击载荷过程中应力、应变变化特性,对比分析髋部护具对股骨-骨盆复合体生物力学响应的影响。结果髋部护具使股骨-骨盆复合体在侧向冲击载荷作用下的应力峰值出现时间提前4 ms以上,且应力应变水平出现大幅度降低;皮质骨上的应力峰值降低67.88%以上,松质骨上的峰值应力下降69.34%以上,松质骨上的压缩主应变峰值降低可达63%。结论在侧向冲击载荷作用下,髋部护具对股骨-骨盆复合体具有良好的保护作用,能够有效预防骨折的发生或降低骨折风险。  相似文献   

8.
背景:骨质疏松时胫骨平台松质骨微结构发生显著变化,Micro CT是一种能够全面、立体、无创测量骨微结构、评估骨质量及预测骨强度的新兴技术,近年来在骨质疏松研究领域得到日益广泛的应用。目的:应用Micro CT技术定量研究去卵巢山羊胫骨平台松质骨的微结构特点。方法:将12只2.5岁健康雌性山羊随机分为去卵巢组和假手术组,去卵巢组行卵巢切除,假手术组切除等量腹腔脂肪组织,每组各6只。两组实验动物分别在术后2,4年处死,分离并截取左侧胫骨平台,行Micro CT扫描,分别测量胫骨平台骨骺松质骨和干骺端松质骨微结构参数。结果与结论:术后2和4年,与假手术组相比,去卵巢组胫骨平台骨骺和干骺松质骨微观结构参数-骨体积分数、骨小梁数量和骨小梁厚度均降低(P0.05),骨小梁分离度均升高(P0.05),基本呈时间依赖性变化。仅在术后4年,去卵巢组骨骺松质骨微观结构参数骨小梁厚度与假手术组相比差异无显著性意义(P0.05),其骨小梁分离度、骨小梁厚度与去卵巢组术后2年相比差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。无论术后2或4年,与假手术组相比,去卵巢组干骺端松质骨微结构参数的改变均比骨骺松质骨明显。结果证实,山羊胫骨平台骨骺松质骨微结构参数与干骺端松质骨具有一定的差异;骨质疏松时山羊胫骨平台松质骨微结构改变呈现出区域性特点,干骺端松质骨较骨骺松质骨微结构退变更为显著。  相似文献   

9.
目的分析成人颈椎关节突不同区域、C_2~C_7椎序间、左右侧别微结构的变化规律及其与关节突微有限元力学反应之间的关系,预测及评价由关节突微观形态及力学载荷的改变导致颈椎失稳、骨质疏松、关节突骨折等引起关节突损伤等颈椎疾患的风险。方法取由内蒙古医科大学解剖学教研室提供的36个成人新鲜颈椎上、下关节突,行Micro-CT扫描,手动勾选上、下关节突2个感兴趣区域(VOI),并计算关节突微结构参数;用环钻从关节突取体积为8 mm×8 mm×8 mm的立方体进行微有限元力学分析,对比分析关节突微结构与力学参数之间的关系。结果主效应分析上、下关节突区域间BV/TV、BS/BV、Tb. Sp参数之间差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);关节突左、右侧别间,仅Tb. Th参数值差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);不同椎序间关节突BV/TV、Tb. N、BS/BV、Tb. Th、Tb. Sp、Tb. Pf参数值差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05);交互效应仅在不同椎序间与上、下关节突区域间交互效应Tb. N参数值差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。微有限元力学表现为关节突骨小梁微有限元模型所受的六个方向的应力分量为σ_x、σ_y、σ_z、σ_(xy)、σ_(xz)、σ_(yz),分别对应的应力值为S11、S22、S33、S12、S13、S23,其中S33即在σz轴向应力值最大,符合关节突加载载荷的方向(沿Z轴方向加载),S12即σxy二维平面所受应力最小,表明颈椎在运动时关节突所受切应力小于主应力。结论 C_3关节突BV/TV、Tb. N参数值最大,BV/TV、Tb. Th与关节突应力呈正相关,与骨折程度、受力集中程度、内部剪切力呈负相关,因此,C_3关节突载荷能力较好,发生骨折等损伤风险相对较小。C_2关节突BS/BV、Tb. Sp、Tb. Pf参数值最大,Tb. Pf、Tb. Sp与应力呈负相关,与骨折、骨质疏松、增生、退变等呈正相关,说明C_2关节突发生骨折、骨质疏松、增生、退变等颈椎疾病风险较其他关节突大。关节突骨小梁有限元模型在整个变形过程中塑性应变累计结果为零,即在此载荷条件下未发生塑性变形,没有发生屈服,说明在成人正常生理载荷条件下关节突骨小梁有限元模型未发生骨折。  相似文献   

10.
股骨头内松质骨空间分布和力学性能变化有限元分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的应用有限元方法研究不同加载强度和偏轴角对股骨头内松质骨空间分布和力学性能变化的影响。方法基于断层磨削后扫描、计算机三维重建的方法建立得到股骨近端骨结构三维模型,按照与主压力小梁方向成0°、15°、45°分别选取相同大小的松质骨试件。计算试件的三维空间结构参数,应用有限元分析方法模拟单轴压缩试验,观察松质骨试件应力、应变分布,探讨不同加载强度和离轴角度对松质骨生物力学性质的影响。结果基于建立的人股骨头内松质骨三维有限元模型,模拟了松质骨试件单轴压缩试验,发现不同加载强度和偏轴角度在松质骨试件中≥5 000με(微应变)的松质骨比例存在统计学差异(P0.05)。结论股骨头内松质骨小梁空间分布与力学适应性密切相关。结构与功能的不相适应降低了股骨头内部松质骨的生物力学性能,反复不良刺激引起的骨重塑、改建可能在股骨头坏死中起着重要的作用。  相似文献   

11.
Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.  相似文献   

12.
Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc2 (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.  相似文献   

13.
About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread epidemics of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a panhypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of substrate beriberi and substrate pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse endemic disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for primates. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.  相似文献   

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15.
Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.  相似文献   

16.
Newton H 《Medical history》2011,55(2):153-182
Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.  相似文献   

17.
The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.  相似文献   

18.
There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.  相似文献   

19.
Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.  相似文献   

20.
There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.  相似文献   

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