Apelin改善慢性肾脏病大鼠血管钙化

目的探讨脂肪因子Apelin在慢性肾脏病大鼠血管钙化中的作用。方法将大鼠随机分为对照组(给予正常饮食)、模型组(给予0.75%腺嘌呤饮食复制血管钙化的慢性肾脏病大鼠模型)、 Apelin干预组(给予0.75%腺嘌呤饮食,并用微量泵每天持续注射Apelin-13 20μg/kg)、Apelin处理正常大鼠组(给予正常饮食,并用微量泵每天持续注射Apelin-13 20μg/kg),每组10只。6周后将大鼠处死,用生化法检测血清中肌酐、尿素氮、钙、磷的浓度;ELISA检测血清Apelin-13的浓度;RT-qPCR法检测主动脉中APJ和Pit-1mRNA表达;免疫组化法观察主动脉中Runx2和骨保护素的表达;Von Kossa染色观察主动脉钙盐沉积。结果 6周后,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠血清肌酐及尿素氮水平明显升高(P0.01);血钙降低、血磷升高(P0.01);血清Apelin水平(P0.01)和主动脉中APJ mRNA(P0.05)表达下降;主动脉中Runx2、骨保护素表达增加,明显钙盐沉积,Pit-1 mRNA的表达升高(P0.05)。与模型组相比,Apelin干预组血磷下降(P0.05);血清Apelin水平和主动脉中APJ mRNA表达量均升高(P0.05); Runx2和骨保护素的表达下降,主动脉钙化程度减轻,Pit-1 mRNA表达减少(P0.05)。结论 Apelin可以有效改善慢性肾脏病大鼠血管钙化。     

利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠心肌损伤及Nrf2/HO-1通路的影响

目的:探究利多卡因对脓毒症大鼠心肌损伤及核因子E2相关因子2/血红素加氧酶1(Nrf2/HO-1通路的影响。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和利多卡因组,每组15只。模型组和利多卡因组采用盲肠结扎穿孔法制备脓毒症大鼠模型,假手术组大鼠仅打开腹腔而不进行盲肠结扎穿孔,造模后利多卡因组大鼠给予利多卡因10 mg/kg负荷剂量+10 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)尾静脉输注3 h,假手术组和模型组输注等量生理盐水。采用ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、肌红蛋白(Myo)和心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平;TTC染色法检测各组大鼠心肌梗死面积,计算心肌梗死率;HE染色观察心肌损伤病理变化;生物化学法检测心肌组织中丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平;RT-qPCR和Western blot法分别检测心肌组织Nrf2和HO-1 mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠心肌梗死率、血清中TNF-α、HMGB1、Myo和cTnI水平、心肌组织MDA含量及Nrf2、HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达量显著升高(P0.05),心肌组织SOD活性显著降低(P0.01),心肌组织出现严重病理损伤;与模型组比较,利多卡因组大鼠血清中TNF-α、HMGB1、Myo和cTnI水平、心肌梗死率及心肌组织MDA含量显著降低(P0.05),心肌组织SOD活性及Nrf2和HO-1 mRNA和蛋白表达量显著升高(P0.01),心肌组织病理损伤减轻。结论:利多卡因可减轻脓毒症大鼠心肌损伤,其机制可能与促进心肌细胞Nrf2/HO-1通路激活,提高其抗氧化应激能力有关。     

沉默微小RNA-218表达保护STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠肾组织

目的:探讨沉默微小RNA-218(microRNA-218,miR-218)表达对链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)诱导的糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏组织的保护作用及其可能机制。方法:采用单次腹腔注射STZ(50 mg/kg)方法制备糖尿病大鼠模型并构建miR-218短发夹RNA(short hairpin RNA,shRNA)慢病毒载体。SD大鼠被随机分为健康对照组、糖尿病模型组、空载慢病毒组及miR-218-shRNA组。于自动生化仪上检测不同时点(4、8和12周)大鼠血糖、24h尿蛋白量、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)及血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)含量。实时荧光定量PCR(RTqPCR)检测肾脏组织miR-218的表达。RT-qPCR和Western blot检测血红素氧合酶1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)、肾病蛋白(nephrin)和p38丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)的mRNA及蛋白表达水平。Caspase-3活性检测试剂盒检测caspase-3活性。末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling,TUNEL)法检测肾脏组织细胞凋亡。结果:与健康对照组相比,STZ处理后大鼠miR-218表达水平显著升高。同时模型大鼠的血糖、24 h尿蛋白量、SCr及BUN含量显著升高(P0.05);模型大鼠肾脏组织中HO-1和nephrin的mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著降低,而p38 MAPK蛋白的磷酸化水平显著升高;另外,模型大鼠肾脏组织中的caspase-3活性也显著升高。模型大鼠感染miR-218-shRNA后,miR-218表达水平显著下降并可以显著逆转上述效应。miR-218-shRNA组肾脏组织细胞的凋亡水平显著低于糖尿病模型组及空载慢病毒组。结论:miR-218参与了糖尿病大鼠的肾脏损伤,慢病毒载体沉默其表达能有效抑制肾脏组织细胞的凋亡,提示miR-218可以作为糖尿病肾病的基因治疗靶点。     

多巴胺对糖尿病视网膜病变模型大鼠视网膜组织中氧化应激和VEGF表达的影响

目的探讨多巴胺对糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)模型大鼠视网膜组织中氧化应激和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法随机将90只大鼠分为3组,分别为对照组、模型组和多巴胺组,每组各30只。通过连续4周高糖高脂饮食建立DR模型,对照组和模型组不给予药物干预,多巴胺组大鼠眼部玻璃体内注射50 mg/kg多巴胺溶液。光学显微镜下观察3组大鼠苏木精-伊红染色视网膜组织的情况,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测3组大鼠视网膜组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和VEGF水平,并通过Western Blot检测3组大鼠的VEGF表达。结果对照组大鼠视网膜内界膜平整,新生血管内皮细胞突入玻璃体较少,未见与内界膜相连的到达玻璃体内的新生血管。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠突破内界膜的血管内皮细胞较多,可见内界膜下的细胞增殖明显。与模型组比较,多巴胺组大鼠视网膜内界膜欠平整,新生血管内皮细胞突入玻璃体较少,可见内界膜下的细胞增殖减少。与对照组比较,模型组CAT和SOD水平均降低,MDA、MCP-1、IL-6和VEGF水平均升高,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。与模型组比较,多巴胺组CAT和SOD水平均升高,MDA、MCP-1、IL-6和VEGF水平均降低,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论多巴胺可以上调DR大鼠视网膜组织中CAT和SOD水平,下调MDA、MCP-1、IL-6水平和VEGF表达。     

解毒清肺合剂对肺炎支原体感染大鼠肺组织NF-κB和p38 MAPK通路的影响

目的:观察解毒清肺合剂对肺炎支原体(MP)感染大鼠肺组织的治疗作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:SD大鼠40只,随机分为对照组、模型组、解毒清肺组和阳性对照组4组,每组10只。实验组大鼠鼻孔内缓慢滴入1×10~9CFU/L MP菌液连续4 d,各组在接种完成后第2天处死1只大鼠进行MP核酸检测,同时其余大鼠开始灌胃治疗,空白对照组和模型组给予等量生理盐水灌胃,解毒清肺组每天给予8 mL/kg的解毒清肺合剂,阳性对照组给予地塞米松磷酸钠(0.5 mg·kg·d~(-1)),连续治疗4周。实验结束后处死大鼠,收集血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),ELISA法检测血清和BALF中白细胞介素12(IL-12)、IL-13和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;取右肺组织用于观察病理形态和HE染色,左肺组织用于NF-κB p50、I-κBα和p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)的mRNA及蛋白水平的检测。结果:MP核酸检测结果显示,除空白对照组外其余大鼠均感染了MP,表明MP感染大鼠造模成功。治疗第1天模型组和解毒清肺组肺组织病理评分显著高于空白对照组(P0.05),治疗结束后模型组的肺组织病理评分显著高于空白对照组、解毒清肺组和阳性对照组(P0.01)。MP感染后模型组血清和BALF中IL-12水平显著低于空白对照组(P0.05),解毒清肺组和阳性对照组血清和BALF中IL-12水平显著高于模型组(P0.05);模型组大鼠血清和BALF中IL-13和TNF-α水平显著升高,解毒清肺组和阳性对照组IL-13和TNF-α水平显著低于模型组(P0.05),解毒清肺组与阳性对照组无显著差异。RT-qPCR检测结果显示,模型组NF-κB p50和p38 MAPK的mRNA表达水平显著升高(P0.01),解毒清肺组和阳性对照组NF-κB p50和p38 MAPK的mRNA表达水平与模型组比较显著降低(P0.01);模型组I-κBα的mRNA表达水平较对照组显著降低,解毒清肺组和阳性对照组I-κBα的mRNA表达水平较模型组显著升高(P0.05),解毒清肺组NF-κB p50、p38、MAPK和I-κBα与阳性对照组比较差异无统计学显著性。Western blot检测结果显示肺组织中模型组的NF-κB p50和p38 MAPK蛋白表达水平显著高于空白对照组,治疗后表达水平显著降低;模型组I-κBα蛋白表达水平显著低于空白对照组,解毒清肺组其蛋白表达水平显著升高,解毒清肺组与阳性对照组无显著差异。结论:解毒清肺合剂可能通过NF-κB和p38 MAPK通路减轻肺炎支原体引起的肺组织炎症。     

2型糖尿病大鼠早期血清cTnI水平与心功能的变化

目的:研究2型糖尿病大鼠早期血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的水平及心功能变化,探讨早期2型糖尿病大鼠血清cTnI水平与糖尿病心肌损伤发生发展之间的关系,明确cTnI在糖尿病心肌病发生发展中的作用。方法:通过高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,实验将大鼠分为正常对照组、糖尿病2周模型组及4周模型组,超声心动图检测心功能相关指标,血清检测空腹血糖(FBG)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)及cTnI水平,HE染色法观察心肌病理结构变化,Western blot法检测心肌cTnI蛋白表达变化,通过上述指标变化分析2型糖尿病大鼠早期血清cTnI与大鼠心功能改变之间的关系。结果:与正常组比较,2型糖尿病大鼠TC、TG、LDL-C水平显著升高,HDL-C水平显著降低;糖尿病大鼠4周模型组与2周模型组相比较,TC、TG、LDL-C水平升高更明显,HDL-C水平降低更显著(P0.01);显微镜下糖尿病组大鼠心肌可见局灶性心肌细胞变性、坏死;糖尿病组大鼠相对于正常对照组血清及心肌cTnI表达显著增加(P0.01),且4周模型组比2周模型组增加更明显。结论:糖尿病大鼠早期即出现cTnI水平升高和心功能改变,有望为糖尿病心肌病的早期诊断和治疗提供理论依据。     

芪苈强心颗粒对心肾综合征大鼠肾组织细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨芪苈强心颗粒对心肾综合征(cardiorenal syndrome,CRS)模型大鼠肾组织细胞凋亡的影响及可能作用机制。方法:采用左冠状动脉前降支结扎结合肾脏急性缺血再灌注损伤制备CRS模型,根据实验需要分为6组:2周假手术(2w sham)组、2周模型(2w CRS)组、2周药物(2w CRS-Q)组、4周假手术(4w sham)组、4周模型(4w CRS)组和4周药物(4w CRS-Q)组,2周和4周药物组分别给予芪苈强心颗粒(4 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1))灌胃治疗2周和4周。ELISA法检测血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)、血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)、尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)和尿微量白蛋白(UMA)含量;肌氨酸氧化酶法检测血清肌酐(Cre)含量;HE染色观察大鼠肾组织病理学变化;RT-qPCR法和Western blot检测大鼠肾组织中Ang Ⅱ、Bcl-2和Bax的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;TUNEL染色检测肾组织细胞凋亡。结果:与sham组比较,2w CRS和4w CRS组大鼠血清Cys-C、血清Cre、血浆Ang Ⅱ、UMA和尿NGAL含量均显著升高(P0.05),肾组织中Bax和Ang Ⅱ的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著上调(P0.05),Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下调(P0.05),肾组织损伤均严重,肾组织细胞凋亡均明显;与CRS组比较,2w CRS-Q和4w CRS-Q组大鼠血清Cys-C、血清Cre、血浆Ang Ⅱ、尿NGAL和UMA含量均显著降低(P0.05),肾组织中Bax和Ang Ⅱ的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著下调(P0.05),Bcl-2的mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著上调(P0.05),肾组织损伤均有所改善,肾组织细胞凋亡率均显著降低(P0.05)。结论:芪苈强心颗粒可抑制CRS大鼠肾组织细胞凋亡,改善肾功能,其机制可能与抑制Ang Ⅱ的表达有关。     

HO-1对糖尿病大鼠早期肾损伤的影响

目的探讨血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)水平的变化对糖尿病肾损伤时肾脏内皮功能及肾损伤的影响。方法链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠模型,分成4组:对照组、糖尿病(DM)组、Hemin(HO-1诱导剂)+DM组、ZnPP(HO-1抑制剂)+DM组。在5、10、15周时收集标本;IHC及RT-PCR法观察肾组织HO-1的表达,检测MDA含量、SOD活性、NO及iNOS、eNOS水平的变化。同时收集各组大鼠24 h尿液测尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)指标。结果与对照组比较,DM时大鼠肾脏局部MDA增加,HO-1的表达在5周时即增强,10周时有显著性差异(P<0.05)。在对照组肾组织中iNOS高于eNOS、DM时,iNOS下降而eNOS明显升高;与DM5周组比较,Hemin+DM组HO-1表达明显增强(P<0.05),MDA含量下降,eNOS升高受抑制,UAER减少(P<0.05);ZnPP+DM组HO-1表达减弱,MDA含量升高(P<0.01),eNOS增加,NO、UAER明显增加(P<0.05)。结论提高肾脏HO-1表达水平可减缓DM早期肾脏损伤。     

血红素氧合酶-内源性一氧化碳系统对感染性休克大鼠低血压形成的影响

目的：探讨血红素氧合酶-内源性一氧化碳系统是否参与了感染性休克大鼠低血压的形成。 方法： 将Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为对照（C）组、感染性休克（SS）组、感染性休克+ZnPP-IX(SZ)组、ZnPP-IX（Z）组。连续监测MAP；并检测血中COHb的浓度，主动脉和股动脉血管组织内HO-1 mRNA、HO-2 mRNA及HO-1、HO-2蛋白水平。 结果： ①SZ组大鼠其MAP水平均高于SS组(P<0.05)；②SS组大鼠主动脉和股动脉组织内HO-1 mRNA 及HO-1蛋白水平明显高于SZ组(P<0.05)，而两组主动脉和股动脉组织内HO-2 mRNA 及HO-2蛋白水平相比无显著差异(P>0.05)；③SS组大鼠血中COHb水平明显高于SZ组(P<0.05)。 结论： 感染性休克大鼠严重低血压形成的部分原因是由于HO-1蛋白水平的上调及随后的CO浓度升高所致。     

姜黄素通过下调HO-1/NQO1保护肝癌模型小鼠

目的：观察姜黄素对N-亚硝基二乙胺（DEN）联合四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的C57BL/6J小鼠肝癌模型的作用并探索其机制。方法：取14日龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠腹腔注射DEN(25 mg/kg),随机分成模型组和姜黄素（100、200和400 mg/kg）给药组,另取同龄雄性小鼠10只作为正常对照组。模型组和姜黄素给药组从第8周开始灌胃给予10%CCl4(5 mL/kg),每周2次;同时,给药组开始灌胃姜黄素,正常对照组灌胃等体积的蒸馏水,每天1次,连续14周。给药结束后处死小鼠,检测小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）活性,观察肝组织病理学变化,检测血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)和NAD(P)H-醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)的mRNA表达水平,以及HO-1、NQO1和Ki67蛋白表达水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠体重显著降低（P<0.01）,肝脏指数显著增加（P<0.01）,血清ALT和AST活性显著升高（P<0.01）,HO-1和NQO1的mRNA表达水平无显著差异（P>0.05）,HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平显著升高（P<...     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

男性乳腺发育症临床病理分析及雌,孕激素受体检测

对１１３例男性乳腺发育症进行临床病理分析。同时检测其中３０例乳腺组织中雌激素受体和孕激素受体分布情况，结果发现两者阳性率分别为８０．０％和８３．３３％。结合文献讨论了男性乳腺发育症的发生与高血清激素浓度及乳腺组织高受体水平的关系。     

Association between functional alterations of senescence and senility and disorders of gait and balance

OBJECTIVES:

Declines in cognition and mobility are frequently observed in the elderly, and it has been suggested that the appearance of gait disorders in older individuals may constitute a marker of cognitive decline that precedes significant findings in functional performance screening tests. This study sought to evaluate the relationship between functional capacities and gait and balance in an elderly community monitored by the Preventive and Integrated Care Unit of the Hospital Adventista Silvestre in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

METHODS:

Elderly individuals (193 females and 90 males) were submitted to a broad geriatric evaluation, which included the following tests: 1) a performance-oriented mobility assessment (POMA) to evaluate gait; 2) a mini-mental state examination (MMSE); 3) the use of Katz and Lawton scales to assess functional capacity; 4) the application of the geriatric depression scale (GDS); and 5) a mini-nutritional assessment (MNA) scale.

RESULTS:

Reductions in MMSE, Katz and Lawton scores were associated with reductions in POMA scores, and we also observed that significant reductions in POMA scores were present in persons for whom the MMSE and Katz scores did not clearly indicate cognitive dysfunction. We also demonstrated that a decline in the scores obtained with the GDS and MNA scales was associated with a decline in the POMA scores.

CONCLUSIONS:

Considering that significant alterations in the POMA scores were observed prior to the identification of significant alterations in cognitive capacity using either the MMSE or the Katz systems, a prospective study seems warranted to assess the predictive capacity of POMA scores regarding the associated decline in functional capacity.