逆行经皮髋臼后柱螺钉的影像解剖学

目的 探讨逆行髋臼后柱螺钉的进钉位置、方向及固定范围。方法 收集100例正常成人骨盆CT数据（男、女各50例）,利用交互式医学图像控制系统（Mimics）17.0软件三维重建骨盆并导入Geomagic Studio 2015软件。从坐骨结节至髂窝方向进行透视,垂直后柱“三棱柱”通道横断面放置虚拟螺钉,测量螺钉的最大直径、进钉点、方向、出钉点及螺钉安全倾角。确定螺钉固定的范围,螺钉在后柱通道易穿出部位及术中判断螺钉是否穿出的透视体位。结果 髋臼后柱安全通道近似“三棱柱”形,进钉点位于坐骨结节内外侧缘中线上,距离坐骨结节最远端男性为(12.99±1.99) mm,女性为 (13.26±2.58) mm,男女差异无显著性 (P＞0.05);髂窝出钉点距离同侧前方骶髂关节线男性为(23.65±2.42)mm,女性为(24.94±2.39) mm;距离真骨盆缘男性为(19.33±2.60)mm,女性为(17.63±2.00) mm;最大螺钉直径男性为(17.21±1.41) mm,女性为(15.54±1.51) mm;髋臼后柱逆行置钉方向与矢状面夹角男性为(10.52±3.04)°,女性为(7.72±2.99)°;与冠状面夹角男性为(15.00±4.92) °,女性为 (12.94±4.72)°,以上数据男女间差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）。逆行经坐骨结节置钉可固定股骨头中心所在水平面近端 4 cm 以下所有的髋臼后柱骨折,易穿出部位分别为髋臼后壁与坐骨支移行处、髋臼中部、坐骨大切迹水平下1 cm。“三棱柱”的3个侧面的切线位分别是髂骨斜位10°,闭孔斜位60°,髂骨斜位60°。结论 逆行髋臼后柱螺钉进钉点位于坐骨结节内外侧缘中线,距离坐骨结节最远端1.3 cm,方向约外倾10°,前倾15°,可固定股骨头中心所在水平面近端4 cm以下的髋臼后柱骨折。     

髋臼前柱拉力螺钉内固定的定量解剖学研究

目的 :为髋臼前柱拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法 :取半骨盆标本 3 0个 ,自髋臼切迹至髋臼上缘作系列截骨面 ,用一斯氏针由最小截面的圆心逆行打入 ,在髂骨后外侧穿出点为P。将该截面下方的系列截面解剖复位 ,再将斯氏针顺行打出 ,测量其在髋臼前柱骨皮质内的长度。作一参考线AB ,其中A为髂前上、下棘间的切迹 ,B为坐骨大切迹 ,并作AB的中垂线CD。结果 :P位于AB的中垂线上 ,P点距AB的距离为 (15 .3± 4.7)mm ,斯氏针与AB的夹角为 (90 .1± 4.7)° ,与CD的夹角为 (2 5 .3± 3 .9)° ,髋臼前柱骨皮质内斯氏针长度为 (82 .0± 7.9)mm。最小截面位于髋臼切迹上方 15 .0mm处 ,该截面平均直径为 :(5 .2± 1.9)mm。结论 :髋臼前柱拉力螺钉的入钉点在髂前上下棘之间切迹与坐骨大切迹连线中点上方 (15 .3± 4.7)mm处 ,其进针方向与该线呈 (90 .1± 4.7)° ,与该线中垂线呈 (2 5 .3± 3 .9)° ,该拉力螺钉直径为 (5 .2± 1.9)mm ,长度为 (82 .0± 7.9)mm。     

髋臼后壁钢板螺钉固定安全区域的应用解剖学研究

目的　测量髋臼后壁三维重建模型参数和行虚拟钢板螺钉固定,明确髋臼后壁钢板放置的安全位置及螺钉置入角度。 方法 用Mimics软件对25例（50侧）骨盆薄层CT行三维重建,切割出髋臼后壁三维模型,测量相关参数。用SolidWorks2010软件设计髋臼后壁虚拟钢板,导入Mimics软件,得出髋臼后壁虚拟钢板放置位置和螺钉安全角度。然后在15具（30侧）尸体髋臼后壁标本上进行钢板螺钉固定。 结果 髋臼纵径为55 mm,横径为52 mm。髋臼后壁最宽处位于上缘,为51 mm,最窄处位于髋臼后壁中下部,为38 mm。螺钉能够拧入Zimmer重建钢板钉孔所允许最小角度范围为50~66°。Mimics模拟置钉后,将钢板放置在距尸体标本髋臼后壁外缘6 mm处行钢板螺钉固定,螺钉未进入髋臼。 结论 重建钢板放置在距髋臼后壁外缘6 mm以远时,螺钉可以安全置入,且钢板距外缘越远,螺钉的安全范围越大。     

逆行髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定的应用解剖学

目的:为逆行髋臼后柱拉力螺钉内固定提供解剖学基础。方法:取半骨盆标本30个,采用截面法将一斯氏针由髋臼后柱最小截面的轴心经坐骨结节打出,该斯氏针在坐骨结节处的穿出点(即为逆行后柱拉力螺钉的入钉点)为P。对P点进行解剖学测量。并测量髋臼后柱骨皮质内斯氏钉的长度。结果:髋臼后柱最小截面位于髋臼切迹上方15.0mm处,位于髋臼中部,该截面平均直径(即逆行拉力螺钉最大直径)为(12.8±2.1)mm。髋臼后柱骨皮质内斯氏针长度(即逆行拉力螺钉的长度)为(131.2±8.9)mm。进钉点P位于坐骨结节中部(即坐骨结节最隆起处)坐骨结节纵嵴与坐骨结节内侧缘连线的中点处。P距坐骨结节内侧缘(6.7±0.8)mm。结论:髋臼后柱逆行拉力螺钉内固定是可行的。     

经皮坐骨小切迹拉力螺钉内固定髋臼后柱骨折的应用解剖与临床应用

目的:研究经皮坐骨小切迹置入拉力螺钉内固定髋臼后柱骨折。方法:观测45具成人骨盆标本髋臼后柱的纵轴走向、上下穿出骨皮质的位置及其毗邻。用直径3.5mm的斯氏针经坐骨小切迹中点沿髋臼后柱纵轴打入,测量钉道深度、后柱纵轴与额状面夹角α及矢状面的夹角β。结果:拉力螺钉的进钉点为坐骨小切迹中点,后柱纵轴长男(105.7±6.3)mm、女(99.1±3.1)mm,α角男26.3°±5.6°、女21.5°±3.0°,β角男27.5°±3.8°、女24.1°±4.0°,男、女性均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。临床应用取得满意疗效。结论:经坐骨小切迹中点行后柱拉力螺钉内固定术,具有创伤小,操作简便、内固定可靠等优点。     

髋臼前柱拉力螺钉技术内固定的临床解剖学研究

目的:研究髋臼前柱拉力螺钉内固定技术中螺钉的最佳进钉点、方向和长度。方法:取成年男性半骨盆标本20个,制作髋臼前柱系列断面。测量进钉点与坐骨大切迹顶点之间的水平距离和垂直距离,测量螺钉长度,测量螺钉矢状面和冠状面的角度,将测量数据输入到SPSS10.0进行统计学分析。结果:单螺钉技术:OP和PQ的长度分别为(23.5±2.2)mm和(16.8±1.6)mm,螺钉长度为(84.9±4.7)mm。双螺钉技术:O1P1和P1Q的长度分别为(26.3±2.3)mm和(13.6±1.4)mm,内侧螺钉的长度为(69.8±4.1)mm;O2P2和P2Q的长度分别为(20.7±2.1)mm和(20.1±1.8)mm,外侧螺钉的长度(61.2±3.7)mm。α角为(123.4±4.1)°,β角(62.2±5.8)°。结论:髋臼前柱拉力螺钉技术具有创伤小、固定强度大等优点,在某些髋臼骨折中应用具有明显的优势。     

齿突形态的测量及临床意义

目的 :了解国人齿状突的形态特点 ,为齿突螺钉设计及固定提供解剖学基础。方法 :测量6 0例枢椎干骨形态、3 0例齿突基底部的内径及合适进钉角度。结果 :国人枢椎总高度为 3 6 .8± 2 .4mm ,齿突长度为 14 .0± 1.2mm ;基底部冠状外径为 8.9± 1.0mm ,冠状内径为 6 .1± 0 .5mm ;合适的进钉角度为16°± 3°。结论 :绝大部分国人齿突不适合两枚 3 .5mm螺钉固定。齿突螺钉的设计应充分考虑国人齿突的特点。     

经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉的应用解剖与临床

目的 应用优化计算机辅助解剖测量技术,为经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉内固定术提供解剖学基础.方法 取骨盆CT数据40份,进行精确的三维重建得到骨盆模型.首先为使用单螺钉的内固定方法设计特定的最优化目标函数,并在约束条件下自动计算其最佳经皮逆行螺钉位置.统计分析测量结果,并设计解剖测量参考体系.结果 经皮逆行髋臼前柱螺钉的入钉点在耻骨上支耻骨结节与髂耻隆起中点处的闭孔嵴上,出钉点在髂前上下棘之间切迹与坐骨大切迹连线中点上方,其连线即为髋臼前柱纵轴.该线与弓状线接近平行,其进针方向与出钉点-髂前下棘连线为(42.84±2.61)°,与出钉点-髂结节连线为(31.96±2.58)°.螺钉骨内段长度为(101.12±7.28)mm.结论 优化计算机辅助解剖测量是一种非常有效的测量技术,克服了传统手工实物解剖测量的很多缺点,便于设计解剖测量参考体系和制定临床手术方案.经皮逆行髋臼螺钉技术可用于髋臼前柱骨折的临床治疗.     

三维重建模型模拟拉力螺钉固定髋臼后柱骨折的研究

目的　为经坐骨小切迹置入拉力螺钉内固定髋臼后柱骨折提供应用解剖学基础。 方法　用60例正常成人骨盆CT数据（男30例,女30例）,导入Mimics14.1行三维重建,观测骨盆三维模型髋臼后柱的纵轴走向,模拟置钉并确立螺钉穿出点。测量髋臼后柱纵轴的长度、后柱纵轴与冠状面夹角α和矢状面的夹角β,测量进针点及后柱盆腔侧、髋臼侧骨皮质厚度。 结果　髋臼后柱轴线向下穿出点位于坐骨小切迹中点,向上穿出点位于弓状线后端与髂前上棘连线中点。髋臼后柱纵轴的长度男性（105.04±　4.29）mm、女性（101.80±3.20）mm,α角男(33.41±2.18)°、女(31.56±2.71)°,β角男(21.74±1.19)°、女(19.15±　1.24)°。进钉点骨皮质厚度为(5.54±0.46)mm,盆腔侧和髋臼侧分别为(1.45±0.13)mm、(1.04±0.10)mm。 结论　三维重建模拟经坐骨小切迹中点行后柱拉力螺钉内固定,可快捷、准确测量钉道参数并进行术前评估,用该方法置入拉力螺钉固定后柱安全简便。     

肱二头肌短头肌腱转位修复肩锁关节脱位的解剖及临床应用

目的 :探讨肩锁关节完全脱位治疗的解剖学基础。方法 :观测 12侧喙突及其周围结构、肌皮神经、肱二头肌短头腱的形态及血供。结果 :喙突至肩峰距离为 (4 .6± 0 .5 )cm ,喙突尖至锁骨肩峰端距离为(4 .2± 0 .5 )cm ,肱二头肌短头长约 (2 0 .0± 2 .3 )cm ,肱二头肌短头腱长 (8.3± 1.2 )cm ,中部宽 (1.1± 0 .3 )cm ,中部厚 (1.0± 0 .5 )cm ,喙突上和各肌腱的血供为多源性。结论 :用肱二头肌短头肌修复肩锁关节脱位具有可行性。临床应用 4例 ,效果满意     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.